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Earthscience 101

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RHODES UNIVERSITY – EARTH SCIENCE 101
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Name: | Sopazi, Sebenzile | Student Number: | G11s5764 | Course: | Earth101 | Lecturer/Tutor: | Mark Raines | Title: | Magnitude 9 Tohoku earthquake | Word Count: | 420 | Due Date: | 9 March 2012 | Date of Electronic Submission | 09March 2012 | Date of Hardcopy Submission | 09 March 2012 |
PLAGIARISM DECLARATION
(adapted from the declaration presented in the Rhodes University Plagiarism Policy: http://scifac.ru.ac.za/plag2008.doc) * I know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or inventions of another as if they were one’s own. I know that plagiarism not only includes verbatim copying, but also the extensive use of another person’s ideas without proper acknowledgement (including the proper use of quotation marks). I know that plagiarism covers this sort of use of material found in textual sources and from the Internet. * I acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong. * I understand that my research must be accurately referenced. I have followed the rules and conventions concerning referencing, citation and the use of quotations as set out in the Departmental Guide. * This assignment is my own work, or my group’s own unique group assignment. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment, or part of it, is wrong, and that submitting identical work to others constitutes a form of plagiarism. * I have not allowed, nor will I in the future allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as their own work. ☒ | I understand the text above, concerning the contents of the Rhodes University Plagiarism Policy and realise that there are penalties for plagiarism as outlined in the policy document. | ☒ | I give my permission for the assessor of this work to make use of text matching software to check my work for plagiarism. | ☒ | I have made use of text matching software to check this assignment for plagiarism before this submission. | Signed: | Electronic Version: Type Your Name. Hardcopy: delete this box and sign here. | MARKING SUMMARY | Departmental Use Only | Marker: | | | | | Essay Mark (Without Deductions, According to Rubric) | | | Deductions | | Late Submission: | 10% per day, and/or 20% for a weekend. | | | Formatting: | Maximum of 15% of the awarded mark for formatting issues. | | | Referencing: | Maximum of 20% of the awarded mark for referencing issues. | | | Plagiarism: | Maximum of 100%. Other penalties according to Rhodes policy. | | | Total Deductions | | | FINAL MARK | | | |

Magnitude 9 Tohoku earthquake
According to Kerr (2012), Nettles et al (2007) and Perkins (2011), earthquakes are the result of a fault which slipped due to pressure build up, causing shock waves of high magnitude to travel within that particular region. They go on to state that, the magnitude of an earthquake determines its impact on that region- which is why earthquakes are divided into “quakes” and “mega-quakes”.
Perkins (2011) claims that large earthquakes (mega-quakes) are usually accompanied by quakes and the mega-quakes themselves are inter-connected. This inference was made based on the fact that three mega-quakes of magnitude 9 had struck Kamchatka, Chile and Alska in an interval of twelve years which leads Perkins (2011) to believe that this was not a random experience since the chance of that happening is only four per cent. They discovered that, although most of the energy of the Tohoku quake was released in two minutes, many aftershocks occurred after that and also they noticed that the distance between a quake and another fracture matters in terms of relation e.g. even mega-quakes cannot trigger earthquakes from fractures 1000km away (Perkins,2012). He further explains that even though earth quakes of such magnitudes logically cannot occur randomly, that cannot be used to predict earthquakes.
Kerr (2012) claims that a lot of quakes occur in precedence to a mega-quake and also states that, that information cannot be used to predict earth quakes. It merely marks that, in that particular time and place the was a warning of an earthquake which might occur (Kerr, 2012). Similar to Perkins, Kerr (2012) discovered that there were 333 quakes that had occurred in the same area a month before the Tohoku magnitude 9 earthquakes and believe that these earthquakes might have played a part in triggering the Tohoku earthquake-accelerating the slip-even though it had been accumulating stress for about a millennium. The slow slip of a fracture can be used as an alert-by installing tiltmeters- even though it is extremely difficult (Perkins, 2012).
In conclusion, it is clear from the above arguments that the is an agreement as to what causes an earth and also as to how an earth quake can be predicted since one is uncertain and the other is certain, but not sure about how the method (titlmeter placements) can be conducted accurately (since it is extremely difficult to use fracture slips for predictions). Therefore it is safe to say that “earthquake prediction is still a mystery” and earthquakes will continue to pose a threat to society.
References
Kerr, R.A. 2012. A Tantalizing View of What Set off Japan’s Killer Quake. Science, 335, 272.
Nettles,M, Ekstr ¨ om,G, and Howard C. Kos.2007. Earth Planets Space, 63, 519–523, 201
Perkins,S. 2011. Are larger earthquakes a sign of the times? Nature. [Online]. Available: http://0www.nature.com.wam.seals.ac.za/news/2011/110414/full/news.2011.241.html.[23/01/2012]. [23/01/2012].

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