...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Perspective 4.3 Theory in Management 4.4 Classification of Management Theories 4.5 Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Second Edition DANIEL A. WREN The University of Oklahoma JOHN WILEY AND SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto CONTENTS PART ONE EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3 A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet. The Social Facet. The Political Facet. P eople, Management, and Organizations: The Human Being. Organizations and Management. MANAGEMENT BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 15 Management in Early Civilizations: The Near East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece. Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. T he Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE The Industrial Revolution in England: The Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Factor of Production. M anagement Problems in the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Motivation. Management Functions in the Early 42 Xll CONTENTS Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker. Child and Female Labor. MANAGEMENT PIONEERS IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius: The First Computer....
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...Classical Management Thought Paper Management theories can be largely categorized into two parts: Beginnings of modern management thought and contemporary organization and management thought. Beginnings of modern management thought can be categorized as classical theorist, human relations school, and early modernists (Chow, LRDS 302, Fall). Classical management theory based on Fayol and Urwick’s writings is “a set of [m]anagement [t]heories that focus on the increasing the efficiency of the organization as a whole” (Chow). On the other hand, human relations theory of Follett and Likert explains that “work is accomplished through people”, so cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills are required (Chow). This paper will discuss 1) the similarities and the differences between these two broad theories, 2) relationship between Taylor’s scientific management and these two theories, 3) my ideas on these theories, and 4) my preference. First, classical management and human relations management have some differences and similarities. Classical management focuses on efficiency. Fayol who was a “father of modern management” categorized management as forecasting and planning which are predicting the future and making plans, organizing which is building up the material and human structure, commanding which is maintaining activities of workers, coordinating which is working together, and controlling which is ruling and instructing (discovering management). He made...
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...marketing has been influenced by many different academic movements, fads and priorities. This variability can be viewed as a positive state of affairs, because it means that the subject is always open to new ideas and new trends. On the other hand, it has the potential to undermine the value of marketing knowledge because there is no general consensus on what the study of marketing should be for, how these studies should be conducted, or what the outcomes should be. Before we can begin to study marketing, we need to understand something about this history and the debates and controversies that have shaped the field. In this chapter, we shall review the origins of marketing thought, examining when the term ‘marketing’ was first used, its subsequent development, and provide an overview of the development of marketing thought and practice. Marketing, clearly, is probably as old as human civilisation itself (see Jones and...
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...Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2 ed., pp.1-33, 123-243, Chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14. Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term ‘marketing.’ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing has always existed. Was the original use of the term marketing merely an application of a new name to an old practice? One theory is that language is an invention of man, an adornment. The other explanation of the origin of language is that it is inseparable from reason. Accordingly, man’s language has developed as his thoughts have developed. By marketing was first meant “that combination of factors which had to be taken into consideration prior to the undertaking of cer6tain selling or promotional activities.” The essence of marketing was the combination of factors. Blindness to and ignorance of that combination of factors is the reason for the absence of terms equivalent to marketing in other languages. Marketing must be regarded not merely as a business practice, but as a social institution. Marketing is essentially a means of meeting and satisfying certain needs of people. It is a highly developed and refined system of thought and practice characteristic of a period in the development of...
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...1 The History of Marketing Thought This reading assignment is from Dr. Chuck Hermans‟ PhD work. He is a professor at Missouri State University and granted permission to use it for this course on health marketing. A key observation to notice throughout this reading assignment is that in the history of business (or commercial) marketing there has been no reference to health, prevention, wellness or medicine as products or services to motivate people to buy or to sell or market to people. An important concept to note however, from the article is that marketers evolved to applying theories of behavior, the same as health educator‟s use. Among these are concepts borrowed from established disciplines, such as psychology and sociology and suggesting that marketing is a social science. Please note that the bold text are from the original text from Dr. Hermans. The article begins now. Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2nd edition, Highlights selected by Dr. Hermans are from chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,and 14. Accessed on Sep 18, 2009. Available at http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term „marketing.‟ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing...
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...Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Thomas Wallace Dementia Praecox Mental Deterioration at an Early Age Introduction to Psychology Laura McCormick, Professor February 15, 2014 Abstract Schizophrenia, a classification of psychological disorders considered to be one of the most extreme in terms of psychological dysfunction and breakdown (Carson and Butcher, 1992). This disorder can result in a complete breakdown or alteration of reality. Schizophrenia is often termed psychotic in order to separate it from other disorders that are much milder in nature, such as Mood and Anxiety disorders. It is the goal of this paper to provide an overview of some of the issues and debates regarding this difficult and oft misunderstood disorder. What is Schizophrenia? Dementia Praecox, otherwise known as Schizophrenia, has been regarded as a uniquely distinct disease for well over a 100 years. This disease affects those areas that control how a person functions. It manipulates the individual’s thoughts, distorts their perceptions and causes hallucinations, particularly auditory. The person becomes delusional believing others can read their mind and thoughts of others are being placed in their head. According to the criteria for Schizophrenia described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)...
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.... Introduction It is fortunately for this generation manager because they have more than century's management theory and thought to retrospect. Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Throughout many different contributions of writers and practitioners have resulted different approaches to management, resulting in a kind of management theory jungle and help them to face the challenge of the future. Despite the inexactness and relative crudity of management theory, the development of thought on management dates back to the days when people first attempted to accomplish goals by working together in groups. To know something of the background of the development of management thought. 'Even limited knowledge can help one appreciate the many opinions, ideas, and scientific underpinnings which preceded the upsurge of management thought may help us avoid rediscovering previously know ideas.' (Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich, 1988) 2. Development in management theory 2.1 Management Development History The history of modern management has been characterized by the swing of a pendulum. 'Trace back the evolution of management theory from the nineteenth century to the present day--basically from Taylorism to Japanization.' (John Sheldrake, 1997) Scientific management developed in the crucible of American industrialization and subsequently spread throughout the industrial...
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...“Classical approach of management professes the body of management thought based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs that the social needs and need for job satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, it advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making and profit maximization”. It is the oldest formal school of thought which began in the late 1800s and continued through the 1950s. its main focus is on “efficiency” and includes bureaucratic, scientific, and administrative management. "Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, Henry Gantt, and Max Weber are theorists who believed in structured management approaches, and that money motivates employees" (Dunn 26). "Fayol, the author of General and Industrial Management (1916), is the founder of the classical school of management, which emphasizes “command and control” (Robinson 2005). “He identified five functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He further categorized the features of management into 14 principles: “division of work/labor through specialization, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the organization’s needs, employee compensation (Hoffman 2005, 107), centralization, scalar chain (line of authority), order, equity, personnel stability, initiative, and esprit de corps (shared devotion to a common cause)” (Dunn 27) Henri...
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...was able to enter into a variety of different business spheres and remain successful. What differentiated Inamori from the generic Japanese businessman was his passion to his company, and his desire for continued personal growth. His deep seeded drive allowed him to enter into business ventures where the odds were stacked against him, and he was still able to perform. Inamori was able to utilize a unique management method to predict and deliver wildly successful business results by recognizing inefficiencies in the market, and capitalizing on them. In my in-depth case study, I will evaluate Kazuo Inamori’s business philosophies and approaches, and I plan to identify what made him such a special individual. When Inamori was a young boy, he recognized he was able to organize individuals in a way few could. Inamori’s respectable leadership gained him camaraderie among his classmates, but he was always falling behind in his studies. Inamori’s inability to work in a traditional Japanese schooling setting landed him in a middle tier university, which caused him to adapt at an early part in his professional career. When Inamori graduated college the Job markets were not steady, and nearly all of his job applications to major firms were rejected. Inamori next found himself desperate, and he found a manufacturing job working for Shofu Industries. This first experience in the manufacturing sector allowed Inamori to recognize mass inconsistencies and inefficiencies in the manufacturing...
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...1. The evolution of management thought has followed societal trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The nineteenth century works of Charles Babbage and Robert Owen were concerned with the early factory system as well making social progress. The classical school and bureaucratic school of the early twentieth century were the first efforts to generate a comprehensive theory of management. This school included Max Weber and Henri Fayol. Fayol was the father of the administrative management school. He had a profound affect on much of administrative theory during the early part of the twentieth century. Frederick Taylor, the engineer, established the scientific method of management. The behavioral school made a profound influence on management theory. It is a revolutionary period of management theory. It includes the Nobel prize winning critic of the early proverbs of administration, Herbert Simon, as well as the landmark Hawthorne Experiment ushering in the human relations branch of the bureaucratic method. The behavioral school also includes the first female organizational theorist, Mary Parker Follet. A major result of the behavioral school is the demise and repudiation of the classical school of management. The human relations school of management is extremely important in dealing with the concept of employee motivation. Herbert Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs theory while Douglas McGregor developed Theory X and Y. The behavioral research school applies much...
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...U05a1 First Draft Capella University BUS4802– Change Management Summarize change management theory. Change Management - Change management is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. There are very few working environments where change management is not important. Change management is an approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations to a desired future state. In a project management context, change management may refer to a project management process wherein changes to the scope of a project are formally introduced and approved. Explain which of the three disciplines you chose and explain the theory behind your discipline. Shared Vision: The key vision question is ‘What do we want to create together? Taking time early in the change process to have the conversations needed to shape a truly shared vision is crucial to build common understandings and commitments, unleash people’s aspirations and hopes and unearth reservations and resistances. Leaders learn to use tools such as ‘Positive Visioning’, 'Concept-shifting’ and ‘Values Alignment’ to create a shared vision, forge common meaning/focus and mutually agree what the learning targets, improvement strategies and challenge-goals should be to get there. I chose the Shared Vision model because it was ideally the one that most fit our needs. As a team we all believe in what needs to be changed and the mission. Once the problem was recognized...
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...Lifecycle of A Project As early as 300 BCE men have understood the importance of effective project planning and execution. The great Greek philosopher Aristotle understood this as well, and defined success in this way, “All men seek one goal: success or happiness. The only way to achieve true success is to express yourself completely in service to society. First, have a definite, clear, practical ideal-a goal, an objective. Second, have the necessary means to achieve your ends-wisdom, money, materials and methods. Third, adjust all your means to that end” (qtd in Forbes.com). The thoughts of Aristotle, although simplistic provide a sound basis for modern project management processes. The modern definition of planning has not changed significantly throughout time. Author Timothy J. Kloppenborg describes planning as a process that “Defines and refines objectives and plans and actions to achieve objectives. The importance of establishing a solid plan cannot be understated. In an article titled 100 Years of Project Planning authors illustrates the benefit of good planning when the state that “Planning allows us to make all kinds of mistakes or errors before we spend the money, time or effort to do something” (Muther, Richard, and Gerald Nadler 42). A well-defined plan is one that minimizes rework, scope change, schedule inefficiencies. Furthermore a well laid plan will have well defined measures to monitor and control the project. A key consideration when developing a...
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...Management Ideas | | | | The purpose of this lecture is to demonstrate that knowledge of management past history can help you better understand current management theory and practice. Thus, in order to understand the theories and practices used today, it’s important for management students to look at the evolution of management thought and practices. The practice of management has always reflected historical times and societal conditions.1. INTRODUCTIONMany current management concepts and practices can be traced to early management theories. The practice of management has always reflected the times and social conditions, so many organizations are responding to technology breakthroughs and developing Web-based operations. These new business models reflect today’s reality: information can be shared and exchanged instantaneously anywhere on the planet. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that knowledge of management history can help understand today’s management theory and practice.2. MANAGEMENT’S CONNECTION TO OTHER FIELDS OF STUDYManagement courses have a rich heritage from humanities and social science courses.A. Anthropology —the study of societies, which helps us learn about humans, their activities, and differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations.B. Economics —concerned with the allocation, distribution of scare resources, and understanding the changing economy, as well...
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