...Cologne, Germany May 26-29, 2009 Copyright © Siemens AG 2009. All rights reserved. Copyright © Siemens AG 2009. All rights reserved. 1 Abstract Clean and cost-effective power generation is of paramount importance to cope with the challenges imposed by an increasing energy demand throughout the world. Investment cost and fuel costs are the main contributors to the cost of electricity. In recent years, costs associated with CO2 emissions have attracted more and more attention due to its political awareness. The efficiency of the power plant as one key value affects both the fuel costs and the amount of CO2 emitted to the environment. As coal is more abundant in many parts of the world, coal prices are less volatile and more stable than natural gas prices. But larger CO2 emissions increase the need for more efficient coal-based power generation. Ultra supercritical (USC) steam power plants meet notably the requirements for high efficiencies to reduce both fuel costs and emissions as well as for a reliable supply of electric energy at low cost. Recent developments in steam turbine technology and high-temperature materials allowed for significant efficiency gains. Siemens has more than fifteen years of experience with ultra supercritical steam turbines and continues to optimize associated designs and technologies. This paper presents Siemens products and solutions for ultra supercritical steam power plants and their application in the 800 MW Trianel Power project...
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...3000 kton Oil Reserves R: 900 Mton, P: 3 Mton Hard Coal Reserves R: 56 Bton, P: 28 Mton Challenges • • • • • War at East & Debt build-up (~1 bUSD) Loss of anthracite coal and thermal generation Dependence on Russia in gas supply Oil prices drop and pressure on margin in E&D State budget austerity and crises in national bank system • Cross-subsidies and disproportion in tariffs on gas and electricity • Manual mode of management in state enterprises Opportunities • • • • Diversification of supply: gas, coal, nuclear fuel De-monopolization: all sectors but nuclear Privatization: coal mines, thermal generation Cut energy consumption: metering, house isolation, ESCO market • Closeness of EU markets: integration and synchronization with bigger energy markets Mid-term Strategy • Efficient use of energy • • • • Mandatory metering of all utilities Market-based tariffs Preferential loans for house insulation Incentives to flatten intraday electricity consumption • Increase of domestic production • • • • • • Implementation of 3rd Energy Package Revision of tax regime Free access to geo-data Auction of licenses Gasification of coal Developing own production of nuclear power cells • Diversification of supplies • • • • Gas reverse & Hub Strategic cooperation with Westinghouse on fuel cells Creating National Reserve of Fuel Synchronization with ENTSO-E Undergoing Reforms • • • • • • Gas market...
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...Introduction For this assignment about environmental injustice I have decided on the Cane Run Power Plant, also known as the operating site for Louisville Gas and Electric Company (LG&E), a coal-fired plant that is owned and operated by Louisville Gas and Electric in Louisville, Kentucky, located in Pleasure Ridge Park neighborhood. I will describe how the utility company LG&E is guilty of Environmental injustice to the Louisville residents of the Pleasure Ridge Park neighborhood, which Bell describes as powerless communities that suffer from human caused environmental disasters by the hands of powerful organizations and governments (Bell 2009). Case Summary Louisville Gas and Electric Company is a utility company that provides natural gas and electricity services for Louisville, Kentucky, which total to approx. 718,000 customers, as well the 16 surrounding counties (Unknown, Author 2014). LG&E provides these services from the Cane Run Power Plant located in the Pleasure Park Neighborhood, where the per capita income per household is approx. $21,831 per person (Unknown, Author 2013). This amount is considered considerably low. The power plant has been problematic for the residents of Pleasure Park for many years for a number of reasons, such as coal ash, which is a byproduct from burning coal, strong odors, and dust. Residents have reported burning nostrils and throat, abdominal pains, headaches, and sinus problems, eye and skin irritation, severe mental and physically...
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...Scotia Power / Emera, Point Tupper, Nova Scotia Canada In 2004, B.I.D. was approached by Nova Scotia Power (NSP), to offer a project estimate for their new marine coal terminal. Since NSP's primary source of fuel (Cape Breton Coal Mine) was closed as of 2001, there was a need to diversify their fuel supply. The answer to this nagging business problem was to construct a new receiving terminal at the Point Tupper, Nova Scotia site, to import coal from various parts in the world, for their power generation. Our part was to design, manufacture, and install the custom system for their coal receiving, handling, and stock piling of imported coal. Since B.I.D. had supplied equipment for their similar project in Sydney, Nova Scotia, we were more than ready to deliver. However, prior to our part in this project came the site work- which consisted of rail work, rail modifications and environmental studies. The main contractor for this work, CBCL, was also a repeat client of ours. Both companies were confident in B.I.D.'s reputation to solve a problem. Environmental, economical, location and port considerations accounted for several revision requests to the system- no problem for B.I.D. The complete material handling system was built to receive coal and petroleum coke from self-unloading ships and from an E-crane unloading bulker ships- which were to then transport the product on shore to two storage piles at a continuous rate up to 3000 TPH using 54" wide belts. Components...
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...Fossil Fuel Dependency and Americans | SOC120 - Sociology | University of Phoenix | Lena M. Ward | 10/9/2011 | America’s primary sources of energy come from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The cost of using fossil fuels includes labor cost to mine for coal or to drill for oil, labor and material cost to build plants to generate and transport coal and oil to plants; these hidden costs are included in electricity bills or in the purchase price of gasoline. However, some costs are not included in utility or gas bills, and they are not paid for by companies that produce or sell these energy sources (Payne, Dutzik, & Figdor, 2009). This external cost creates additional problems; such as, health issues related to the air pollution caused by the burning of coal and oil, the damage to land from coal mining and to the miners from lung disease, environmental problems like global warming, acid rain, and water pollution including national security cost to protect foreign sources of oil. This pricing system hides the true costs of fossil fuels which results in damage to human health, the environment, and the economy (Payne, Dutzik, & Figdor, 2009). This paper will examine each hidden cost and evaluate their effects to enlighten individuals on the true cost of America’s dependency on fossil fuels. America’s dependency on fossil fuels began innocently enough with the start of the Industrial Revolution. These changes were small at first with the invention...
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...The Future of Energy: Rooftop Solar Panels Coal fired energy plants have long been recognized as extremely damaging to the environment. The role of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in precipitating climate change is well documented. Carbon-dioxide emissions have increased manifold since the Industrial Revolution and have led to an increase in the Earth’s temperature in the past 50 years, worsening forest fires, drought and coastal flooding among other disastrous side effects of climate change, according to the U.S. Global Change Research Program. (NOAA National Climatic Data Center). In Kentucky where 91% of its power is generated from coal (Department for Energy Development and Independence; Kentucky Coal Association), there is a great impetus for utilities to cut down on carbon emissions. Unfortunately current efforts to reduce carbon emissions are largely insufficient because they do not attempt to reduce America’s and Kentucky’s overreliance on fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. Rather, currently adopted technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and natural gas-fired plants that halve carbon emissions merely seek to reduce the environmental impact while still relying on fossil fuels for energy. (Nijhuis) (Breeze) For a solution to be viable in the long run, it must propose an alternative energy source to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels for energy which is the root cause of excessive carbon emissions. Investing in renewable energy like solar power is...
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...electricity 5 Traditional electricity markets National monopoly National monoplies tend to increase their resources (people and capacity) put the all costs to their tariff base The planning is easier and can be made to minimize costs in the long term They tend to build more high investment cost plants, which have low fuel costs (nuclear and hydro) 6 Traditional electricity markets Competition in transmission network level Tends to keep the whole sale prices of electricity lower Tariff = Fc x P + Vc x E Where Fc = fixed costs of power plant (€/kW/month) P = capacity ordered by customer (kW) Vc = variable costs of power plant (€/MWh) E = electrical energy (MWh) 7 Traditional electricity markets competition in transmission network level There can be separate tariffs* for base load, intermediate load and peak load 1)Base load tariff could correspond the costs of nuclear plant (23 €/kW/month and 17 €/MWh) 2)Intermediate load tariff could corresponds to the costs of coal fired plant (14 €/kW/m and 48 €/MWh) 3)Peak load tariff corresponds to the costs of gas engine (9 €/kW/m and 75 €/MWh) or diesel engine plant (5.7 €/kW/m and 109 €/MWh) * See presentation ”Planning of national power systems” 8 Traditional electricity markets...
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...Burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal are changing the climate and making thousands of Americans sick. Coal burning power plants are poisoning the air and water. “Fossil fuels account for more than 80% of US global warming” (Jon Van, 1988). Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide in the air, creating a greenhouse effect that traps heat in the atmosphere making the Earth heat up. “Each year, an average of 24,000 Americans die as a result of pollution from coal burning power plants” (Greepeace, 2010). Mercury and other toxic compounds are being released into the air and eater. Acid rain caused mostly by coal burning costs $10 billion a year in crop damages (Jon Van, 1988). Oil is the most used form of energy and accounts for 38% of the global energy source. 30% of carbon dioxide emissions in the air is caused by oil burning (MSc, 2003). Oil spills such as the BP Deep water Horizon leaked thousands of gallons of crude oil in the sea, contaminating water, beaches, wetlands, and destroying sea life. BP was burning oil from the surface, which released poisonous gasses into the air causing people to get sick. Sea life has also been heavily impacted and the full effects of the damage to the eco-system will not be known for years. People have an obligation to find and use alternative energy sources. We need to stop putting people, animals, and the environment in danger. With the continued use of coal and oil, we are heating up our plant, depleting and destroying our land...
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...utilized. There is coal, which is a nonrenewable energy resource because there is a limited amount of supply. Then there is wind and hydropower, which are considered renewable energy resources; because there is an infinite amount of supply. The city council may want to take into consideration these two renewable energy sources for the many different advantages each source has to offer. West Virginia has an abundance of natural energy resources such as coal, wind, and hydropower; all of these energy resources could generate electricity and stabilize the community’s economy in various ways, including the different types of facilities, cost, and production output. West Virginia coalmines are amongst the top in the country for coal production. A 2009 study showed that five states in America produced close to three quarters of all the coal in the entire country, and West Virginia was number two on the list. Coal is used to generate electricity, heat, and for industrial uses. In the 2009 study, over ninety percent of the coal was used to generate electricity, a little over six percent was used in the industry, and less than one percent was used to generate heat (“Coal” 18). West Virginia mines a large portion of the countries coal every year and in order to keep up the high demand, most of the state workforce is employed by the coalmines. The West Virginia coalmines are the economic backbone for the state. There are a couple of key elements that make the coal mines so prosperous...
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...Case Study 1: Community Relations Queensland farmers vow to lock out coal seam gas drillers from their properties 1. Issues 1.1 Farmer and community protest The farmers, the community and activists from Dalby to west of Miles and Tara (QLD) protest against coals seam gas (CSG) mining operations and they have locked the gates to their property for the CSG companies Santos, Origin and Shell. The farmers fear the possible negative effects on their farmland and the loss of their organic certification. 1.2 Water pollution and green house gas emission CSG mining has possible negative impacts on the environment such as water and soil pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. Especially the water that is used in the mining operations contains a high amount of salt and possible toxic chemicals when it reaches the surface. Specialists fear that the underground water supply of the Surat Basin can face possible irreversible damages (ABC, 2012). 1.3 Frustration and distrust The farmers, the community and the activists feel like the CSG companies ride roughshod over them rather than working co-operatively together. This behavior results in distrust and frustration of the affected people towards the companies and their projects. 1.4 Change in government The government provides the licenses for coal seam gas mining operations based on the regulation of the Environmental Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act (Australian Government, 2011). The change in power in the...
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...soft, brittle, lightweight, black, material resembles coal. It has been used since the earliest times for a range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Prior to the industrial revolution charcoal was occasionally used as a cooking fuel. Philippines is the Top 1 among the coconut producing countries. For coconut is abundant in our country, it is popular for its culinary purposes, commercial, industrial, and household uses, and medical applications. Coconut shells with husks are used to buff wooden floors, making it clean and shiny (free from dusts). Here in the Philippines, it is known as “bunot”. The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal. Coconut shells/husks are usually left around and are considered wastes besides making them into husks. To get benefits from them, by a primitive process, they can be produced to charcoal which can be an alternative fuel especially for cooking. B. Statement of the Problem The study aims to produce charcoal using coconut (Cocos nucifera) fibers. Specifically, it seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1. How much charcoal can be produced from the coconut fibers? 2. How long is the coal ember of the Coconut Fibers Charcoal? 3. Is there a significant difference between the Coconut Fibers Charcoal and the commercially made charcoal in terms of the duration of coal ember and cost analysis? C. Significance of the...
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...Nuclear energy regarded as a source of power. Also called atomic energy Nuclear power was first known to be researched in the early 1900's, and by the world war; it reached its greatest peak by demonstrating to the world its power to destroy. Nuclear energy can be good or bad, depending on how the person works with this material; it is used for both sides good and bad. Scientists were unsure from the beginning of how it was possible to get energy from the material called Uranium. They were sure that with its uniqueness it would be able to transform itself into different elements. So they were unsure of it for many years, until Albert Einstein he explored the world of nuclear energy. In 1905 he released his theory of the famous equation e=mc2 with this he knew that uranium was able to create masses of electricity. A few years later, scientists found out the great power of the atomic energy. Since then, both scientist and the public were unable to find the best fit for nuclear energy in our society. We have put it into power plants, but the government and public were disappointed by accidents. We have put it into war, and with it we have caused great damages. So the question is where can this energy go? Even though it has been discovered to be the greatest power source of the world today, nobody is willing to cooperate with it because of these accidents and accomplishments. I am not sure if my findings are accurate but by source tells me that today there are a total of...
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...Reproduced with permission from Energy for Sustainable Development Articles Synthetic fuel production by indirect coal liquefaction Eric D. Larson Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University Guyot Hall, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA E-mail: elarson@princeton.edu Ren Tingjin Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China This paper reports detailed process designs and cost assessments for production of clean liquid fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether) by indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Gasification of coal produces a synthesis gas that can be converted to liquid fuel by synthesis over appropriate catalysts. Recycling of unconverted synthesis gas back to the synthesis reactor enables a larger fraction of the coal energy to be converted to liquid fuel. Passing synthesis gas once over the synthesis catalyst, with unconverted synthesis gas used to generate electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle, leads to less liquid fuel production, but provides for a significant second revenue stream from sale of electricity. Recently-developed liquid-phase synthesis reactors are especially attractive for ‘‘oncethrough’’ processing. Both ‘‘recycle’’ and ‘‘once-through’’ plant configurations are evaluated in this paper. Because synthesis catalysts are poisoned by sulfur, essentially all sulfur must be removed upstream. Upstream removal of CO2 from the synthesis gas is also desirable to maximize synthesis productivity, and it provides...
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...What is the form of energy that is present in pizza that we eat? A) Mechanical B) Chemical C) Radiation D) Electrical Which of the following is not a unit of energy? A) Joules B) Meters C) BTU D) Calories What is the energy stored in the bonds that hold molecules together called? A) Chemical B) Kinetic C) Nuclear D) Thermal Which of the following is the process of breaking a large nuclei into two intermediate size nuclei? A) Chemical reaction B) Nuclear fusion C) Nuclear fission D) All of the above A woman moves a box through a distance of 10 m. What is the work done if the force applied is 10N? A) 100 J B) 50 J C) 0 J D) None of the above How many calories is 1 food calorie equivalent to? A) 1,000,000 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 What property of a small meteor falling from the sky causes a lot of damage when it hits the earth? A) High Kinetic energy B) High heat energy C) High Potential energy D) Explosive Chemical energy What happens to its temperature when a gas is compressed? A) can either increase or decrease B) decreases C) remains the same D) increases Energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called A) Thermal B) Kinetic C) Potential D) Chemical Energy can be created or destroyed. A) True B) False Correct answer(s): False In what direction does thermal energy flow? A) independent of the temperature difference B) From low temperature to high temperature C) From high temperature to low temperature D) in both directions What is the form of energy in a flying airplane...
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...Company History and Evolution American Electric Power was formed in 1906 from another company called Electric Company of America. At that time the company was known as The American Gas and Electric Company. AG&E was a collection of small utilities scattered across various states. Many of these utilities were sold and only a few remain part of the company today. The company provided electric, gas, water, steam, transit, or ice services in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio Indiana, and Illinois. In 1911 AG&E got its start with an interconnected power system in Indiana covering 30 miles stretching between two power plants. In 1917 the first super power plant called the Windsor Plant which ran on steam was built at the mouth of a coal mine, eliminating the need to haul coal long distances. From 1922 to 1926 AG&E had one of the greatest expansion periods in history. Electricity was powering the country and AG&E was expanding into more states. In 1923 AG&E constructed three major power plants in Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. In 1924 and 1925 the company acquired two smaller companies and merged them into its profile. From 1941 to 1961 AG&E built 36 new generating units in five states significantly increasing their total generating capacity. In 1958 AG&E changed its name to American Electric Power. The company did not provide gas since the 1920’s and the name change was fitting. In 1975 the Donald C. Cook nuclear power plant, located on Lake Michigan, went into...
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