...from core to atmosphere and the materials that it is composed of, we will need to look at the earth’s early stages of formation. Included in this is will be; what materials the earth is comprised of, as well as; how they arrived on the earth, and the resulting heat energy that is inherent within our earth. When the earth was still in its early stages of formation it was slowly accumulating mass from particles within the planetary rings that were attracted by the earth’s gravitational pull. These particles were metallic chunks; similar to iron meteorites, rocky chunks; similar to stony meteorites, and icy-gaseous chunks; similar to comets. As these particles collided with the earth it created stored heat energy through kinetic energy, we call this impact energy. With every impact the earth’s mass increased and the gravitational pull became stronger contracting in on itself which added more heat energy that we refer to as gravitational energy. Radioactive energy, or radioactivity, is when an unstable particle collides with the earth and break down to something stable and gives off heat energy. These three types of heat energy are inherent to the earth’s composition and are key when looking at the various layers that make up our earth. With all the inherent heat energy that the earth has, it causes the various materials that collide with earth to heat up as they are pulled toward the center of earth’s mass. This causes the various materials to separate and enables them to...
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...Joshua Echiribel Glynda Schaad English 101 25 November 2013 Did Life Begin from Space? Introduction How did life begin on Earth? That question has intrigued humanity for millennia. In this paper I will investigate only one fairly recent theory about the origins of life on Earth: That life came from space. This theory is referred to as the “panspermia” theory because it presumes that life may be seeded from space throughout many worlds and many solar systems. By implication, the panspermia theory supposes that life should be common wherever there are physical conditions that are capable of supporting life. This report addresses the possibility that life may have originated in space rather than on Earth, and considers the evidence in support of the various theories about how that may have happened, if it did. Such theories are called “panspermia” theories from the Greek for “all seeds”—the seeds of life existing everywhere in space. One of the critical issues in any discussion of life from beyond the Earth is how we define life at all. In most scientific circles, the modern definition of life has become “life as we currently recognize it” rather than “any possible type of life imaginable.” Yet even the definition of what we declare to be recognizable is constantly updated as we discover life here on Earth that survives in extreme conditions of heat, radiation, extreme acids, unusual chemistries (sulfur-based), and even inside rocks buried deep underground. The bottom...
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...Neodymium and Wind Turbines Even though the rare earth elements form the largest chemical group in the periodic table, they are generally unfamiliar and do not gain much attention. Nonetheless, the rare earth elements are crucial for many application in different fields. For instance, high technology and environmental application of the rare earth elements have been importantly developed in the past few decades. One of the most important application from the rare earth elements is permanent magnets, which do not lose its magnetic field or lose the magnetic field in a very low rate in a long period of time. The reasons give such a distinguished characteristic to the magnets is that rare earth magnets are ferromagnetic, and they have a crystalline structure. Among the other rare earth elements, neodymium with iron and boron create the most powerful magnet. This unusual strength happens because of the tetragonal crystalline structure of the compound. This powerful permanent magnet is widely used in many application, especially wind turbines, and it result in many significant profits. Rare earth elements are the sets of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. They are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium...
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...------------------------------------------------- Structure of the Interior of Earth Earth has a diameter of about 12,756 km (7,972 mi). The Earth's interior consists of rock and metal. It is made up of four main layers: 1) the inner core: a solid metal core made up of nickel and iron (2440 km diameter) 2) the outer core: a liquid molten core of nickel and iron 3) the mantle: dense and mostly solid silicate rock 4) the crust: thin silicate rock material The temperature in the core is hotter than the Sun's surface. This intense heat from the inner core causes material in the outer core and mantle to move around. The movement of material deep within the Earth may cause largeplates made of the crust and upper mantle to move slowly over the Earth’s surface. It is also possible that the movements generate the Earth's magnetic field, called the magnetosphere. ------------------------------------------------- Hotspot (geology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth'slithosphere (in yellow) withmagma rising from the mantle(in red) In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. Currently, there are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle...
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...Figure 2: Stress- strain graph The stress strain relation dependent on time and time-depending behavior of materials is known as visco-elasticity. This term derived in two expressions: Viscosity and Elasticity, Elasticity is about solid whereas Viscosity resistance to flow in fluids. Therefore, this type of material is a combination of fluid and solid properties which presents a following relation (1) where is stress tensor, is visco-elastic coefficient and is strain rate. In my thesis research problems we have choose Kelvin Voigt model. Since Kelvin gives Voigt model for visco-elastic solids. This...
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...Introduction This is a comparative essay and its purpose is to compare old-Earth and young-Earth viewpoints on Dating the rocks of the Grand Canyon. There are different views on this and no scientific method that can prove (completely) the age of the universe or the earth. There are the use of different types of calculations that can provide some guesses on the age of the earth. Many things need to be assumed such as a beginning date and the speed of change along with varying increases and decreases of material over time. “Young-Earth Creationism” (YEC) is based on a precept that earth and the universe were created by God, only 6,000 years ago in six days. Their position is that by examining geological records the scientific details of early history will become clear and a literal biblical view of Earth’s creation supported. Now, “Old Earth Creationism” (OEC) is also based on a precept that earth and the universe were created by God, but they also believes and interprets the book of Genesis differently. OEC try to fit cosmology and theories on evolution in (in some form). Both “Young-Earth Creationism” as well as “Old Earth Creationism” believes in a creator. The biggest area of disagreement is the age of the universe and the earth. This essay will look at both “Young-Earth Creationism” and “Old Earth Creationism” in regarding Dating of the rocks in the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon is one of the most popular areas in the world to focus on this debate. There is a great deal...
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...The moon is a critical part of the function of earth. Without the moon, we wouldn't have night or tides. Centuries ago, scientists began to research the origin of the moon and how it began to orbit around earth. Their research provided them with four different theories on the formation of the moon, however, one question arises. Which one of these theories is valid? The impact theory holds the most truth and is supported with the most accurate information and, therefore, should be accepted on a global scale. The capture theory implies that the moon was formed somewhere else in space, and later captured by the Earth's gravitational force. After it was captured, it began to orbit around Earth. In contradiction to this theory, captured moons are often...
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...developed for science. In this global economy, it is essential that Michigan students possess personal, social, occupational, civic, and quantitative literacy. Mastery of the knowledge and essential skills defined in Michigan’s Grade Level Content Expectations will increase students’ ability to be successful academically, and contribute to the future businesses that employ them and the communities in which they choose to live. Reflecting best practices and current research, the Grade Level Content Expectations provide a set of clear and rigorous expectations for all students, and provide teachers with clearly defined statements of what students should know and be able to do as they progress through school. PHYSICAL SCIENCE LIFE SCIENCE EARTH SCIENCE Development In developing these expectations, the K-7 Scholar Work Group depended heavily on the Science Framework for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (National Assessment Governing Board, 2006) which has been the gold standard for the high school content expectations. Additionally, the National Science Education Standards...
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...moon. In a solar eclipse, the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth. The Moon blocks some sunlight creating a the Earth to become dark for a few minutes at specific locations. The phase of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse is a full moon. In a lunar eclipse, the Earth is in between the Sun and the Moon. The Earth blocks the Moon from the Sun. The Earth casts its shadow on the Moon, giving it a red color. 2) Earth’s core is spilt into two sections, the outer core and inner core. The liquid outer core is made up of iron, nickel, and perhaps sulfur. The solid inner core is made of iron and nickel. The mantle is made up of silicates. We know this because of seismic waves that are generated by earthquakes. The seismic waves move at a certain speed depending on the material which they travel through....
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...Layers of the Earth The planet earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, after the collapse of the super massive gaseous body. As time moved on, the earth cooled down and is still cooling, as of today. As a result of the cooling process, denser materials like iron and sulfur sank to the inside of the earth; whereas, lighter materials like silicates and water floated near the earth's surface. Coming to the topic of our discussion, our planet earth comprises several layers. Starting from the surface, there are four main layers; namely, the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. The pressure and temperature increase tremendously when one goes from the outer layers to the inner layers. Let's take a look at each of them individually. The Crust The crust or the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth made up of silicate rock materials. It makes up only about one percent of the earth and is the thinnest layer in comparison to the remaining three layers. Most earthquakes occur in the crust, and the average recorded temperature is 870 °C. The thickness and the composition of the earth's crust vary in the land and the ocean. For example; the continental crust is about 32 kilometers thick and composed of lighter materials like granite, quartz, and feldspar. Whereas, the oceanic crust measures about 10 kilometers and is mostly made up of basalt. The Mantle The mantle, the largest layer of the earth, is made up of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium...
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...of the earth. They are shown to possess ultra modern technology that humans cannot match, but still humans somehow manage to save earth from their wrong intentions of conquering earth or destroying earth. But, that is only the happy ending in a movie. The main idea behind is that we have created the notion of some extra-terrestrial life who is mean and wants to destroy earth for his/her desires. We are always afraid of such beings as they are portrayed to have intent to conquer earth. Are they really a threat to earth? Or, is it the humans themselves who are the enemy of the earth. I will present the arguments from both the sides and let the audience decide. What can possibly be the motive of aliens to venture towards earth and their assumed intentions to conquer earth? Like humans it might be their appetite for natural resources, they would know only too well that a civilization of our size would have used a substantial portion of our own resources, leaving them with very little to fight us for. On Earth, proven reserves of natural gas total 130 billion tons. Titan, one of the moons of Jupiter has on its surface many dozens of lakes filled not with water or even water in the form of ice, but of liquid methane and ethane, each of which individually having at least as much energy as our own proven reserves. The Oort Cloud surrounding the solar system, is rich in iron, nickel and water ice, and is a truly immense loosely spherical mass of pre-planetary material. It is...
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... | | |A Scottish geologists named James Hutton gave geology the name uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism is the study of rock formations | | |structure, and the distinctive patterns. Sand dunes near Yuma Arizona contains sand grains that are deposited by wind grains. The | | |earth has tectonic plates that can move, this movement is called Tectonic activity. When the plates shift, the movement can cause | | |volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The earth has received two kinds of crust due to tectonic activities, the thick granitic | | |continental crust, and the thin basaltic oceanic crust. The theory that the earth is not one solid shell of rock sitting on a magma | | |core is called the lithosphere theory. The shifting plate theory seems to help explain the formations of mountains, volcanoes | | |eruption, and the occurrence of earthquakes. The earth contains several plates that float around on the softer upper mantle of the | | |earth. Scientist can study the cause and effect of past catastrophic events by looking at their cause and effect they have a better | | |idea of how to read the signals of the earth today. | | | | | |...
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...Science Form 1 note GOOD LUCK Teacher zaidi@maher2010 CHAPTER 4 : THE 4.1 1. 2. 3. Air 1. 2. 3. 4. VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH THE DIFFERENT RESOURCES ON EARTH Human beings, animals and plants need food, water, air and shelter in order to survive. The Earth has the resources needed to sustain life. The resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living things. Air is needed by all living things to survive. The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth. Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth. a. Oxygen i. Used for respiration by living things ii. Used in combustion of materials iii. Used in industries iv. Released during photosynthesis. b. Carbon dioxide i. Used by green plants to carry out photosynthesis ii. Used in fire extinguishers iii. Released during respiration and combustion. Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth. The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground water. Importance of water a. To animals/human i. It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism ii. It is the main component of the blood iii. It transports nutrient to all cell in the body iv. It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion. v. It helps to control the body temperature. b. To plants i. It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells. ii. It is used...
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...times the Earth’s Radius. d. The volume is 1/27 times the Earth’s radius. 2. The moons X and Y orbit 2 different planets. They have the same orbital velocity, but the distance of X from its planet is 2 times the distance of planet Y from its planet. Which planet has more Mass? PLANET X 3. The Earth’s average density is 5.5 kg/L. A planet discovered orbiting another star has an average density of 3.2 kg/L. What does this tell us about this planet? e. The planet must be farther from the star than Earth. f. The planet must have a smaller mass than the Earth, so the mass per Liter is less. g. The planet must be made of a higher proportion of gases and ices than the Earth. h. The planet must have a larger volume than the Earth making the density decrease because matter is more spread out. i. The planet must be terrestrial, with lots of rock and metal. 4. Galaxy Sand and Galaxy Witch are the same distance from Earth, but the angular diameter of Sand is 2X larger. How do the physical diameter’s compare? j. Sand is ½ the diameter of Witch. k. Sand is 2x the diameter of Witch. l. Sand is ¼ the diameter of Witch. m. It cannot be determined from this information n. Sand is 8 times the diameter of Witch. 5. The Lolli Nebula and the Pop Nebula have the same angular diameter. The Pop nebula is 5 times farther than the Lolli Nebula. How do their physical diameters compare? o. Lolli is 5x smaller...
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...This is based on comparing amount of naturally decaying radioactive elements and, assuming that the rate of decay is constant, it's decay products. This is known as "Half Life". Section Two, Part Four Most rocks on earth are much younger than earth itself, but how's that? It's not because the earths rock just up'd and left and new rocks came in, it's because of the earths molten rock. Due to plate tectonics, rocks shift, crumble, and cycle through the earths layers. Old rock is recycled into molten rock, and then cooled to become new rock. The particles in the rock are still as old as the earth, if not older, but the rocks themselves are new. Section Two, Part Five Earth is made up of several different layers. The three main layers are the core, the mantle, and the crust. The crust makes up less than 1% of the earth. It is made up of solid rock, and the earths plates. The mantle is made up of molten rock on which plates float. The mantle contains more than 65% of the Earth's mass. The core is the inner layer of the earth. The core is made of both solid and liquid metals. This layer of the earth contains more than 30% of the earths...
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