...Impact of mega-sporting events 1 The impact of international mega-sporting events oh host cities Regina Glazman 20151794 ARW2 for law students KIMEP regina.glazman@kimep.kz Impact of mega-sporting events 2 Abstract While a mega-sport event is scheduled at least once every year somewhere in the world, these events are rare occurrences for the host cities and countries. The benefits of such events seem lucrative; the very fact that many countries bid to host these events suggests that the benefits – be they tangible or intangible – more often than not outweigh the costs. However, some experts claim that it is almost impossible to achieve goal and provide a successful result. Therefore, the research question is : Do cities benefit from international mega-sporting events or it is just "showing-off"? When a city or nation is awarded the privilege of hosting a mega event, they are almost always required to enhance or develop their infrastructure. The developments which are created from these events are known as legacies. However, these legacies have a great risk to become "white elephants" ( Barclay, 2009,p.3). Thereupon, my research project was directed to understand do facilities in Almaty which were built for 2011 Asian Winter Games are used today and provide help for national athletes and the city. Result showed they do, but not without problems. However, legacies can come in many forms such as economic, tourism or sporting. Consequently, summarizing everything...
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...positive impacts of mega events are often exaggerated’. Mega events provide organisers with a unique opportunity to modify the international image of the host country. They also provide impressions of host countries to direct spectators, television viewers and additional indirect audiences. Mega events offer the opportunity to project a desired image of a host country going far beyond the event itself, enabling a country to communicate assets that can be attractive for tourists. Getz, (1998), p.242 defines mega events as “Planned occurrences of limited duration which have an extraordinary impact on the host area in terms of one or more of the following: tourist volumes; visitor expenditures; publicity leading to a heightened awareness and a more positive image; related infrastructural and organisational developments which substantially increase the destination’s capacity and attractiveness”. Although the notion of events has been known for a long time, it is their scale and strategic use in late modern society that make them appealing for host places, media, researchers, visitors and others. Especially in tourism, mega events have attracted considerable interest. Roche (1994:1) states that ‘mega events are short term events with long term consequences for the cities that stage them’. Most of the numerous studies which have already been conducted on the nature of tourism determinants, such as that of Solberg and Preuss (2006), have found that the hosting of mega events tends...
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...Impacts 08 Team Dr Beatriz García, Director Tamsin Cox, Interim Programme Manager Sonia McEwan, Programme Assistant Document Reference: Impacts 08 – Langen & Garcia (May 2009) Measuring Impacts of Cultural Events Measuring the Impacts of Large Scale Cultural Events: A Literature Review May 2009 Report by Floris Langen (University of Glasgow) and Beatriz Garcia (Impacts 08) Impacts 08 is a joint programme of the University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University Commissioned by Liverpool City Council Impacts 08 – Langen & Garcia | Measuring Impacts of Cultural Events | May 2009 Table of Contents 1. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Introduction: measuring the impacts of large scale cultural events ................................................................ 3 3. Major cultural festivals and events ................................................................................................................. 3 4. Cultural mega events ..................................................................................................................................... 5 5. European Capitals of Culture ......................................................................................................................... 7 6. Discussion .....................................................................................
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...outcomes of sports mega-events in Canada and Japan, Sociological Review 2006 Vol. 54 No. Suppl. 2 pp. 71-89 This paper raises questions about the discrepancies between predicted and actual outcomes of sports mega-events, and about why hosting is so often the project of political and business elites. It also raises questions about the economic impacts of tourism, in the years after the event. The paper highlights a number of parallel developments in the pursuit of hosting major international sports events in Canada and Japan. In both countries, Olympic hosting has been the project of political and corporate elites, and in both countries large claims were made for the economic and social benefits that would follow from hosting Olympics and other mega-events (in Japan, such as the Soccer World Cup). The outcomes, however, have been that public and private investments in the 'infrastructure of play' have created expensive sporting infrastructure and other consumer spaces, but with few social benefits for the unable (or dis-inclined) to present themselves as consumers. Hosting sports mega-events was also intended to signal the emergence of once 'peripheral' cities as major players in the national and global economies, and to attract international tourism. Once again, however, the historical experience suggests that these efforts at 'place promotion' have impacts that are fleeting, at best, and as the years pass it becomes difficult to isolate the impacts of the mega-event on the fortunes...
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...1. Distinguish between the different types of events and venues and their operating environment 2.1 Define Hall Mark and Mega events Mega events Although mega-events each have their peculiarities, they also share a number of characteristics: for example they are transient, but often of great economic and cultural significance; they employ drama and spectacle to underline and promote values of local, national or international importance, and they throw light on the societies, institutions and elites who are involved with them. Researchers approach them from a variety of perspectives: social historians may explore early mega-events like the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the St Louis World Fair of 1904 in the context of economic and political imperialism; sociologists may examine the ways in which all such festivals are consumed, and analyse how nations and power elites project certain images through the ceremonies they engage in. Tracing the evolution of mega-events from their earliest manifestations to the imposing examples of the modern Olympic Games can reveal some fascinating similarities. In fact, the earliest Games in the modern series shared the stage with trade festivals (for example, the World Fairs in Paris, 1900 and St Louis, 1904). A number of the publications produced by these festivals are held by the British Library, as are materials from a wide range of other early festivals. Studied in conjunction with the official Olympic Games reports - many of which contain...
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...CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Hosting World Cup is an opportunity that no country contemplates of when thinking of global narratives. This event has traditionally been considered a privilege of developed countries, but this has changed in the recent past as evident by the fact that developing countries have been given the right host this international competition. For instance, South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup and Brazil the 2014 World Cup. Notably, there has been intense competition between nations to host World Cup. Many countries have vowed to invest billions of dollars in order to increase their chances of being elected to host such mega event. Why should countries compete to host this event? There could be numerous reasons why a number of countries are keen on hosting World Cup, but the most compelling is the promise of an economic and social windfall. Soccer is one of the sports which people tend to identify themselves with. It has gained popularity owing to its impacts on the players, followers, states and other stakeholders. Currently, the game is estimated to have the highest number of followers than any other sport. Due to its vast effects, Soccer World Cups have gained popularity in the past two decades. For the previously held World Cups, great focus has been on social and economic effects. There numerous articles that have been written about the positive and negative effects of World Cups especially to the host countries. Before the 2010 World Cup...
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...KNH 313 Sport Economics and Finance Assignment #3 Economic Impact of the FIFA World Cup 2014 on the Host Destination Brazil Table of Content Introduction 3 Economic Impact 3-4 Event Tourism 4-5 Image and place marketing 5-6 Urban development and renewal 6-8 Social development 8-9 Conclusion/Discussion 9-11 Bibliography 12 Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze and define the economic impact of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. An economic impact report allows public sector bodies to analyze their economic return on investment and it also demonstrates how events drive economic benefits that enable event organizers to develop practices maximizing these benefits. (eventIMPACTS) In 2007 Brazil was announced as the host of the world`s biggest football event, the FIFA World Cup 2014. This will be the second time the country has hosted the competition, making Brazil the fifth country to have hosted the FIFA World Cup twice. This extraordinary event will be held from 12 June till 13 July and will take place in 12 stadia spread over Brazil. (Brazilian Federal Government) This paper begins with an overview of the economic impact by hosting this event. Furthermore I will outline the impact of the 2014 FIFA World Cup on tourism, the destination image and the development of infrastructure. I will then conclude by identifying...
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...Tax policy topics are important to everyone. Hopefully, this discussion will give you an opportunity to deliberate on a topic that often generates a lot of comment as government balances it role with community and business interests. When the City of Philadelphia first proposed helping the Phillies build a new facility, two center city sites were proposed. The current South Philadelphia location was finally chosen after much debate over the center city sites. Read both chapters and come to class prepared to discuss the tax policy topic. Week 1 - Public tax policy is an important topic for all of us. At some time you may be asked to provide your comments on a tax issue. Let's discuss the following question. Revenue bonds are municipal bonds that are secured by specific income of the issuer. Furthermore, states, cities, and municipal subdivisions issue municipal bonds and their purpose is to fund municipal projects, such as housing, hospitals, lighting systems, parking ramps, stadiums, factories, sewer systems, and dozens of other community enterprises. Revenue bonds are municipal bonds that finance income-producing projects. The income generated by these projects pays revenue bondholders their interest and principal. Projects funded by revenue bonds serve only those in the community who pay for their services. (Morning star) From the perspective of the mayor of Philadelphia. PROS * Sports serve as a municipal amenity that can create social capital and improve...
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...Upon approval of the bid for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), was assigned the duty to strategically devise the plans for executing “the world’s largest peace-time event” (“The Times100, 2012). Tremendous efforts go into the planning and development of a mega event such as the Olympic Games. The vision for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games could potentially facilitate a substantial opportunity that will realize vast outcomes socially, culturally, economically and environmentally for the country beyond 2012 (“Times 100,”2012). However there are underlying concerns present that could potentially impact the local community, outweighing the benefits and the LOCOG’s efforts to achieve this vision. I will provide brief background information on the London 2012’s Olympic aspirations, and analyze the opportunities and debunk the concerns for the social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspects involved in delivering favorable results, according to the vision goals. I will follow with a discussion and analysis of the London 2012’s values and their effect on the goals of the Games. Then I will apply SMART methodology as a framework for measuring the London 2012 sustainability objectives. Finally I will evaluate opportunities for the local schools to become involved in the objective goals for London 2012. London 2012’s Vision Beyond the Olympic and Paralympic Games ...
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...Effects of Mega Events on Host Country’s Image: Image of China after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Abstract Mega events have intrigued the academia because of the huge impact they have on the host countries. Not only do mega events catalyse urban regeneration, they also have the ability to command international media’s attention. Furthermore, nations have been known to use mega events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, and World Fair to rebuild image and draw in tourists to serve the economic development of the region. While the Olympics are one of the most studied mega events, most of them emphasise on the Western perspective probably because only three out of twenty-six Summer Games have been held in Asia. The most recent one is the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which is the focus of this research. In particular, this study aims to explore China’s image change after the event and the influencing factors that contribute to the change. One’s perception and image change are emotional and subjective; therefore, this research can gain a better insight through qualitative approach. Twenty participants from sixteen countries were recruited and interviewed for 20-30 minutes regarding the Beijing Olympics and related news around that time. The findings showed that China achieved moderate success in rebuilding its image in the economic and technological aspects. Many interviewees were impressed by its organising ability and modernisation. However, China failed to change...
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...Last weeks lecture presented the idea of politics in events, which personally I had never paid much attention too, however, over the course of a 1 and a half hour lecture, I discovered it is one of the most important factors within events. When hearing politics in events, I was under the assumption that it was the way in which the government responded to events in a religious and culturally sensitive manner, and the effects they have on the image of our nation. I was pleasantly surprised to find out there was much more to it then these basic assumptions. In particular, I was intrigued by the ideology of Nation Building and Image Enhancement, being the use of an event to upgrade a countries international image, (Schlenker 2015), something that is high on the radar in Australia after hosting the 2000 Olympic games and the upcoming 2018 Commonwealth Games being hosted in the Gold Coast. This idea sparked interest, which led me to research further into the upcoming Commonwealth Games being held in the Gold Coast, where I came across multiple articles surrounding the concerns of budgeting and benefits of these games. From these pieces I was able to gain a personal opinion on politics in events and relate it back to the theory being taught. Image Enhancement and/or Nation Building are one of the largest impacts and benefits from holding International and globally renowned events. In particular, sporting events. When I think back to the previous Olympic games, I think of London...
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...Local Events: Local gatherings are a critical component of the American ethos and can have a significant impact on the democratic process. Together, we can foster a national dialogue by hosting local events around the country on issues that matter to young Americans. By organizing a local event, you can educate your peers, organize fellow activists, and get your community involved. As you plan your event, keep in mind that the size of your event will not limit its impact! Many great American movements were sparked by a discussion around a kitchen table. It is our hope that this training guide will catapult your passion into action and aid you in your event planning and execution. Define your event’s purpose. Write down the purpose of your event in one to two sentences. Spend time to really craft the event’s purpose—think of it as a mission statement. Framing your event will guide you during the planning and execution process. Do you want to: * Educate your friends about an issue of importance to you? * Identify and organize community members that support your cause? * Spread the word about Generation Opportunity and energize your peers to take action? * Set goals for your event. Map out what you want to accomplish, not just how many seats you want to fill. As you go through this process, think about what you want attendees to get out of the event. Visualize what success looks like for your event. What will be the top three action items that you want your attendees...
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...community and corporate sectors. This essay will explore the differences between each sector and the sub sectors within each one. The large variety of stakeholders that are involved in events will be explored as well as their relevance to the different sectors. Social and economic impacts of festivals are vast and limitless; this essay will establish some of the effects that a festival has, both positive and negative. The biggest of the sectors within the festival industry is the government sector; corporations within this sector primarily create events for social, cultural, economic and tourism causes. The government sector mainly creates mega events; these are defined by Getz (2005) as ‘must see’ events that yield extraordinarily high levels of tourism, media coverage, prestige and high economic impact for the host community. Examples of such events are the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Millennium celebrations and the Queen’s Golden Jubilee; seemingly government sector events are those that are aimed at the general public and will often combine the celebration of a significant national anniversaries and events. Silvers (2004a) defines government and civic events as those that are comprised by or for political parties, communities, or municipal or national government entities. Government run events are typically characterized by free entry and wide accessibility to form part of the public culture; for example the New Year firework display in London. The central government focuses...
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...Sport Events Industry Individual Report Words: 2822 Special events have always been part of human history. Anthropologists have traced human civilization for tens of thousands of years, and at the heart of their observations are the ‘special events’ that typify and explain tribal behavior of that time and place. At this point, there is no question that special events have taken on all aspects of an “industry” in that their organization and management are the underlying support for marking the local and domestic details of our lives. Events are not restricted to festive celebrations but can include a variety of gatherings, serious or happy, and religious or cultural, including meetings and conferences, expositions and trade shows, private and public special events, art entertainment and sport events, media or corporate events, and events of various sizes. Events are given a lot of definitions but the most general one that characterizes events is “Temporary occurrence with a predetermined beginning and end. It is unique stemming from the blend of management, programme setting and people.” (Getz, 2005). On the following report there is a wide overview of the sport events sector, that will examine the history and development, the factors that support this sector, the impacts of these events, career opportunities that will arise through this sector and future trends. History and Development Sport reflects the country in which it is played, so inevitably the history of sport...
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...The Olympic Games are a set of international sports competitions held every four years since 1896, regrouping over 10,500 athletes from different nations, participating to nearly 300 different sports (Australian Olympic Committee, 2009). They are one of the most renowned events in the world, and have the ability of attracting the attention of a worldwide audience and to produce important impacts on the country or region that hosts them. After hosting the Olympics two times in 1908 and 1948, London will beat the records this year by being the first country holding three Olympic Games and, in the same way as the previous Games, the 2012 Olympics are going to have major impacts on the country on several industries (Australian Olympic Committee, 2009). This essay will mainly discuss the political, social and economic long-term impacts that hosting the 2012 Olympic Games will have on the city of London in relation to the Events Industry. This first part of the essay will discuss the political impacts of the Olympics on the Events Industry. Over time, the Olympic Games have become “irreparably intertwined with politics” and have generated a good political image on the hosting country as they served as a tool of global publicity. Unfortunately, this hasn’t always been a positive thing as it often led to bribery and corruption. For example, in 1936 the Nazi Party used the Games to promote German superiority. This is why the International Olympics Committee (IOC) former...
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