...How has the concept of childhood changed though history? Children have been apart of history as long as human beings have existed, however Prior to modern day notion of childhood, Children and childhood appears to be something that traditional historians have never considered, one of the many reasons that became of interest was due to the idea that childhood was a social construction. However the traditional view for a long time is that children were essentially little adults and the most famous proponent of this theory was a French historian named Philippe Aries he wrote a controversial book called the centuries of childhood. His view was that the crucial point in the construction or invention of childhood is something that happened, especially in the 18th and the early nineteenth century, however since 1985 and 1990 there have been a vast amount of theories which have criticised Aries concepts on childhood. Aries tapped into a common belief about the middle ages, which is if the Middle Ages generally was different than it must have been different in terms of children too, so they must not have loved their children and they must not have taken good care of them. Thus taking us to the centre of the argument, being that people in the middle ages and early modern Europe had a lot of children as a sort of self defence mechanism to not invest as much in their children because they knew that half of their children would die before they reached adolescents or adulthood . For...
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...development is trusts vs. mistrust. This development task is related with a given age group to provide attachment and bonding. The rest age group is of early childhood and the stage of development includes Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt. This development task, for this group is to have potty training and self-maintenance. Subsequently, the next age group of schooling includes initiative vs. guilty and the related development tasks are academic success, making friends, social competency and friendship....
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...considered the early childhood years, and between six to twelve years are considered the middle childhood period. During these two periods there are four kinds of themes: sources of development, plasticity, continuity/discontinuity and individual differences. The sources of development are genetic, social, or cultured development. Genetic known as nature vs. nurture the plasticity is how much the development can be changed or manipulated, Human development during this time has same part continues and same part expect going the sages. Even during expected stages we don’t know for sure exactly when the child will be able to do particular activities. This paper will discuss ten events to expect in their child’s life. Sleep: In the stage of two and twelve-year old many the parents expect a number of physical changes during the early childhood and middle childhood in terms of the child’s sleeping period. Many adults and children do not get enough sleep because the children possible do not have food or enough food and healthy nutrition to sleep well. In early childhood development stage of the wake- up behavior more scheduled and has more hours. The United States was compared with in middle childhood; they do not sleep as much. other countries totally different because in the United States the parents typically put their children to bed at certain hours in a different room but in other countries, children are always with their mother and sleep with her until they are in the middle childhood...
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...in financial problems stress are just a few examples of research topics in personal finance. Research has shown the relationship between workplace productivity and poor financial behavior employers financial problems are one of the four problems in the workplace. Many of the children from now on are not attending our classes in school, because many of them are not supported of their parents. The others are not having enough money to pay the school contribution. Some children are not interested on going to school because they want to work every day forgetting that school is also important. The problems of student is being a working students. They not have enough time to rest and to study well because they are so very busy on their role. So the student who not attending our school is have not a quality knowledge. Significance of the Study: The Researcher has investigated financial matters and their impacts on personal and family life for years. Importance areas of research are identification of the characteristics of financial problems and financial wellness, examination of financial difficulties of various groups, and development of financial management education. Certainly, financial matters are one of the most important issues in our daily lives. They not only an individual’s personal and family life, but also the persons’ work life. The...
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...Stages of Development from Early Childhood Through Middle Childhood We can break child development into five separate stages. The stages consist of infancy (birth-2), early childhood (2-6), middle childhood (6-10), early adolescence (10-14), and late adolescence (14-18). For each stage there are different types of developmental achievements that will be reached. This paper will serve as a comparison for the early and middle childhood developmental periods. There will be a detailed comparison of the two age groups for each of the following developmental characteristics: • Physical development • Emotional development • Cognitive development • Intellectual development • Language development • Reading/Writing development • Social development • Interpersonal development Physical Development (Early Childhood) During the early childhood stage children begin to lose their roundish baby like appearance. Their bodies become more proportionate with the lengthening of their arms and legs. They begin to acquire fine motor skills. These newfound skills allow them to grip a pencil in more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as supervising them while they them use scissors and paper. Although it is normal for boys to be more physically active then girls both will show an increase in energy. They will develop more control over their...
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...Child Influences Lariann Martinez PSY/103 October 5, 2014 Dr. Mathew Pearcey Child Influences Humans develop in amazing ways, starting from two individual cells to having a human body and brain that can be cognitive and perform remarkable tasks. There are many evolving stages that are unique to those phases, I am going to focus on middle age development and how so many influences create a person. Before we get to middle age children we first we need to discuss what starts the cycle. There are two types of influences that create a human being; one is genetic development which starts with two living cells then they transform into a breathing human being. Those cells are packed with traits and genes and are passed on from one generation of a living being to the next until that line no longer reproduces. We do know that most every physical, mental, and social-emotional trait is affected by genes. We also know that genes influence your growth and development in many ways. According to Cherry, k (N.D) In order to fully understand this, it is important to first distinguish between a child's genetic inheritance and the actual expression of those genes. A genotype refers to all of the genes that a person has inherited. The actual express of these traits is the person's phenotype. The phenotype can include physical traits, such as height and color or the eyes, as well as nonphysical traits such as shyness, a high strung temperament or a thirst for adventure. Agreeing with...
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...Donald Lifespan Development and Personality Early childhood development can be affected by a number of factors, and it is impossible to underestimate the immense importance of the early development of children. Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development contributed to the understanding of personality development throughout the lifespan. The lifespan development of human being involves the psychological and genetic alterations from the birth and end of the life. The progress of life is highly influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors involving the different aspects related to physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Erik Erikson felt as if middle age children between the ages of six and twelve is where they begin to develop the mental skills needed in later years.“Elementary school-aged children, who succeed in learning new, productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior)” (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). The phase of physical development of a child is classified as gross motor skills development and fine motor skills development. Hereditary factors play an important role in the physical growth and characteristics development of the child in the middle childhood stage. Physical growth of the child can be assessed in the form of weight acquisition...
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...Middle Childhood Development and Personality Josh PSY/103 November 2, 2015 Susanne Nishino Middle Childhood Development and Personality Middle childhood is a busy time in a child's life both physically and for their personality. During this time there is a crucial shift in a child's cognitive skills beginning at age six; this appears to be when a child begins to reason and is marked by several types of advances in learning and understanding. Formal schooling begins mostly between the ages of five and seven, during this time the child develops key thinking and cognitive skill. Children during this period also begin to experience advances in their learning consistent with what is deemed important by their cultures, such as math and language skills. I believe it's important for us to be patient with children at this age because it is such a difficult and confusing time but also an exciting time for them to experience this period of extensive growth. There are many different factors that affect physical development for children during the middle childhood development period. During birth until around age five, growth is generally set at the same rate for children around the same age, but at around age six or seven is when the growth spurts begin to become defined. Some children grow quickly and tall while others don't seem to grow much during this time. An example for this might be when I was younger, I did not grow quickly from age five until eight, but...
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...Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood Taylor Nail PSY/103 February 02, 2015 Michael Phillips Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood What kinds of things can affect an individual from the age of 6 to 12 years? There are many things that can affect a person of this age group (middle childhood). During the middle childhood, Social and Moral Development describes that “children either develop a sense of their own competence at a variety of tasks, especially schoolwork, or they come to believe they are not capable of success (n.d.)”. Even though this age group can determine their own success and their own identity, there are factors that can affect these individuals’ physical, cognitive and social, moral, and personality development. There are many things that can affect the physical development in young children during their middle childhood, including environmental influences. With all of the research going on these days, it all loops back around to one issue these children face in the environment; obesity. For example, more and more children are spending more time watching television, and while watching the television they are snacking or having more meal time causing them to increase in weight, ultimately affecting their physical development. This problem increases as the children grow older. “Children’s TV time and home environment factors were assessed longitudinally among 169 families with children followed from 6 to 12 years of age...
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...Influences of Childhood Development La Tesha Simpson PSY/600 Developmental Psychology July 15, 2013 Judy Pendleton, PsyD Influences of Childhood Development Children are impressionable and share the characteristics of a sponge in a sense, by means of picking up a spill and letting it ooze out of their personality or behavior. Children imitate most of what they see and hear whether negative or positive. Imitating is learning and learning is form of development. Everyone and everything can influence the choices children make during childhood. The purpose of this paper is to investigate influences of childhood development. Development of any kind during childhood can have life altering factors. Some of those factors will include career development starting during early childhood, economic resources in child development, and socioeconomic status and child development. This investigation will demonstrate whether the influences are healthy or unhealthy development during childhood. Career Development during Childhood Parents and professional role models may influence children in their career choice. For example, if a parent is a doctor a child may find that exciting and want to follow the footsteps of the parent. Perhaps, the child learns how police officers and fire fighters give back to the community and want to do the same. Career development start during childhood and covers the course of life (Porfeli & Lee, 2012). Researchers show how an individual establishes...
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...STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old Katherine Wright STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old There are eight stages of development. The first stage is infancy age 0-1 year old, the second stage is toddler stage ages 1-2 years old, the third stage is early childhood ages 2-6 years old, the fourth stage is elementary and middle school stage ages 6-12 years old, the adolescence stage ages 12-18 years is the fifth stage, the sixth stage is the young adult stage age 19-40, the seventh stage is the middle adulthood stage age 40-65, and the eighth stage is the late adulthood stage age 65 to death. The eight stages are called Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. These stages describe how a human should develop as they pass through life .Each stage that is conquered successfully means that a person conquers new challenges. Each stage builds as you successfully complete earlier stages. If the stages aren’t successfully completed, they can resurface as problems in the future. In the second stage, which is early childhood the development process is Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Description: Children have newfound power at this stage as they have developed motor skills and become more and more engaged in social interaction with people around them. They now must learn to achieve a balance between eagerness for more adventure and more responsibility...
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...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...Infancy and Early Childhood Development Developmental Stages Essay Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescent undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, i.e. from 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Middle Childhood The first stage when children actually start to transform into adolescents begins at preteens and lasts until 11 years of age. This stage marks the start of a fast physical growth since at this stage uneven growth of bones, muscles, and organs starts that may result in certain awkward appearance. Some children, especially girls begin puberty at this age that creates certain difficulties for them, so they need access to information about sexuality appropriate for their age. On the cognitive level, some elements of childhood are combined with elements of adolescence. To put it more precisely, logical thinking starts to develop, though children are still have limited...
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...Take-Aways What struck me in particular about the readings for this week is how children in the middle childhood stage begin to venture away from parents and family as they seek to establish an identity. The family system remains an extremely important influence on development—emotional, cognitive, physical and social. Physical development is a function of genetic and environmental influences, as well as interaction. It needs to be noted that some theorists assert the idea that the age of onset of puberty has changed to an earlier age. As these changes occur, an implication for practice is evaluating the timing of educational programs related to social-emotional development. These interventions need to focus on self-protection and individual rights and responsibilities. We also need to support children wherever they fall on the developmental spectrum—early, late or right on time—and reassure them that all development is normal. Cognitive development is very unique at this time as children move from concrete thinking to more abstract ways of viewing the world. According to Bergen and Cocsia (2001), during middle childhood there are rapid gains in intellectual processes and memory which enables new learning in a variety of settings. As practitioners, we need to recognize and respond sensitively to these changes and support the expanding abilities. Brain development in middle childhood is greatly shaped by the nature of earlier experiences. Brain plasticity continues in this stage...
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...Child Psychology Exam 3 – Study Guide What will Exam 3 Cover? Exam 3 will cover all lectures and assigned textbook material from Chapters 7 (p257-260), 8, 9, 10 (p 366-367), 11, and 12. There may be some overlap between the concepts from the first parts of this course, as many of the ideas we discussed during infancy are also important during early and middle childhood, but the exam will focus on early and middle childhood. • What are some of the main advances in children’s thinking during early childhood? o Growth of representational skills- one objects stands/represents another ex. Banana as phone • Be able to describe the findings of the various conservation tasks. What do they tell us? o Conservation of number: young children (4-5 yo) don’t understand # of chips is still same b/c now occupy more space; older children understand concept of conservation o Conservation of length; area; mass; displaced liquid: all results are same as number task 4-5 yo unable to understand conservation concept; they think more now when still is same • What does the Judy Deloache model-room study examine? How do children do on this task at different time points in development? o 2 ½ - 3 ½ y.o watched as she hid toy in model room; Results: 2 y.o didn’t know tasks were related and searched larger room at random; 3 y.o searched in same location as model room o Study examines child’s representational skills: ability to recognize that one object stands for another ie. Small model...
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