...Urbanization can also be similarly linked with the increase in population and improvement in science and technology. There are four objectives which India aims for environment policies. Here, the author places these objectives only for India and not for other countries. But the policies used can be applied almost for every other developing country. The first objective is to attain harmony with Nature. Second is to attain knowledge of our environment. Third is to attain development. Finally fourth is to seek international cooperation. The fourth issue is the environmental protection movement led by Indira Gandhi that created a change not only in India but also globally. Rabindranath Tagore came up with the principle of unity in diversity. This idea was applied by Indira Gandhi in her international discussions. At the United Nations, Indira Gandhi brought out interpretations of sovereignty of states. She explained it as a concept of cooperation which is the norm followed in contemporary international...
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...China’s Ecological Environment People, businesses and governments are starting to understand the reality of globalisation, and how it is affecting their environment. The implications from industrialisations which results in over exhausting natural resources, has caused environmental degradation, and most of this is done by human activity especially international business activities. This essay will look at the impact of economic globalisation on China while focusing on China’s ecological environment. To start off, the essay will look at the definitions of globalisation and economy, followed by China’s change from being an agriculturally farming intensive country towards rapid industrialisation. Because of this activity pollution, emissions as well as environmental degradation resulted in serious ecological problems. International bodies such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Environment Programme, have stressed the importance or reducing pollution and emissions in developing countries in order to maintain sustainability. Cancer villages are becoming a major concern in China and that was enough to make the Chinese political party to take responsibility and change their views on the ecological environment. The question here is can China implement these changes to maintain sustainability for future generations, and if so what methods are they using to achieved this by? According to Morrison (2011), globalisation...
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...to the environment. This is done by subtracting the costs of environmental and ecological damage done in a specific period of time from the gross domestic product, or GDP, from that some time. As a result, the damage done to the environment as a whole is factored into the equation to give a clearer picture of the consequences of growing an economy. Unfortunately, green GDP can be difficult to measure because of the problems inherent in trying to quantify the costs of ecological and environmental damage. Environmental concerns have come to the forefront of nearly every aspect of life, as people become increasingly concerned with depleted natural resources and polluted environments. These concerns are often not taken into consideration when measuring the strength of an economy. The gross domestic product, which is a measurement of both the consumption and production within a country, isn't meant to encompass these environmental issues. As a result, green GDP has been at the forefront of efforts to marry economic and environmental concerns. 1. The Green GDP— GDP indexes adjusted by the ecological environmental assets. The green GDP = traditional GDP- environmental /ecological cost. The environmental /ecological cost includes four aspects: - the defensive expenditure in the environmental damage. - the loss in resources environment. -the expenditure expenses of the restoration of the resources environment. - the expenses of maintaining resources environment. 2....
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...Lack of bio-diversity appears to impact environments as much as worldwide heating, contamination and other significant types of ecological stress, according to results of a new study by a worldwide research team. The research determines that reduced bio-diversity impacts environments at levels much like those of climatic change and air contamination. Some people have presumed that bio-diversity results are relatively minimal compared to other ecological stresses. Studies over the last two years confirmed that more naturally different environments are more effective. As a outcome, there has been growing concern that the very high rates of modern extinctions due to environment reduction, overharvesting and other human-caused ecological changes could reduce natural ability to provide products or services such as food, water that is clean and a constant environment. Until now, it's been uncertain how bio-diversity failures collection up against other human-caused ecological changes that impact environment health and efficiency. Lack of scientific variety due to varieties extinctions is going to have significant results in the world, and we need to prepare ourselves to deal with them. This global synthesis found that in areas where local varieties reduction during this millennium drops within the lower range of forecasts losses of 1 to 20 percent of place species, minimal results on environment place growth will outcome, and changes in varieties wealth will position low comparative...
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...of communities deals with the rising issues regarding worldwide environmental matters, upcoming states are having difficult, severe and rapidly-expanding polluting crisis of their own. Ecological contamination is more than just a health concern; it is a huge regional concern. Pollution has the probability to wipe out residents and neighborhoods. Toxic waste harms are also directly joined to the type of growth in rising nations. Various growing nations also have not urbanized environmental contamination control measures to make certain that guiding principles are successful (Crandall, 2008). The government was reluctant to follow environmental policies. Deterioration of environmental issues and concerns pointed towards the surfacing of many sufferers twisted the wave of open views, so that governments at the countrywide/ or national level were required to act. Ultimately, following a great deal of experiments and mistakes, helpful planning for dealing with environmental pollution were put in place and as a end result the value of the environment start to get better. Ecological effluence is released of substance or energy into, ground, or atmosphere that result harm to the earth's environmental poise or that lessens the value of life. Toxin can cause damage, with straight contact on the environment, otherwise harm in fragile poise of the organic food mesh that are obvious over extensive period of time. In recent times human race, where toxic waste has survived, it has been first...
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...My Environmental Worldview. Now at the turn of the two centuries the mankind comes to grips with the sharpest global problems of the modern world menacing to the existence of a civilization and even of the life on our planet. Inability to foresee and to prevent negative consequences of scientific and technical revolution threatens to cause to fall the mankind into thermonuclear, ecological or a social disaster. In many cities and rural areas the present state of the environment can be called as an ecological disaster. And the number of these cities and rural areas is still being increased. We are almost on a threshold of the close global catastrophe. If the mankind doesn't give a priority to the problems of ecology and multiply efforts on preservation and restoration of the natural environment in its activity, probably it will soon collide with irreversible processes not only in the nature, but also in the evolution of the human being as a part of the nature. Everyone should know the problems facing to the mankind: Human population growth, waste management, sustainable development, energy, depleting forests, mineral, water, soil resources etc. Exactly the Earth topsoil represents the major component of the Earth biosphere. The significant value of the soil consists in accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and also energy. The topsoil performs functions of a biological absorber, the destroyer and neutralizer...
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...The New Ecological Anthropology Older ecologies have been remiss in the narrowness of their spatial and temporal horizons, their functionalist assumptions, and their apolitical character. Suspending functionalist assumptions and an emphasis upon (homeo)stasis, "the new ecological anthropology" is located at the intersection of global, national, regional, and local systems, studying the outcome of the interaction of multiple levels and multiple factors. It blends theoretical and empirical research with applied, policy-directed, and critical work in what Rappaport called an "engaged" anthropology; and it is otherwise attuned to the political aspects and implications of ecological processes. Carefully laying out a critique of previous ecologies by way of announcing newer approaches, the article insists on the need to recognize the importance of culture mediations in ecological processes rather than treating culture as epiphenomenal and as a mere adaptive tool. It closes with a discussion of the methodologies appropriate to the new ecological anthropology. / "the new ecology, " political ecology, applied or engaged anthropology, linkages methodology] cological anthropology was named as such during the 1960s, but it has many ancestors, including Daryll Forde, Alfred Kroeber, and, especially, Julian Steward. Steward's cultural ecology influenced the ecological anthropology of Roy Rappaport and Andrew P. Vayda, but the analytic unit shifted from "culture" to the ecological population...
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...BY 130 Study Sheet for exam #1 Environmental Science -What is it The study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Scientists from many fields provide data to help citezens understand how the world works. -depends on scientific data: Science provides data for citezens so that they can make an informed decision. -scientific method used to collect unbiased data – know the steps – -observations -further observation -hypothesis -experiment if experiment agrees with hypotheseis it becomes a theory, if not it goes back to observation step Environmental movement -Impact of Silent Spring on the environmental movement Silent Spring, written by Rachel carson, a marine biologists, brought about the idea of harmfull pesticided to the public. She initiated environmental awareness which started the modern environmental movment. DDT was banned also. -know what the Environmentalist's Paradox is Over the past 40 years, human well-being has improved, BUT, Natural Ecosystems that provide us with goods and services have declined. -what types of environmental degradation were citizen becoming aware of in the 1950s Citizens were becoming aware of air and water pollution in the 50’s. Also the loss of soil was a concern in the 50’s. -what impact did the Great Depression have on conservation Durring the great depression, conservation provided environmental protection jobs. The CCC was created. Surring the great depression, factories were created...
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...atomic wastes buried deep in the earth or sunk in the sea.” – John Steinbeck Pollution is the action of environmental contamination with man-made waste. This includes land, water, and air. Of all the First World countries, the United States is the most polluting nation on Earth. The United States is ranked seventh on pollution control, by only spending 60% of its Gross National Product to help the environment. As a nation we have spent over 120 billions of dollars a year on research and development. The majority of the cost incurred has come from Environmental Quality, our country has consumed over 98 quadrillion Btu of energy in the year 2000 alone. Americans generate five pounds of solid waste every day, creating one ton of solid waste each year. In an average day in the United States, we throw out 200,000 tons of edible food and have thrown 1 million bushels of litter out of our automobiles. The main human contributor for pollution are landfills. It is possible that land pollution can contaminate the air and/or the water. Water pollution is the action of environment contamination with man-made waste into water. The source of this waste can be raw sewage, chemicals, trash or fertilizer. Less than 3% of the Earth contains water that is safe for drinking and is important for human survival. Other types of water pollution include trash that is dumped into water or chemicals that seep or are dumped into water as well. Running header: POLLUTION 3 These two...
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...industrialized hemp could have on the environment and possibly the economy of the world. I shall argue that the United States should set a precedent and legalize industrialized hemp in order to hopefully spur on similar actions by other countries and world powers across the globe. I will begin by explaining a few of the beneficial uses of industrialized hemp in order to strengthen the case that will be presented in the latter part of the paper. Although the production of hemp has typically been looked down upon, it could in fact be the very thing we need to solve the ecological problems we currently face. I believe that allowing for the growth and sale of industrialized hemp could revolutionize the world and could ultimately save the environment and benefit all of the environmentally unfriendly industries across the world. I will examine the use of hemp to create textiles, renewable fuels, biodegradable plastics, paper, health foods, medicine, etcetera. The legalization of hemp cannot move forward unless we are willing to reexamine and reformulate our societal values. The modern system of agriculture has caused more problems than it has solved over the past few decades. Thus, I will be examining the legalization of hemp in the context of a postmechanistic concept of agriculture as presented by Keller and Brummer. Furthermore, I will be arguing that the anthropocentric view of modern agriculture is not beneficial to the environment and, consequently, is also harmful to...
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...TOPIC: A contrast and comparison of community psychology and public health 1. Introduction Community psychology and public health are disciplines that form part of psychology mainly concern with health. Community psychology focuses on physical and mental health promotion, empowerment and social action, while the focus of public health is on health promotion and disease prevention. These two differ in some aspect and also have existing similarities. They can also complement each other have greater impact on community health when integrated. This essay will attempt to reveal the differences, similarities as well as the strength and weakness of these two approaches, it will further conclude by discussing how they complement each other. Firstly a brief overview and historical background will be given for a better understanding. 2. Overview and historical background Community psychology movement developed in the USA, during an era when there was growing concern about both lack of resources and treatment facilities and the impact of social systems on the human psyche (Iscoe& Speilberger, cited in New perspective in community psychology, 2002) In the 1980s it then gained interest in South Africa, in parallel with the struggle for democracy, when psychologist examined the appropriateness’ of Euro-American based psychology. Public health on the other hand was developed during the era of industrial revolution. It was stimulated by unhealthy social conditions in both industrialised...
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...The image of the Noble Savage arises from the colonial drive to order and make sense within Western frames by labeling indigenous peoples as connected to the environment. This representation is dehumanizing and fails to acknowledge Native ontologies Shepard Krech III, PhD and Professor of Anthropology and Environmental Studies at Brown University, 1999, “The Ecological Indian: Myth and History”, W. W. Norton & Company, New York: London, acc. 2/15/13, p. 15-27 Even though an invention of Madison Avenue, the Crying Indian is an effective image and advocate because its assumptions are not new. From the moment they encountered the native people of North America and represented them in texts, prints, paintings, sculptures, performances—in all conceivable media—Europeans classified them in order to make them sensible. They made unfamiliar American Indians familiar by using customary taxonomic categories, but in the process often reduced them simplistically to one of two stereotypes or images, one noble and the other not. For a long time, the first has been known as the Noble Savage and the second as the Ignoble Savage. The Noble Savage, the first of the two stereotypes or images, has drawn persistently on benign and increasingly romantic associations; the Ignoble Savage, the second, on a menacing malignancy The first has emphasized the rationality, vigor, and morality of the nature-dwelling native; the second, the cannibalistic, bloodthirsty, inhuman aspects of savage life....
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...GREEN MARKETING INTRODUCTION: Although environmental issues influence all human activities, few academic disciplines have integrated green issues into their literature. This is especially true of marketing. As society becomes more concerned with the natural environment, businesses have begun to modify their behavior in an attempt to address society's "new" concerns. One business area where environmental issues have received a great deal of discussion in the popular and professional press is marketing. Terms like "Green Marketing" and "Environmental Marketing" appear frequently in the popular press. Many governments around the world have become so concerned about green marketing activities that they have attempted to regulate. For example, in the United States (US) the Federal Trade Commission and the National Association of Attorneys-General have developed extensive documents examining green marketing. One of the biggest problems with the green marketing area is that there has been little attempt to academically examine environmental or green marketing. While some literature does, it comes from divergent perspectives. WHAT IS GREEN MARKETING Unfortunately, a majority of people believe that green marketing refers solely to the promotion or advertising of products with environmental characteristics. Terms like Phosphate Free, Recyclable, Refillable, Ozone Friendly, and Environmentally Friendly are some of the things consumers most often associate with green marketing. While...
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...‘The failures of environmental multilateralism demonstrate the need for a World Environment Organisation.’ Critically evaluate this claim. One of the main challenges that face environmental politics today is a significant lack of integration between the global governance structures that address ecological matters. The international trade system has some of the most powerful institutional actors, such as the World Trade Organisation, where legal rules are supported by a dispute resolution body, trade sanctions, as well as the power to authorise other retaliation tactics when a country does not comply with a ruling (Eckersley 2003.) In contrast, the existing multilateral framework for environmental politics provides a fragmented, and incoherent arrangement to govern some of the most important ecological issues. Organisations like the United Nations Environmental Programme, for example, are supported by voluntary member state contributions, and lack the financial foundation, as well as the legal mandate to express sound environmental policy-making. As quoted by Eckersley (2003), “judged in terms of size and teeth, we might regard the WTO as a large tiger and MEAs as a ragged collection of small cats” (pp. 2.) This paper makes the case for a reorganisation of environmental governance, with the specific transformation of UNEP into a World Environment Organisation (WEO.) A WEO is argued to be able to provide an authoritative voice and force to issues of the global commons...
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...Ecological risk assessment is defined herein as a process that evaluates the likelihood that adverse ecological effects may either occur or are occurring to indigenous as a result of exposure to selected invasive species. The assessment will be divided into four principal components according to Landis (2004) and Schleier et al. (2008). The assessment determined both the risk of of the stated invasive species establishment and spread, and the potential detrimental effects it may have on indigenous species and other species of concern. The first component described the organism of interest, or stressor, as invasive species and outlined its kenned or potential adverse ecological impacts on receiving environments. The second component identified...
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