...Tobacco Taxation 1 Tobacco taxation is a hot topic and all 50 state governments have enacted taxes on cigarettes, and many have raised their taxes several times. Taxes on cigarettes are a way governments can achieve two social objectives; the first objective is to reduce the number of citizens who smoke. The government issuing the cigarette tax hopes that the rise in the cost of a pack of cigarettes will persuade people to quit smoking. The second objective is to raise government revenue. A cigarette tax, like any other tax, increases the amount of revenue governments can spend on social programs. Where there’s smoke, there’s taxes — especially for New Yorkers. In a 2010 budget move officials say will generate $440 million in revenue, the state legislature passed a bill that gave New York the highest cigarette tax in the country. On July 1, 2011 every pack sold in the state cost an extra $1.60, raising the total state tax to $4.35, pushing the average cost of a pack up to $9.20. For New York City residents, the cost of a pack will now come out to close to $11 — a $2 rise from just over a year ago. The $440 million in revenue will benefit health care programs, AIDS drugs subsidies, tobacco cessation programs and $71.6 million will go to the state cancer research center in Buffalo. Supporters also applaud the health benefits, saying it will reduce the number of smokers by tens of thousands of people. Tobacco consumption is the leading cause of preventable death in many...
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...guideposts of economic thinking to government spending and taxation Well from reading this week reading, the economic way of thinking requires more than just making decisions on plain information. For it requires government incorporating certain guidelines such as the building blocks of basic economic theory into their thought process when making decisions. There are eight principles that characterize the economic way of thinking; however, I will only identify four. According to the textbook” “One of the first guidelines is referred to as the use of scare resources is costly, so decision-makers must make trade-offs. Economists sometimes refer to this as the “there is no such thing as a free lunch” principle, it is important to recognize that the use of scarce resources to produce a good is always costly” (Gwartney et.al, 2013). In economics, the opportunity cost of an action is the highest valued option that is given up when choices are made in economic thinking. 2. When government make decisions, they should make decisions on the margin of how much it is going to cost and which option seems like the most economical way. “When making a choice between two alternatives, individuals generally focus on the difference in the cost and benefits between alternatives. Economists describe this process as marginal decision-making, or thinking in such cases” (Gwartney et al, 2013). 3. Having information on the economic factor that helps government make better decisions in economic times....
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...Taxation is said to be one of the key governance tools of any state including the upholding of Zambians sovereignty. INTRODUCTION The most fundamental function of taxation is raising revenue to pay for governmental expenses and programs. "Taxes are necessary to raise revenue for public goods and infrastructure, as well as to provide other sorts of public services conducive to general welfare and economic growth." Tax revenues pay for the necessary goods – like national defense or a legal system – that an unregulated market cannot provide by itself. More often overlooked is the role of taxation as a catalyst for the development of responsive and accountable government, and for the expansion of state capacity. Taxes, however, do more than simply raise revenue: "Any tax that produces revenue will in some way alter the social and economic order." Taxes that only raise revenue without effecting other changes do not exist in the real world. The concept of fiscal policy captures that link between revenue collection and government spending. More specifically, taxes can be used to increase or decrease inflation and purchasing power, stimulate investment, and prevent harmful concentrations of wealth. Taxation is an underrated tool in the effort to build more capable and responsive states. The role of taxation as a central force in the development of democracy resonates strongly in Anglo-American history. The duty of paying for government legitimizes demands for services...
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...TAXATION. Name: Institution: A) Effect of Taxation. Taxation is a system of levying taxes on various types of earnings, income and/or purchases. It is an essential part of a modern state whereby the government obtains revenue, which is used for provision of education, health care and living benefits to a range of its citizens (Sullivan 2003). The UK tax system has several incompatible objectives, for instance redistribution of income and wealth creation (through tax breaks). The government must take into account the issue of fairness in taxation, if it is to provide an acceptable tax system in the United Kingdom (Wales 2008). The social function of taxation is to ensure that there is wealth redistribution, in order to create a fair and harmonious society. According to Adam Smith, fairness in taxation promotes morality and equity in free market economics (Sullivan 2003). Fairness in taxation ensures that market failures are tackled. A fair tax regime ensures that the revenue collected is shared equitably and appropriately through judicious expenditure. According to Adam Smith, equity in taxation implies that the taxpayers pay taxes that are proportionate to their income, while the allocation of government resources does not adhere to this proportionality. A fair tax has the following four attributes: equity, efficiency, certainty and convenience. Equity ensures that the tax has a reasonable impact on the taxpayers. Equity is categorized into two forms: horizontal...
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...TAXATION PAPERS WORKING PAPER N.33 - 2012 Serena Fatica Thomas Hemmelgarn Gaëtan Nicodème The Debt-Equity Tax Bias: consequences and solutions Taxation and customs union Taxation Papers are written by the staff of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, or by experts working in association with them. Taxation Papers are intended to increase awareness of the work being done by the staff and to seek comments and suggestions for further analyses. The views expressed in the Taxation Papers are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Comments and inquiries should be addressed to: TAXUD TAXATION-PAPERS@ec.europa.eu Cover photo made by Milan Pein Despite all our efforts, we have not yet succeeded in identifying the authors and rights holders for some of the images. If you believe that you may be a rights holder, we invite you to contact the Central Audiovisual Library of the European Commission. This paper is available in English only. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through EUROPA at: http://europa.eu. For information on EU tax policy visit the European Commission's website at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/index_en.htm ...
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...Accredited Tertiary Courses Listing 2012 Accredited Tertiary Courses Listing 2012 – as at 26 September 2012 1 2012 Accredited Undergraduate Courses AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY The Australian National University University of Canberra NEW SOUTH WALES Australian Catholic University Australian Institute of Higher Education Avondale College Charles Sturt University Kings Own Institute Macquarie University Southern Cross University Top Education Institute The University of New England The University of New South Wales The University of Newcastle The University of Sydney University of Technology, Sydney University of Western Sydney University of Wollongong Williams Business College NORTHERN TERRITORY Charles Darwin University QUEENSLAND Australian Catholic University Bond University Central Queensland University Christian Heritage College Griffith University James Cook University Queensland University of Technology The University of Queensland The University of Southern Queensland University of the Sunshine Coast SOUTH AUSTRALIA Flinders University Kaplan Business School The University of Adelaide University of South Australia Open Universities (conferred by Uni of SA) TASMANIA University of Tasmania VICTORIA Australian Catholic University Cambridge International College Carrick Higher Education Deakin University Holmes Institute Holmesglen Institute of TAFE La Trobe University Melbourne Institute of Technology Monash University Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE RMIT...
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...Income Tax 1. A General Overview of the Income Tax 2. Coverage Scope of the Income Tax 3. Deductions Allowed for Taxation Purposes Part 1. A General Overview of the Income Tax In the RM the unitary income tax was introduced on 1.01.98 and replaced three taxes: the profit tax of enterprises, the individual income tax, and the profit tax of banks and other crediting institutions. In most countries of the world individual and corporate income tax vary; this is why the unification of these taxes is an innovation in the taxation practice. The income tax subjects comprise juridical and natural persons receiving income from any sources on the territory of the RM during the taxation year, and juridical persons-residents, which receive investment and financial income from sources outside the RM. Since there are various interpretations of the terms individual and company in the taxation and civil legislation, we will explain some of them. According to the taxation legislation juridical persons are: 1. Any enterprises, institutions, and organizations involved in enterpreneurial activity with the exception of individual enterprises and farms. 2. Non-residents with an economic presence on the RM territory According to the taxation legislation natural persons are the individual enterprises and farms. According to the taxation legislation, taxation subjects are the entities legally responsible for paying taxes. The income tax object is the net income, including the...
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...CollegeofAgriculture Bachelor of Science in agribusiness COURSE SYLLABUS IN social science 4 first semester, a.y. 2013-2014 I. COURSE CODE: SOC.SCI 4 II. COURSE TITLE: GENERAL ECONOMICS WITH TAXATION AND LAND REFORM III. Course Description: This course provides a comprehensive coverage of all major topics in economics. Attention is given to establish student understands of key economic principles with particular emphasis on the Philippine Economic system, its growth and development. The course covers the foundation of economics, demand and supply analysis, the concept of elasticity, the theory of production and the fundamental concept of micro and macroeconomics with the use of simple graphical and mathematical illustrations. Likewise, the course involves topics on taxation and agrarian reform with discussion on issues and problems related to its implementation. IV. CREDIT UNIT: 3HOURS V. TIME ALLOTMENT: 54 hours/ 3 hours per week VI. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: At the end of the course, the students are expected to know the fundamental principles of economics, and their application to everyday life. SOCIAL SCIENCE 4 – GEN. ECON WITH LAND REFORM AND TAXATION Time Allotment |TOPICS/ CONTENT |SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES |TEACHING STRATEGIES |VALUES INFUSED |INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS |LEARNING OUTCOMES |EVALUATION TOOLS | |3 |Reflection of LSPU Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives ...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Since the 1960s to date, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have been given due recognitions especially in the developed nations for playing very important roles towards fostering accelerated economic growth, development and stability within several economies (Yitzhaki, 2006). They make-up the largest proportion of businesses all over the world and play tremendous roles in employment generation, provision of goods and services, creating a better standard of living, as well as immensely contributing to the gross domestic products (GDPs) of many countries (OECD, 2000).Over the last few decades, the contributions of the SMEs sector, the development of the largest economies in the world have beamed the searchlight on the uniqueness of the SMEs; and this have succeeded in overruling previously held views that SMEs were only ―miniature versions‖ of larger companies (Al-Shaikh 1998; Gaskill et al. 1993). And although Small and Medium Enterprises have been at the center of the policy debate for quite some time in both developed and developing countries, little analytical work has been undertaken in this area.The dearth information that exists among researchers on Small and Medium Enterprises however provides a sense of how important this sector is for sustainable development in emerging economies (Medina, 2001). For instance, recent studies conducted by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concur that SMEs...
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...Income Tax Law Income Tax Law and the National Budget 2010-2011 Md. Abdur Rashid, FCMA B.Com. (Hons.), M.Com., DAIBB, LLB, FCMA Income Tax Law explain changes in tax struc-ure of an economy over time under t the impact of economic development and of political and social factors. Tax structure is affected by economic development in three ways: (a) tax base undergoes a change as the develop- ental process m proceeds; (b) change in the tax base brings about changes in the revenue system: and (c) economic development leads to changes in the objectives of tax policy. Bangladesh Government collects taxes on account of custom duty, sales tax, value added taxes, excise duty, cess, fees, fines, penalties, income tax, advalorem duty, etc. It appears that to fulfill the objectives of tax policy the Government every year brings some changes in various tax laws to collect more taxes on the basis of above tax structure. be established for those items to repair or servicing and thus to reduce the unemployment problems in the country. National Budget Every year before preparing National Budget the National Board of Revenue holds series of meetings with various trade bodies, trade associations, groups of people, various academic and professional Institutions. It seems that this year the discussions have been held on various scopes and opportunities of collecting more taxes. The discussions, of course, have been held in various dimensional scopes. In such a meeting organized by Management...
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...The average rate at which an individual or corporation is taxed. The effective tax rate for individuals is the average rate at which their earned income is taxed. The effective tax rate for a corporation is the average rate at which its pre-tax profits are taxed. An individual's effective tax rate is calculated by dividing total tax expense by taxable income. For corporations, the effective tax rate is computed by dividing total tax expenses by the firm's earnings before taxes. The effective tax rate is the net rate a taxpayer pays if all forms of taxes are included and divided by taxable income. The effective tax rate is often a more accurate representation of a taxpayer's tax liability than its marginal tax rate. Two companies that are in the same marginal tax bracket, for example, may end up with different effective tax rates depending on their earnings. This occurs particularly with a progressive, or tiered, tax system, where different levels of income are taxed at different rates. For example, the first $100,000 of income may be taxed at 10%, and income between $100,001 and $500,000 might be taxed at a rate of 15%. The corporation's income is taxed at the various levels, and to determine the effective (or average) tax rate, the total tax is divided by the total taxable income The term effective tax rate has different meanings in different contexts. Generally its calculation attempts to adjust a nominal tax rate to make it more meaningful. It may incorporate econometric,...
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...Journal of Public Economics 6 (1976) 55-75. 0 North-Holland Publishing Company THE DESIGN OF TAX STRUCTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT TAXATION* A.B. ATKINSON University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England J.E. STIGLITZ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. Revised version received February 1976 1. Introduction The recent literature on optimal taxation may be seen as attempting to clarify the structure of the arguments advanced to support changes in the tax system, tracing the implications of taxes and quantifying (analytically) the trade-offs between the various objectives of tax policy. This literature has examined the optimal structure for particular types of taxation taken in isolation, such as the optimal rates of excise tax and the optimal income tax schedule. Our purpose, on the other hand, is to provide a broader framework and to consider the interaction between different kinds of taxation. To illustrate this, we reexamine the age-old question of direct versus indirect taxation and the relationship of these taxes to the goals of efficiency, vertical equity and horizontal equity. After describing in section 2 the general framework of the analysis, and arguing that any treatment of the choice of tax structures must be centrally concerned with distributional considerations, we begin in section 3 with the extension of the classic Ramsey formula for optimal excise taxation to include vertical equity objectives. This was considered by Diamond...
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... for the OECD economies: 2.6 Tax and subsidy incidence equivalence theories: experimental evidence from competitive markets 2.7 Tax incidence under oligopoly: a comparison of policy approaches 2.8 The incidence of income tax on wages and labour supply 2.9 The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986: 2.10 Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise tax 3. Conclusion References 1. Introduction: Government generally collect taxes to generate revenue and question arise here is that after imposition of taxation, which group will bear the tax burden. After implementation of tax, there would be the division of tax burden between byres and sellers which is known as tax incidence. Tax incidence is linked to the price elasticity of demand and supply. If supply is more elastic than demand then the tax burden falls upon the buyers and when the demand is more elastic than supply then the producers will bear the cost of the tax. Tax incidence is basically the analysis of the effect of taxation on the distribution of economic welfare. Tax incidence expose that which group either consumer or producer is going to pay the price of new tax and it falls mostly on the group that has the inelastic price quantity or respond least to the price. Tax incidence or the tax burden does not depend on that where the revenue is collected but it depends upon the...
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...0084-0807 May 1974 Land Taxation and Land Reform by Geraldo W. Sazama and Harlan Davis LAND TENURE CENTER University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706 Land Taxation and Land Reform* Reprinted from ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE Vol. 21,No. 4, Part I, July 1973 01973 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. Geraldo W. Sazama University of Connecticut Harlan Davis U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Brazil Land taxation frequently has been presented as a panacea for certain problems of agricultural development. More specifically, the land tax has been seen by many as aquick and easy substitute for land reform, especially in Latin America.' This type of thinking, unfortunately, can cloud the real and important contribution that land taxation can make to the develop ment process. Because of its ability to be relatively neutral in its economic effects on agriculture, land taxation isalmost unique among the many ways 2 available to convert surplus agricultural output into development capital. It is, however, no substitute for a direct land reform program; it merely complements a nation's direct efforts to improve the agricultural sector while it goes about its principal task of raising new public investment capital for the economy.3 This paper uses both theoretical and empirical analysis to examine the effectiveness ofa land tax as aregulatory tool. Weare particularly interested in evaluating land taxation as adevice to induce an...
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...Corporate Residence in the Modern World Name Course 1.0 Introduction This phrase ‘central management and control’ was coined by Lord Loreburn in the landmark case ruling of De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd v Howe (1906) 5 TC 198 at 213 in the early years of the 20th Century. Case Background Previously, the company’s headquarters was at Kimberly meaning that almost all its general meetings were carried out there. Its main business was Diamond Mining in South Africa which were sold through contracts that ran annually for delivery in South Africa. Some of the company’s directors were South African Residents and these directors meetings were carried out both in Kimberly and London in the United Kingdom. But looking at the composition of its directors, most of them were England residents. Meetings that were held in the English Capital were used to make most of the key decisions that impacted greatly on the direction of the company’s business. The London based office was the one that engaged in all of the negotiations concerning contracts with the syndicates that bought the diamonds. This office was also the one that determined how the mines were to be developed, directors’ appointments etc.In short, it was London that controlled and imposed the key decisions taken by the company directors that even affected Kimberly and its activities in South Africa. Lord Loreburn, after reviewing all these facts, found it appropriate to treat the Company as a resident of the United Kingdom...
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