...Economics of Climate Change Sachin Sharma 11060221060 Research Supervisor: Mrs. Sukalpa Chakrabarti A Dissertation Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics (2011 - 2014) Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) EXAMINERS’ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE submitted by has been assessed and graded towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Economics) in the academic year 2011-14. ____________________________ (Signature) Name of Internal Examiner: _________________________________________ ____________________________ (Signature) Name of External Examiner: _________________________________________ Date: Time: Place: Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) Submission Checklist | Tick the field on the left of the list | | INITIAL PRECONTENT MATTER | | Filled in all fields on the title page. | | Filled in the acknowledgments page. | | Filled in the executive summary page. Dissertation abstract is fewer than 350 words. | PAGE NUMBERS | | No page number...
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...EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF VIET NAM Literature Review 3 I. General 3 1. Geographical location & Vietnam’s climate 3 a. Geographical location 3 b. Climate 3 2. Effects of geographical & climate on Vietnam’s economy: 6 a. Effects of geographical location to Vietnam’s economy: 6 II. Definition, causes and actual situation of Viet Nam under climate change 7 1. Definition of climate change 8 2. Causes of climate change: 8 a. Natural causes 8 b. Human causes 9 c. Greenhouse gases and their sources 9 3. Actual situation in Vietnam: 12 III. Impact of Climate change on Viet Nam economy 14 1. Impact of Climate change on economy in general: 14 2. Climate change directly affects every economic sector 15 a. Impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry and fisheries 15 b. Impact of climate change on industry sector 20 c. .Impacts of climate change on tourism sector 20 d. Impacts of climate change in components of the economy. 22 IV. Policies to deal with problems caused by climate change 26 1. Opportunities 26 2. Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change 26 The Three Approaches in Brief: 27 References 35 Literature Review There are many studies that have examined the effects of climate change on Vietnam’s economy. The majority of findings stated that climate change have negative impacts on Vietnam’s economy and suggest possible adaptation or mitigation measures to lessen the adverse impacts. The economies of some countries...
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...With reference to organisations or industries that you know, to what extent do you think that recent changes in the UK economy will inevitably damaged the long-term profits of businesses that operate in this country? (40 marks) The economy goes through a series of fluctuations associated with general booms and slumps in economic activity. In a boom it can be stereotypically stated that nearly all businesses benefit and in a slump most lose out. This would therefore agree with the statement, that the recent recession would damage the profits of businesses in the UK. However there are many economic changes that affect business including changes in the interest rate, wage rates, and the rate of inflation. Businesses will be more encouraged to expand and take risks when economic conditions are right, e.g. low interest rates and rising demand. However can it be shown that the recent slump in economic activity in the UK was actually beneficial to some companies? In a strong economy, nearly all businesses enjoy greater prosperity. Disposable income is high, unemployment is low and consumer confidence prompts people to pump their money back into the economy through the purchase of essential and nonessential goods and services. The impact of a strong economy on a business is two-fold: as business increases, so too does the need to keep pace with demand. Hiring additional employees, expanding retail space or adding new product lines, may do this. While this may be viewed as a positive...
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...Assignment 1 Critical Essay Introduction: This essay will attempt to critically explain how the poor economic climate in the UK might affect the marketing mix of a start-up retail venture in the high street. This essay will walk through the processes of starting a retail business venture in the high street and discuss how the economy and the marketing mix directly effects each step. To do this it will be vital to explore the current economic climate and what a poor economic climate means? A definition of a poor economic climate “a recession is a decline in growth, domestic product for two consecutive quarters and a depression as a prolonged recession resulting in falling prices, reduced purchasing power, excess in supply, unemployment, and a general reduction in business activity” (Downes,j.,& Goodman,J.E.(1995).Dictionary of finance and investment terms Hauppage,nj:Barron’s educational series) This has been the case for the UK since 2007 as we are in what is known as a double dip recession narrowly escaping a triple dip recession. (BBC News 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22290407) This downturn indicates that the UK is indeed suffering from a poor economic climate having the effect of less spending and so less trade occurring in the local, regional, continental, or global marketplace. How this relates to a start up venture in the high street has both negative and positive effects. To look at each of these effects it is best to look at the entire...
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...challenges and the most valuable opportunities in the chaos, to lead the company into an industry from the right road towards the right direction. Since 2008, the finance crisis has made the whole world economy completely different. The rate of unemployment keeps quite high in most of developed countries, the price of real estate dropped to the historical low in America. Then the following Euro debt crisis again pushes the weak world economy into an unprecedented difficult situation. The fallout from the Greek debt crisis will definitely impact the still weak recovery in Europe, Said Hong Pingfan, the head of the global economic monitoring center of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affaire (DESA) And the a massive aid package and unclear American economy will keep leading to a weaker euro and weaker US dollar in the medium to longer term. So the entire economic environment is not so optimistic, all different industries are being influenced more or less. Comparatively speaking, in fashion marketing, the power of purchasing is relatively reduced since Finance Crisis all over the world. According to the statistics, the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) has been kept relatively stable in the low level since finance crisis, especially in European countries and America, mainly in the developed countries (Isabella 2010). At same time, it shows the consumers expect less for the future; they spend most of their money on the necessities, reducing the budget on the luxury products and...
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...factors. The population growth directly requires extra amount of consideration of water issue. The issue relates to the population growth and migration movement. For example, Australia’s population growth is caused by the vastly increased migration, and up to recent years the study showed that the water consumption largely climbed up raised many voices on saving water. The facts that were happening showed strong correlation. Climate change over the years that has potentially impact on the usable of water. Global warming which actually that has been debated over a few years. There are voices that there have been many discussions in this topic that consider this fact are because of human activity or nature process. Al Gore convinced us in his president election speech by an inconvenient truth that the truth is that it is getting hotter and hotter. Whatever the result is, an increased concern has arisen between urbanization, salinity, and upstream pollution. In advance, Pacific Institute released that the regional impacts will vary and the potential of global climate change will alter agricultural productivity, freshwater availability and quality, access to vital minerals, coastal and island flooding and so on. These consequences will highly thus threats to security (Giraldo. D. P., Betancur M. J., 2004). Water security will be analyzed in the form of LCD. Food security is another perspective which will be analyzed in the CLD. This refers to the availability...
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...Mitigation potential of climate-optimal trajectory planning in the North Atlantic Flight corridor Sigrun Matthes1 , Volker Grewe2, Christine Frömming2, Sabine Brinkop2, DLR German Aerospace Center, 82334 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Thierry Champougny3 EUROCONTROL, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Amund O. Sovde4 CICERO, 0349 Oslo, Norway and Emma Irvine5 University of Reading, UK Mitigation of aviation climate impact is one strategic goal spelled out for a durable development of air traffic. Operational measures to identify climate-optimal aircraft trajectories by air traffic management (ATM) are one option to reduce climate impact. We present results from a comprehensive approach for climate-optimized flight planning applied for a case study the North Atlantic Flight corridor (NAFC) performed within the collaborative project REACT4C (Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate) funded under the European FP7 programme. Ultimate goal was to identify maximum mitigation gain (in climate impact) for a specific investment, hence minimal marginal mitigation costs. For this purpose consecutively those flights trajectories options are selected which offer the highest mitigation potential taking into account five archetypical weather patterns in NAFC, and traffic samples in eastbound and westbound both direction. Using a concept of 4-dimensional climate cost functions integrated into a simulation system for operational planning...
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...10-8-2014 Florida Green Building Coalition “Providing statewide green building programs with economic and environmental behavior..” The Florida Green Building Coalition (FGBC) is a nonprofit 501 ©3 Florida corporation founded in 2000 is dedicated to improving the built environment. The Location of the organization is 1415 Piedmont Dr. E Suite 5, Tallahassee, Fl. 32308. Their mission is “to lead and promise sustainability with environmental, economic, and social benefits through regional education and certification programs.” FGBC was conceived and founded in belief that green building programs will be most successful if there are clear and meaningful principles on which “green” qualification and marketing are based. We are a membership-based organization governed by a Board of Directors and corporate officers who are elected by general membership. The purpose of the FGBC are to administer certification programs based upon the green building standards, educate the general public, businesses, institutional and government bodies of the long term benefits of sustainable development and green building practices, and to provide opportunities for members and other interested parties to increase their knowledge of green building practices. Although there are currently three competing certification options in Florida, the FGBC certification standards are the only ones based on climate specific criteria to address issues relating to Florida’s hot humid environment and natural disasters...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 Q.1 MAJOR SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RESULTING FROM ROADS EXPANSION INTO SUBURBAN AREAS 3 Q.3 THE LINK BETWEEN THE GLOBAL COMMONS AND EFFECTS OF DEPLETION 6 Q.5 UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN KENYA AND RESULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR RESTORATION OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGITY 9 Commercial use 9 Land for Grazing 9 Demand for Fuel 9 Illegal Logging 10 Erosion of Soil 10 Loss of Biodiversity 11 Climate Change 11 Population Growth 12 CONCLUSION 13 REFERENCES 14 INTRODUCTION This essay paper is divided into three parts: The first part will discuss the implications of the rapid expansion of roads into suburban areas in Kenya with special focus on the major social and environmental impacts of concern. There is an appreciation that Kenya is experiencing unprecedented road and highway expansion in line with its Vision 2030 Strategic Plan. Mitigations that need to be put in place to reduce the severity of these impacts have also been discussed. The second part discusses the Global commons, their interactions and the effects experienced as a result of depletion of one or more of them. In this essay, “Global commons" refers to something shared in common by a community. Commons presupposes a community - its members can claim equal rights to the common ground. A global commons presupposes a global community. This essay will delve on...
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...is considered a tipping point from which our planet would be unlikely to recover from for centuries. The Earth’s atmosphere reached 400 parts per million almost 5 years ago in 2013. I specifically remember reading about this when it was confirmed and expected it to make headlines throughout media due to its significance ,but it was quite the opposite; Nobody really noticed. Climate change is a severely understated issue that threatens our current generation. Over the last century, the burning of fossil fuels such as...
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...The New England and Chesapeake region, both settled largely by people of English origin, had developed into two very distinct societies. In determining how the two regions differed, one must assess the purpose of migrating to the New World. Economically, the two regions differed with New England focusing on family growth and Chesapeake more concerned about agriculture. Climatically, the locations provided a difference with different climates causing various problems. And with motives of finding independent religion in New England and jobs in Chesapeake. Thus, the New England and Chesapeake colonies differentiated greatly in aspects of the climate in the two colonies location, the motive of migrating to the New World, and the economics used to form the two colonies. Economically, the two colonies main focuses varied from each other. In the Chesapeake colony, the settlers looked for gold. With gold being the sole purpose, the target group was middle aged men. (doc. 3) While the men looked for gold, the settlers did not bother having crops to survive, resulting in the starving time. After the men faced ‘the starving time’ the settlers worked for economy only. This means, the men cultivated tobacco and used indentured servants for labor. On the other hand, New England had small scale farming because not only did they have long winters, but the soil was poor and rocky which was not ideal soil to use for farming. Since farming was not a large source on income, the New England...
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...Contents Background of the Agency…………………………………………………………... 1 Mission and Vision…………………………………………………………………... 1 Functions…………………………………………………………………………...... 1 Divisions…………………………………………………………………………….. 2 About the Logo……………………………………………………………………… 3 II. Background of the Agency PAGASA means Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration which is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes and it is mandated to “provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress”. The government agency was created on December 8, 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 78 reorganizing the Philippine Weather Bureau into PAGASA. * Mission and Vision Protecting lives and properties through timely, accurate and reliable weather-related information and services. Center of excellence for weather related information and services. * Functions * Maintains a nationwide network pertaining to observation and forecasting of weather and flood and other conditions affecting national safety, welfare and economy. * Undertake activities relative to observation, collection, assessment and processing of atmospheric and allied data for the benefit...
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...77°37’E. The State of Kerala, named as “Gods own country” and the “Gateway of monsoon in India” is one of the unique regions in the humid tropical monsoon climates that enjoys high solar radiation and warm temperature round the year. The State has rich bio-diversity and tropical rain forests and is spread in 13 agro-ecological zones under the humid tropics. IPCC defines climate change as a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.The climate change may be decline in rainfall, wetlands, land and ocean biodiversity, increase in temperature and sea level, floods and droughts, landslides, groundwater depletion and saline water intrusion, decline in forest area, frequent forest fires, unusual rains and hailstorms. It is believed that almost all the crops are likely to be under threat due to climate change/variability in the ensuing decades under the Humid Tropics. The threat from global warming and climate change could be seen in the form of decline in cropped area, production and productivity and quality of grains....
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...several decades now. The drought has considerable negative impacts on the economy and people of Morocco in terms of crop production losses, reduction in GDP, and loss of livelihood. The drought has also demonstrated itself as a major obstacle for agriculture and food security in the country. Morocco, whose economy depends largely on agricultural production, is greatly threatened by the drought. Agriculture is Morocco’s main economic activity, contributing almost half to the country’s GDP. With several indications suggesting the drought is not close to an end, wouldn’t it be crucial for policymakers to take hold of the implications of the droughts, especially for the most vulnerable in society, such as the poor, small-scale farmers, and the poorer urban households? In the article “Climate change, vulnerability and adaptability in North Africa with a focus on Morocco” (Janpeter, Korbinian, Elke, Jürgen, 2012), studied the environmental impacts of climate change to major economic and agricultural developments in North America. The article openly states that climate change will likely have the strongest effect on Morocco. The combination of decreasing supply and strong population growth aggravates the stressed water situation in the region (Janpeter, Korbinian, Elke, Jürgen, 2012). It continued to say that the agricultural sector of Morocco is extremely important for the country’s economy and particularly for the poor people. I have concluded from this article that Morocco’s past agriculture...
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...Final Assignment Report Abstract Environmental design in architecture encompasses factors relating to the natural environment, and can be measured through the various green building council principles and guidelines. However it also needs to be seen holistically as an expression of culture, it defines the human environment. In this way regionalism is important, successful environmental design tempers and is able to manipulate the climate, or human senses, or both, here the thermal experience is introduced and the ecology of heat is important. Today, with the evidence to climate change indisputable, successful tempering, of the climate; this ecology of heat for human comfort range cannot simply be through the air-conditioner, it can turn to GBC's as a first step, but additionally it must look to design for the climate, for regionalism, with specific techniques and strategies. This will be looked at in detail by examining the works of Costa Rican Architect Bruno Stagno, both in his designs for buildings in the tropics, his formation of the Institute of Tropical Architecture (Instituto de Arquitectura Tropical) and his various writings relating to architecture and regionalism. Included in this is his approach to eco principles and how this has, and could benefit a Costa Rican GBC adoption of LEED. Introduction With today's contemporary architectural discourse, and indeed building industry, an outsider looking in can be excused for thinking environmental design is simply...
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