...The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper was a prominent American Romantic novel during the 19th century that shaped the distinct nature of America. By setting his novel in the American wilderness during the French and Indian War, Cooper explores the unique social and cultural aspects of early America while criticizing certain features. When examined through the lens of gender, James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans criticizes European men and women for being frail and inferior compared to their Native American counterparts. Cooper illustrates the European men in The Last of the Mohicans as overconfident and fearful in the realm of the Native Americans compared to their humble and bold Indian counterparts. The European men...
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...Through the Eyes of a Priest Historical relationships between early European and Native American civilizations was very troublesome to say the least. Even when we examine the Europeans who were considered to be more on the friendly side of the Native- Euro relations spectrum, we constantly see ethnocentricities revealed through their writings and anecdotes. One such case is within Father Jean de Brébeuf’s writing of The Mission to the Hurons. On one hand it allows us the opportunity to examine the customs, beliefs and everyday lives of 17th century Huron people, however we must take his observations and commentary with a grain of salt for much of it is written within a fairly narrow perspective. Nevertheless, it does offer us an unfiltered version of some of the more common European sentiments of 17th century Native American societies and people, and that alone may be what is most valuable to us in the present day. As a Jesuit priest, Brébeuf’s writing was meant to serve as a manual of sorts for future missionaries making the journey to Huronia. Along with detailing the challenges and struggles they faced, he was quick to offer methods and instructions for ‘winning over’ the hearts of the Natives. This strategy would of course prove instrumental in the efforts of the French gaining more converts and Native allies than their British counterparts, due to their realizing “that Indian people were more likely to accept a new religion if they did not have to give up being Indian...
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...events that molded into a sense of nationalism and tolerance of other societies. As history changes overtime our views of ourselves and others also change, creating our societies “narratives of origin” (Moscovici, 1988). A fundamental representation of our nation’s origin and aspirations are influenced by the changing circumstances, which guides modern society’s response to new challenges. Change in civilizations is sparked from societal wrongs that cause a civil up-roar. Court cases provide the best historical evidence of how the past can redefine present culture. Since the civil war, African Americans role within the nation has changed drastically from a slave to the President of the United States. Monumental cases like Dred Scott v. Sanford, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, along with mass protests across the United States; all influenced the civil rights of African Americans. Another case that shaped our civilization was from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Due to negligence of the factory owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, one hundred and forty-five people died in a factory fire because of inaccessibility to fire escapes. This devastation sparked outrage among civilians, and the government of the United States was forced to respond. In October, 1911, in the aftermath of the fire, New York State passed the Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Law, requiring that factory owners install sprinkler systems….New York also set up the Factory Investigating Commission…...
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...COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE SPANISH EXPLORATION FROM THE ENGLISH EXPLORATION Sean Kazmierski HIEU 201 6 December 2015 Introduction Evidence of the earliest travel by European explorers into the ‘new world’ can be traced back to 1000AD. It began with the Vikings sailing from their native land in the British Isles to Greenland where they created a colony. Later, they left Greenland for North America where they saw virgin land with exotic plants, animal species, and indigenous people[1]. The Vikings returned home with stories about the marvels of the places they had visited, but their home authorities lacked the will power or the resources to make a follow-up on these explorations. As a result, European states continued to make commerce across the Mediterranean Sea with North Africa for many years that followed. Research has shown that the methods and motivations of exploration were unique from one state to the other. As Europeans continued their explorations, we will examine the similarities and differences on how the Spanish (1492-1548) and English (1584-1648) conducted their exploration and expansion. Comparison Between the British and Spanish in North America The first Spanish to arrive in America was Hernan Cortes in 1519. He did the groundwork for the creation of the Spanish colony. In 1607, Christopher Newport set foot in what would later become Jamestown, laying the foundation of the British Empire in North America...
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...Study guide for test #1 – February 4, 2016 Part I – Identifications: John Winthrop: Governor of Massachusetts Bay that was elected 12 times. Envisioned the city on the Hill. Roger Williams: Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay for agitating ideas like the separation of church and state. Moved North to the area now known as Providence, Road Island and established the Protestant Church. Eliza Lucas Pinckney: Was in Charge of 3 South Carolina plantations by the age of 16. Imported indigo to her plantation, which became a very important cash crop. John Smith: Leader of Jamestown Colony in Virginia. First explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay part of the first settlement to the New World. Helped save colony from devastation. Anne Hutchinson: Was a Puritan spiritual adviser and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters. John Rolfe: Was married to Pocahontas and moved to England with her. Most notably established the tobacco industry in the colonies and was killed by Indians upon re-arrival in the new world. Pocahontas: Was a Virginia Indian notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Daughter of Powhatan and married to John Rolfe. John Calvin: Influential Frenchman...
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...To enter a land that is not yours and demand war on those that are living in it is crazy, especially when you compare it to the standards in North American society today. The contrasting views of Bartolome de Las Casas, a bishop of Chiapa, and Juan Gines de Sepulveda a humanist, were made into a debate on whether or not what the Europeans did when exploring the New World were morally correct. The Indians suffered greatly in the hands of the Europeans, who believed they were doing them a huge favor. The Black Legend happened during the late 15th through the early 16th centuries it became a huge movement in attempt to dominate Europe by conquering lands. Lands in Mexico and areas near the Yucatan are known as New Spain which became the focal point the Spain conquest. Being the first country to spread their colonies throughout the New World, Spain was made fun of by neighboring countries like England and France. However this type of issue was largely...
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...historical accounts. During this search, Hauner (2013) indicates that the Age of Discovery and the introduction of early modern warfare were initiated by the Europeans in the Far East. These activities increased the presence of the activities of European nation in the Asian countries hence leading to colonization of several countries. The European existence in the Asian continent was so immense in that East Timor got its independence from Portugal in the year 2002 (Stevens, 2010). The western nations used the concepts of nation state and multinational state to ensure racial superiority. The nation state was a social construct by the colonizing European colonizing nations in brainwashing the citizens of their colonies (Perry, 2010). The concept does not have a definite definition. However Stevens (2010) indicates that it is the act whereby people are grouped together according to their customs, language, traditions, habits and ethnicity. On the other hand, a multinational state is the concept where people were grouped together in order to form a single geographical orientation however such populations differed in language or ethnicity. These two concepts led to the development of ethnicity among the Asian communities. This is because most people within the Asian community began to think of themselves in regard to nations and multinational states. Before the European invasion of the oriental countries, this area was regarded as the Far East without any form of demarcation in regard...
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...time setting them apart from other people. One such culture is that of the Native Americans. Native Americans have diverse and rich cultures that are based on a deep spiritual relationship with the land they live in and the natural resources. They have a history that is rich in strife, struggle and triumph. In fact, most of America’s modern life is considered to be adapted from native Indian cultures practiced many centuries ago. This then shows that there is a lot to be learned from the Native America cultures as well as their beliefs about their relationship to the natural world. This paper is aimed at analyzing the Native American culture and the European culture with an emphasis on their beliefs about the natural world as well as their agricultural techniques and how they relate to the modern world. Many of the familiar features in modern day America that may be taken for granted originated from the Native Americans. The peace pipe, moccasins, totem pole and the teepee are an example of integral pieces that wove together a large picture of the Native American culture. Everything from animals to plants to the weather and housing became a part of the Indian and Native American culture. The animals were valued as spirits and even though they were hunted and killed, their hides and skins were used as drums and clothing, the meat from the animals was never wasted and the animal spirits lived on in the Native American’s minds. The plants were also used for various purposes. They were...
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...Their Effects on Native American Women Isabella J. Baxter '15 Gettysburg College, baxtis01@gettysburg.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Native American Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Baxter, Isabella J. '15, "Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women" (2013). Student Publications. Paper 87. http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/87 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 87 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu. Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Keywords Native American Women, Sexual Violence, Oppression, Colonization, White Feminism Abstract This paper is a response to the chapter “Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide” in Andrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Smith argues that U.S. colonial culture strategically uses sexual violence against Native women as a weapon to ensure the oppression and marginalization of Native people. This...
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...Di Wu 2010–06–04 Chapter 6 native Americans In this chapter, we learn about history and development of Native American. This chapter consist of three parts , history of native; how federal polices effect on native American ; what situation the native American in today. After reading this chapter, I think racism is a very painful problem in the United States. of the first acts of racism in American was against the Native Americans. At first, the Native Americans were the Europeans’ friends. The Native Americans showed the Europeans how to farm, hunt and live off the land in this new America. As time went by and the Europeans became comfortable, they no longer need the Native American people. The Native American people were in the way, they had land that the growing population of the Europeans wanted and needed. This was the start of many treaties that the American Government would make the Native people, and the start for racism against them. Out of all the treaties that the American Government made with the Native People, they kept all of them, but the United States only kept half of the treaties. For federal policies, American government gives an immense amount of respect to such diverse cultures and groups, but where is the respect for the Indians. When the United States first became an independent nation, it adopted the European policies towards these native peoples, but over the course of two centuries the U.S. adapted its own widely varying policies regarding the changing...
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...An Investigation of How Culture Shapes Curriculum in Early Care and Education Programs on a Native American Indian Reservation ‘‘The drum is considered the heartbeat of the community’’ Jennifer L. Gilliard1,3 and Rita A. Moore2 This article investigates how culture shapes instruction in three early care and education programs on the Flathead Indian Reservation. Interviews with eight early childhood teachers as well as classroom observations were conducted. The investigation is framed by the following research question: How does the culture of the family and community shape curriculum? Data analysis suggested that ongoing communication with parents and community about teaching within a culturally relevant context, building a sense of belongingness and community through ritual, and respecting children, families, and community were essential to defining the Native American Indian culture within these early learning programs. KEY WORDS: culture; in; tribal; early; education; programs. INTRODUCTION Instruction informed by children’s home and community culture is critical to supporting a sense of belongingness that ultimately impacts academic achievement (Banks, 2002; Osterman, 2000). American school populations are increasingly diversified with immigrants and English language learners; but American teachers are over 90% European American (Nieto, 2000). Educators who are from different cultural perspectives than those present in the families and communities of the children they...
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...Racism v. Slavery Although Western European explorers treated Africans as chattel during the African slave trade, racism did not play a component in who were considered slaves. Racism did not create slavery, slavery created racism. Africans being used as chattel was a result of competition between the Americas and East Asia. The Europeans simply did not want Asia to have superiority over them. Africans were sold into two distinct slave trades, the Atlantic slave trade and the trans-Saharan slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade was predominantly composed of African males. The purpose of these males was to provide hard labor in the fields as gardeners and harvesters. Unlike, the Atlantic slave trade, the trans-Saharan slave trade included...
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...Throughout history, art has been a tool for many to express themselves and the events surrounding them. The works of great artists are not only personal, but revolutionary. On occasion, paintings can influence the spectator, for better or worse. Artists, such as Pablo Picasso, Frida Kahlo, and those who designed world war one propaganda, demonstrate their views and worldly perceptions to change others. Picasso’s Guernica shows the brutalities of war, as propaganda tried to hide it. Kahlo paints her life as a mexican women imposed with Western culture in Las Dos Fridas, while street art gives a loud and accessible message to those who come across it. All these examples exemplify real occurrences, that were published and used as a front for mainstream...
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...Relations. Bogota: Universidad de los Andes, 2012. Intro. This book seeks to answer these and other questions by focusing on the study in perception of Colombian birds from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, as a pretext to analyze social, scientific and environmental relations between the United States and Colombia. Understanding how ornithologists and collectors formed bird collections reveal s a rich story of international scientific relations and power structure throughout the 19th and 20th century. Reconstructing the story of Colombian birds allows the author to build a history that not only analyzes the early and complex scientific relations between the United States and Colombia, but also takes into account the importance of North America's growing influence over Latin America as well as Colombia's changing economic, cultural and social history to understand different perception of the natural world in both countries. For a North American, the study of birds brought forth a natural world where US imperialist intentions over Latin America were entirely legitimized. For Colombian naturalists, the study of birds offered another way to promote relations with the United States and incorporated Colombia into the international arena of science. At the same time, a toucan in 1940 had a different meaning to a North American, who in the midst of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy, approached Latin America as an important economic and political...
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...Introduction Every society across the world comprises of a rich mix of people from different biological and geographic backgrounds, a phenomenon that derives the term race. People of the same race are presumed to share certain physical characteristics such as skin color, hair color, the color of the eyes and even blood type, often determined by genetics. For example, Africans, Americans and Asians are classified as different races based on their skin color which is black, white and red, respectively. The concept of racism is born from the interaction of the different races. More often than not, racism presents a conflict due to stereotyping and discrimination of members of one race against the other. This paper will discuss the idea of race and how racism has changed over time, as well as the historical challenges that people have presented to racism. Race-based conflicts have subsided in the 21st century as compared to the earlier centuries across the world. A clear chronological organization and thorough analysis into the available historical evidence will demonstrate the...
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