...efficiencies of scale ("Look, See," 1998). More recently, President Putin made clear that there would be no "review," of privatization, a measure that has increased confidence and encouraged further investment in the industry (Whalen, Herrick, and Bahree, 2001). Even prior to the Putin decision to confirm privatization, the Russian industry had stabilized, and begun to show signs of recovery. The post-Soviet drop in production stabilized in around 1995, and production was roughly constant for the next few years. By the end of the 1990s, however, new investments were coming into the industry, and production began to trend upward. By 2001, Russian oil production had increased by about 15 percent over two years, and accounted for some 10 percent of world oil production ("Russian Oil Power," 2001). This progress has been due primarily to the application of improved technology, allowing further recovery from wells and fields that by Soviet-era technological standards had been regarded as depleted. By 2001, the revitalization of the Russian oil industry was beginning to impinge significantly on world oil markets. The leadership of OPEC underestimated the rate of Russian oil-industry recovery, and thus found itself at risk of being caught short by non-member Russia's actions in its own efforts to control world oil supplies (Whalen, Herrick, and Bahree, 2001). Accentuating the problem, from OPEC's point of view, is that several other major oil exporters, such as Mexico, made it clear that...
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...Undermining Tokugawa-Population growth put a strain on their resources , their agriculture was exhausted, inflation • Forty Seven Ronin- revolt of the samurai warriors against the government • Ming Empire Problems- Natural disasters , agricultural distress, climate change , diseases • New World Silver- caused inflation , cheapened the economy • Lee Zicheng – Chinese rebel leader that captured Beijing • Manchu Imperial Family- Family that came from Manchuria and came into power and later ruled the Qing dynasty • Dutch East India company- a charter private company that controlled trade for china • Kangzi- A child Chinese emperor , did major expansion in china’s borders, gained control of the government , centralized government • Qing Technology-Introduced new ways to draw maps, created European calendar, worked in astronomy and anatomy • Canton system- a way for china to control trade, they did not allow ships to come in , closed off every port , left only one city port (Canton) open • Macartney- British ambassador that demanded china to open up their ports , he failed though • Environmental Stress- caused by population growth and • Muscovy- Area that surrounds the great city of Moscow • Tsar(Russian equivalent to emperor ,dictator)Ivan Iv -Ivan the fourth was also known as Ivan the terrible- first emperor of the Muscovy region • Siberia- Northern area of Russia , had very valuable...
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...Lucy Edmond HIST 1040-02 Unfree labor systems were widely used for agricultural production in the period 1450 to 1750. Analyze the major similarities and differences between Caribbean Slavery and the Russian Serfdom. History has its random ways of recreating itself in which individuals themselves cannot explain why. Between the era of the 1450’s and the 1750’s, history establishes a devastating way of making the lives of certain individuals easier while making lives of others back breaking, cruel, and unethical. Though slavery may have occurred in some small areas of the world, it became popular after the benefits of owning a slave were established. With the dominating countries of Portugal and Spain, historians began to identify their excellence in economy, wealth, and prosperity throughout this era. With their vast migration of slaves from one part of the world to another, the beginning of a new culture was created. Under their free-will, Africans were widely spread out through the western hemisphere of the world. With the Mongols in power, peasants in Russia were considered as free farmers that had legal positions that were high than serfs in the Medieval era. But, it all changed once the peasants soon gained debt after the fall of the Tatar, thus leaving them no choice but to accept a submissive status under the lords ruling. The beginning of the serfdom class was than created as a way to formally help the peasants with their large debt to the government. An individual...
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...of furs. The competitions for furs in North America created rival between European states. The French, British, and Dutch all made claims to the region, but few Europeans actually hunted or trapped themselves. Instead, most Europeans set up trading posts where they negotiated and trading with the Native Americas. The European traded goods unfamiliar to the Native Americans such as firearms and alcohol in exchange for furs and skins. The intense competition resulted in the near extinction of numerous animal species. Native Americans did most of the labor in the fur trade at their own will, making rational market choices to get European goods, creating a new economic trading system. Unfortunately, the fur trade had negative consequences for Native Americans. Contact with Europeans ended up leading to the exchanging of disease and increased tribal warfare, instituted a separation in the Native American social system. Alcohol had a particularly destructive effect on native American society due to its addictive qualities and the Native Americans lack of tolerance, earning its name of Fire Water among the Native American communities. Many indigenous women married European men, helping to foster cross-cultural. Most indigenous women lost social status as a result of European contact, but some found small economic opportunities. The fur trade is what motivated the Russian to move into Siberia as they...
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...in your textbook.) 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe’s global position in 1450? a. Europe had climbed to relative equality in Eurasian commerce. b. Europe had little trade contact with Africa or Asia. c. Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce. d. Europe had come to dominate Eurasian commerce. FEEDBACK: The determination of European elites to progress beyond their marginal position in Eurasian commerce was a main incentive for European exploration after 1450. (See section “The European Advantage” in your textbook.) 3. What was the single most important factor that aided the European conquest of the Americas? a. Gunpowder b. Disease c. Horses d. Superior organization FEEDBACK: The peoples of the Americas had no immunity to European disease and up to 90 percent of the population died after contact with the Europeans, greatly easing the process of conquest. (See section “The Great Dying” in your textbook.) 4. Which of the following is an old-world crop that was soon established in Europe’s American colonies? a. Tobacco b. Potatoes c. Corn d. Rice FEEDBACK: Rice is a Eurasian product that soon became an agricultural staple in many locations in the Americas. (See section “The Columbian Exchange” in your textbook.) 5. Which of the following was a consequence of the introduction of horses to the North American West? a. A male-dominated hunting and warrior culture displaced farming cultures in many areas. ...
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...Spring Break Work Ch. 13 Section 1 1) Sui Wendi: First emperor of the Sui dynasty centralized government, restored order, created a new legal code, reformed Bureaucracy Tang Taizong: The founder of the Tang Dynasty, he expanded China to include all that the Han had had and more. Wu Zhao: The only woman to ever declare herself empress, she was a member of the Tang Dynasty. Grand Canal: The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. Zhao Kuangyin: Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Li Bo: Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. 2) tributary state: A country that pays tribute in money or goods to a more powerful nation Pagoda: Buddhist temples with many-storied towers; this was adapted from the Chinese 3) The dynasties returned the Middle Kingdom back to its old glory. a) Under the Tang and Song dynasties the emperor ruled over a splendid court filled with aristocratic families. The two main classes of society were the gentry, wealthy landowners, which valued scholarship more than physical labor, and the peasantry, who worked the land and lived off of what they produced. Then the merchants had a lower status in society. Merchants had such a low status in society because according to Confucianism their...
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...ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION Obesity, diet, and poverty: trends in the Russian transition to market economy L Jahns1, A Baturin2 and BM Popkin1* 1Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; and 2Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Objective: To examine trends in macronutrient intake, overweight, and obesity. Design: Cross-sectional samplesFcollected nine times between 1992 and 2000Ffrom the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey provide interviewer-administered 24-h diet recalls and measured height and weight, together with detailed information regarding income and expenditures. Setting: The Russian Federation. Subjects: Women and men, aged 19–55y. Interventions: None. Methods: A nationally representative sample of working-age Russian adults was stratified by gender and income (per cent of regional poverty level). Secular trends in mean energy and macronutrient intake, as well as prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population are described over the first 8y of the Russian Federation. Results: Overall, energy intake increased slightly. Fat, as a percentage of energy (E%), decreased from 39.6 to 31.6% and protein, as a per cent of energy, decreased from 14.3 to 12.5%. Overweight (determined by body mass index (BMI) Z25kg/ m2) prevalence remained relatively stable at about 50% and obesity (BMI Z30kg/m2) prevalence increased from 13.3 to 16.0% of the adult population. Women consumed less...
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...following countries/regions, which was least involved in voyages of discovery? a. Portugal b. France c. England d. Italy The conquistadors were primarily interested in: a. founding settlements. b. fighting Muslims. c. spreading Christianity. d. finding gold. 7. 8. What has been dubbed “the Columbian exchange”? a. the spread of Christianity among the Indians b. the spread of trade throughout America c. the transfer of gold from America to Europe d. the spread of European diseases to America England’s first colonization target under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth was: a. France. b. North Africa. c. Ireland. d. Cuba. 9. 10. Gilbert and others believed there was an English population: a. deficit. b. equilibrium. c. surplus. d. none of these answers 11. Which product fueled the demand for furs in Europe in the early 1600s? a. beaver fur hats b. fur coats c. mink hats d. otter fur pouches 12. By 1600, which group had become the leading economic power in Europe? a. the French b. the Dutch c. the English d. the Irish 13. What was the House of Burgesses? a. a large trading center in Virginia b. the home of the colonial governor c. the first legislative body in English America d. the colonial courthouse 14. What were the greatest...
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...United States Main article: Health care reform in the United States Health care reform in the United States Healthcare reform in the US Debate over reform History Latest enacted legislation Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Senate bill - H.R. 3590) Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4872) preceding legislation Social Security Amendments of 1965 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (1986) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996) Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act (2005) [show] More information -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This box: view· talk· edit See also: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income (Source: CRS) In the United States, the debate regarding healthcare reform includes questions of a right to health care, access, fairness, sustainability, quality and amounts spent by government. The mixed public-private health care system in the United States is the most expensive in the world, with health care costing more per person than in any other nation, and a greater portion of gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on it than in any other United Nations member state except...
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...Exam 2: Chapter 28-32 Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin America) Rise of nationalism Industrialization Global transitions: the americas, the ottoman empire, Romanov Russia, Qin China, Japan. Global empires. Atlantic Revolutions: In the early modern period (1450-1750. Period of early European exploration and contact. It caused the establishment of european commercial empires. Primary tributary, it focused on trade, and some settler comics. This caused there to be “nation-states”, in tern proto-industrialization in europe (innovation) Europe started into three major processes: Revolution, (and nationalism) Industrialization Imperialism Lastly the Rise of the “nation-state” Age of Enlightenment (1650-1780’s) There were plenty of forward thinkers. Each was moving toward science as the new way of thinking. They used the application of universal laws of the natural world to social world. They valued ration over revelation. The government was as a contract. The ideas of Freedom, equality and sovereignty were held as the highest. The belief was to move forward in progress. French Revolution (1789-1799) The aim was to abolish the monarchy that was in france, it ultimately failed. It was far more radical than the American, but still failed. Mostly because they had no idea how to run a government. Whereas the Americans had some knowledge about their own rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Declared himself emperor and attempted to bring...
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...1. In the 1st century AD, Christianity was not widely accepted or even legal. Christians were persecuted in many areas. In the 4th century, Roman emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. 2. In the 3rd century, Rome lost up to 1/3 of its population due to natural disasters like famine and disease. In 1346-52, the Black Death claimed 1/3 of the population of Europe, Asia, and Africa. 3. In 1st-2nd century Rome, the basic principles of law were established that would be used by nearly every western system of law after: innocent until proven guilty, right to defend yourself in front of a judge, and the judge had to research all evidence carefully before making a verdict. 4. In Classical Greece (480-330 BC), homosexuality was widely practiced and accepted....
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...Separated by nearly half the circumference of the globe and long divided by the political dichotomy of the Cold War, Azerbaijan and the United States in many ways seem an odd pair. Yet in the international order that has taken shape since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, these two countries have gradually realized that they share a similar global outlook and that many of their differences are complementary. Indeed, they are undoubtedly natural allies. Small, but resource-rich, Azerbaijan has for centuries served as a bridge between Europe and Asia, a link between East and West, and a convergence point of diverse forms of Christianity (Orthodox/Apostolic/Heretical) and diverse forms of Islam (Shiah/Sunnah). At the beginning of the 21st century the country is at the epicenter of global energy issues (and thus geopolitics) and is poised to serve as a hub of international trade and services between Europe, Russia, China, and the Middle East. Still, Azerbaijan is a country in transition. Like the rest of the independent states that formed in the wake of the Soviet empire’s demise, Azerbaijan is establishing and coming to terms with its political identity and role in the post-Cold War international framework. While the country’s abundance of natural resources and strategic location are great assets, they are also a liability, and Azerbaijan faces threats from regional powers on its road to becoming a modern, independent and democratic state. The United States is an important...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...| | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |The Campaigns of Napoleon | | |During his long career Napoleon Bonaparte conquered most of Europe and became such a feared soldier that his opponents in Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia had| | |him declared 'an enemy of humanity'. This section on his military campaigns covers the important details and battles of the wars that led to Napoleon Bonaparte...
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