...The role of women in the economy and in other aspects of social life is not the same today as they were 50, 100 or even more years ago. And it is not the same in the eastern world than in the western world. It is basically a gender issue. Women have struggled for years to be considered equal to men intellectually, to have the same rights, to have the same access to education, to earn equal salaries, and to be considered equals under the law. This battle started long ago, and a lot has been achieved, but still women need to gain more rights, in order to have equal opportunities. Probably the key to equal rights starts by allowing women to have access to education because education contributes directly to the growth of national income by improving the productive capacities of the labor force. In the early eighteen hundreds women in Europe, were only allowed to attend primary school and they even had different curricula than men. Primary school taught girls how to repeat the received words from others, but couldn´t generate their own. By midcentury the professions more commonly found for women were: teacher, nurse and midwife, and in the late eighteen hundreds, different Universities in Europe opened their doors to women. During the war, many women had no other alternative that getting out of their homes, and enter the workforce. This gave women a sense of independence unknown to them until then. Some years later the feminism era started and women in Europe and in other parts...
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...Women’s Role in Economic Development: Overcoming the Constraints BACKGROUND RESEARCH PAPER Sarah Bradshaw, Joshua Castellino and Bineta Diop Submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda This paper reflects the views of the author and does not represent the views of the Panel. It is provided as background research for the HLP Report, one of many inputs to the process. May 2013 Women’s role in economic development: Overcoming the constraints Background paper for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Prepared by Dr. Sarah Bradshaw, Principal Lecturer, Middlesex University with Dr. Joshua Castellino and Ms. Bineta Diop, Co-Chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on the “Challenges of Social Inclusion: Gender, Inequalities and Human Rights” 20 May 2013 1 1. Introduction This short paper aims to highlight the important role women have and can play in economic development. It addresses three questions: what is the evidence base to support investing in women? What are the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What are the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focussed on women and on economic development, rather than on the wider issue of gender and development. However, before looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it will provide a brief context...
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...------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------- Civil society is often described as the “third sector”, a domain outside market and state which contributes economic participation. Its strength can have a positive economic influence on the state and the market. Other scholars such as Adam Smith and Marx in identifying civil society primarily as economic interaction through the market and hence civil society acting as the agent for promoting economic development in country by stimulating good governance like transparency, effectiveness, openness, responsiveness and accountability. Therefore key features of successful civil society which emanate from various definitions include the following: separation from the state and the market; formed by people who have common needs, interests and values like tolerance, inclusion, cooperation and equality; and development through a fundamentally endogenous and autonomous process which cannot easily be controlled from outside. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the functions or economic roles of civil society. Firstly, Civil society is often associated with its advocacy role. Civil society can identify problems that are not addressed by the economic elite and bring them to public attention, thereby creating public opinion, awareness and change. In many countries ,NGOs have taken on a “watchdog” function, they monitor consumers’ rights, freedom of speech, ecological matters...
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...Terrell Hinton aka Kelsey The Role of Education and Economic Growth Author Samuel Bowles is a firm believer that Education and Economic Growth go hand in hand, especially in a country like the U.S., where technology is steady changing and great minds are needed in order to keep up! They actually go hand in hand. “While the spread of education has undoubtedly been one cause of economic growth in most countries, the reciprocal relationship is also important. The development of general education in the United States and Europe may be due in large part to the rapid rate of economic and social change, which renders it increasingly difficult to provide adequate socialization and occupational training for youth in the traditional family, church, and apprentice-oriented systems of education. In an era characterized by rapid technological change, urbanization, and shifts in the sectorial and occupational distribution of the labor force, the skills of the fathers do not meet the needs of the sons; indeed, the skills sufficient for the sons in their young manhood may be obsolete before they reach middle age. For this reason education and training have become increasingly specialized, their functions carried out by full-time teachers in institutions designed solely for that purpose, that is, in schools. At the same time, the content of education has become increasingly general, with the stress on literacy and the broader aspects of economic and political socialization of youth rather...
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...the Role of Innovation in the Economic Growth Process Surrounding the Role of Innovation in the Economic Growth Process Innovation Innovation is an essential element for any organization in order to survive, grow and significantly influence the direction of any industry. Development does not; however, guarantee success, but most be followed up with successive streams of innovation and change, from the incremental to the radical. The most reliable way to be successful in the industry is to innovate better and longer than the competitor, leading companies develops innovation portfolios that they can use to help sustain growth over the long term. Innovation and change is an essential part of any business activity, but only some people recognize its importance and significance. Often, management fails to notice the implication of innovation and change, which becomes the reason of the change failure. Innovation can be summarized in two main areas: innovation is doing something nobody has done in the history of the world or do something that we have not done before. Innovation does not always fit with what we do, and a lot of new opportunities that are found in the company do not sit well with her. So the first step is to create a "space" where these opportunities can be developed, at their own pace and without neglecting the routine tasks. It is therefore; necessary to release resources to enable people to experiment with these new ideas. It is also necessary that...
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...Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the attempt to create value through recognition of business opportunity, the management of risk taking appropriate to the opportunity and through the communicative and management skills to mobilize human financial and material resources necessary to bring a project to fruition. According to A. H. Cole, "Entrepreneurship is activity of an individual, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandize profit by production or distribution of economic goods and services." According to Schumpeter, "Entrepreneurship is based on purposeful and systemic innovation. It included not only the independent businessman but also company directors and managers who actually carry out innovative functions". Need For Entrepreneurship Development: Economic development essentially means a process of upward change whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a period of time. Entrepreneurship has an important role to play in the development of a country. It is one of the most important inputs in economic development. The economic history of the presently advanced countries like USA, Russia and Japan supports the fact that economic development is the outcome for which entrepreneurship is an inevitable cause. The crucial and significant role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development of advanced countries has made the people of developing and under developed countries conscious...
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...The Role of Business Economics in National Development In: Business and Management The Role of Business Economics in National Development INTRODUCTION Following this introduction on Nigeria’s economic development challenge, this paper reviews business economics, outlining the relationship with innovation and social entrepreneurship. It also presents a holistic framework for economic development covering the individual, firm and macro levels, and outlines the roles of stakeholders at each level, in fostering national development. It concludes by calling on all stakeholders to play their part in leveraging entrepreneurship and all aspects of business economics to unleash the wealth of human capital that Nigeria is endowed with so that more people can participate in the transformation of Nigeria. Nigeria as the most populous country in Africa is naturally endowed with millions and millions of acres of arable land, 38.5 billion barrels of stated oil reserves, vast gas reserves, a variety of unexploited minerals, and a wealth of human capital by virtue of its estimated population of 150 million. It is the world’s eighth largest exporter of oil, and Africa’s second largest economy, after South Africa. Nigeria accounts for 15 per cent of Africa’s population, contributes 11 per cent of Africa’s total output and 16 per cent of its foreign reserves while it accounts for half of the population and more than two-thirds of the output of the West Africa sub-region. It has been at the forefront...
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...this introduction on Nigeria’s economic development challenge, this paper reviews business economics, outlining the relationship with innovation and social entrepreneurship. It also presents a holistic framework for economic development covering the individual, firm and macro levels, and outlines the roles of stakeholders at each level, in fostering national development. It concludes by calling on all stakeholders to play their part in leveraging entrepreneurship and all aspects of business economics to unleash the wealth of human capital that Nigeria is endowed with so that more people can participate in the transformation of Nigeria. Nigeria as the most populous country in Africa is naturally endowed with millions and millions of acres of arable land, 38.5 billion barrels of stated oil reserves, vast gas reserves, a variety of unexploited minerals, and a wealth of human capital by virtue of its estimated population of 150 million. It is the world’s eighth largest exporter of oil, and Africa’s second largest economy, after South Africa. Nigeria accounts for 15 per cent of Africa’s population, contributes 11 per cent of Africa’s total output and 16 per cent of its foreign reserves while it accounts for half of the population and more than two-thirds of the output of the West Africa sub-region. It has been at the forefront of the resolution of many political challenges in Africa. Over the last decade, Nigeria has implemented far reaching economic reforms aimed at improving macroeconomic...
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...THE ROLE OF BANKS IN STEERING ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAWI INTRODUCTION Economic growth remains a challenge in Malawi since the country attained multiparty system of government. According to the 2015 World Bank report, both political and civilian discourse on the 50 years of independence has centered on the high levels of poverty which is still above 50 percent of the population, with one quarter in extreme poverty. Reliance on donors to support on the other hand, has not done much in the same respect. The World Bank report again says Malawi’s GDP growth rate remained stable in 2014 estimated at 5.7 percent, but projected to slow down to 5.1 percent in 2015. In 2014 growth was driven by expansion in the agricultural, information and communication, and wholesale and retail trade sectors, but the pace is expected to slow down in 2015 mainly due to adverse weather which affected agricultural production and subsequently manufacturing. While the floods that Malawi experienced in January 2015 have a significant human cost, the expected impact on GDP growth is muted, estimated at 0.6 percent. Downside risks to growth however remain including a continued high rate of inflation averaging 23.8 per cent in 2014, high interest rates above 40 per cent, and a weak fiscal environment. Fiscal discipline alone, does not guarantee economic prosperity, if Malawi is to come out of the abject poverty that has rocked more than 50 percent of its population. Monetary policies available should spearhead...
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...European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No.8, 2012 www.iiste.org The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Nigerian Perspective Dr. Mrs Ann Ogbo AGU CHIDIEBERE NWACHUKWU Dept. Of management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. PMB 011 *E mail of the correspondence author: annogbo@yahoo.com brightchidi@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the paper is to develop and analyse the contributions of entrepreneurship in the economic development through SME development in Nigeria. A total of 100 SMEs were randomly selected from a cross section of a population of all SMEs spread around some states of Nigeria and covering virtually all forms of enterprise. Participants were selected through a simple random sampling. The responses to the questionnaires were complemented with personal interviews of some SMEs operators. The responses of the participants were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), which generated the frequency distributions, means, standard deviations, chi-square statistics, analyses of variance, etc of the responses. The hypotheses of this research which were tested at 0.05 level of significance using chi-square statistics hinged on identifying the greatest problem which SMEs face in Nigeria, the identification and ranking of the top ten problems or challenges of SMEs in Nigeria and the relationship between the form and nature of the business enterprise and its sources of...
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...Role of Financial Institutions in the financial development and economic development Financial intermediaries perform an important role in the development process, particularly through their role in allocating resources to their most productive uses. More efficient financial markets help economic agents hedge, trade, pool risk, raising investment and economic growth. Financial institutions provide consumers and commercial clients with a wide range of services and different types of banking products. The importance of financial institutions to the wider economy is apparent during market booms and recessions. During economic upturns, financial institutions provide the financing that drives economic growth, and during recessions, banks curtail lending. This can exacerbate a country's financial problems and draw attention to the fact that economies are heavily reliant upon the financial sector. The importance of financial institutions and passed legislation made it easier for more people to obtain products and services from these entities. In many countries, banks are encouraged or even compelled to lend money to home buyers and small businesses. Readily available loans encourage consumer spending, and this spending leads to economic growth. There is now a clear realization that sustainable development will not and cannot be achieved by governments acting alone. In this context, the expertise of the private sector plays an important role. Role of Financial Institutions in the...
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...2012 Prince Masuku Economics 3/5/2012 2012 Prince Masuku Economics 3/5/2012 Macro-economic issues role of the public sector Macro-economic issues role of the public sector CONTENTS PAGE Contents Page Introduction… 1 The present situation and a comparison with previous years… 2 The proposal/ initiatives from the State of The Nation Address… 5 Reaction of other political parties… 6 Impact of the President’s proposals on the national budget… 6 How did the budget address these issues?.. 7 Conclusion… 8 INTRODUUCTION Unemployment occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively sought for work. In South Africa, unemployment is extremely high and it is seen as one of the most pressing socio-political problems facing the government. The has been a lively debate on the extent, nature and cures of unemployment in South Africa but the outcome has rather been inconclusive. Unemployment in South Africa is so widespread that it demands an explanation. Unemployment is potentially a matter of serious concern - for its effects on economic welfare, production, erosion of human capital, social exclusion, crime, and social instability. However, its potential costs depend on the nature of the beast. The question we address is this. Is unemployment in South Africa largely voluntary or involuntary? The answer has important ethical and policy implications. If unemployment is largely voluntary...
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...2013 Pierre Jolicoeur Final Research Paper 5/2/2013 2013 Pierre Jolicoeur Final Research Paper 5/2/2013 The Role of Entrepreneurial Class in Economic Development of LDCs The Role of Entrepreneurial Class in Economic Development of LDCs Table of Contents Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Statement of Problem……………………………………………………………………………..3 Objectives of study……………………………………………………………………………….…4 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………………….……4 Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………….……5 II. Literature Review…………………………………………………………….....5 III. Methodology…………………………………………………………………......6 IV. Results and Analysis……………………………………………………………..9 V. Summary and Conclusions……………………………………………………..12 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………13 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………14 References……………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Abstract The uncertain global economic recovery and the worsening Eurozone crisis continue to undermine those factors that enabled the least developed countries (LDCs) as a group to attain higher growth rates between 2002 and 2008. Despite seeing real gross domestic product (GDP) grow slightly faster in 2010, the group as a whole performed less favorably in 2011, signaling challenges ahead. LDCs have been most affected...
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...andy chuks Role of business in Economic Development in Nigeria[->0] Share This, Tweet, +1 or Recommend &&&&&&&&&The role of business or entrepreneurship in economic development in Nigeria is very crucial and forms the backbone of National development. Below are some of the roles played by business in developing the economy of Nigeria. - Employment Generation: In Nigeria privately own small, medium and large scale business has come to be known as major source employment creation, unlike pre independence era where government was the major employer. By doing this business has helped in reducing the rate of unemployment. Businesses employs people to help them achieve their aims and objectives, with the establishment of businesses in Nigeria unemployment rate have fallen to some extent. - Direct Creation of Wealth by Contribution to the Gross National Product (GNP): GNP is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country within a particular year. Businesses contributes directly to this because with more businesses the GNP will increase, also as businesses grow GNP increases. A country's level of economic development in determined by its GNP. - Provision of Technical Innovation: Innovations has been engineering by businesses seeking to improve their products and services. These innovations has brought tremendous improvement in the economy of countries. - Providing Competition: Businesses compete among themselves to perform better, this competition...
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...explore the role of development finance in economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Development Finance is practice of using scarce financial resources in an unconventional ways in order to advance economic activity(ies). According to (Nyembezi, 2009), development finance makes the economy run smoothly and effectively. The aim of the development finance is to look at the challenges and design the framework as well as stimulating core activities that will develop the economic growth. As stated by (Nyembezi, 2009) development finance, in an economy, can be compared to oil in a vehicle engine that ensures its sound and smooth operation. According to (Ocran, 2012), development finance is concerned with the financing of development at: • Household level • Firm level • Geographical area/national/regional level This paper looks at the role of development finance at national and regional level in economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002) defines development finance officially as funding “used in measuring the inflow of resources to recipient countries: including (a) bilateral official development assistance (ODA), (b) grants and concessional and non-concessional development lending by multilateral financial institutions, and (c) Other Official Flows for development purposes (including refinancing Loans) which have too low a Grant Element to qualify as ODA”. The role of development finance and economic growth ...
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