...critique the effectiveness of the educational approach of inclusion as a means to address the needs of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. In observing students who are a part of the inclusive environment, it is evident that they benefit from social encounters however, in observing their academic progress, in such areas as analysis and critical thinking; it becomes clear that it is important to reevaluate the total inclusion experience. In understanding inclusion, one must become familiar with its definition. Inclusion is an educational approach whereby special need children are integrated with nondisabled children in the general education setting. In recent educational development and over the past 20 year’s inclusion as an exclusive tool for disseminating education has been called into question. As teachers face countless challenges in providing instruction to children diagnosed with autism, so do these children find it difficult to learn, to process and retain the information? In my professional experience and interactions with educators, it has been concluded that considerable work is needed in regards to reaching these students cognitively in the inclusive environment. As an experienced and veteran teacher working with special needs children, this inclusion approach has led me to rethink the way it has been defined and the way it has been employed in the general education setting. This widely used and accepted approach to educating children with disabilities...
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...Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder &ump; Autism in the Classroom When teaching it must be expected that there will be students that have behavioral disorders. These disorders must be taken into consideration when giving these students the best education possible. Teachers must accommodate to these children and incorporate them into the daily classroom. Every teacher has their own methods of doing this and can use their creativity to come up with these strategies for teaching. Some strategies may not work, so instructors must put much thought into how they are going to accommodate to these particular students. A very common disorder in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. These students have a difficult time holding attention due to the lack of the ability to concentrate. These students tend to act impulsively, have attention deficits, and sometimes exude hyperactive behaviors. Children that have ADHD do not qualify for special education unless they also have another disability. Approximately 7.8 percent of children from the ages of 4 to 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD, research also shows that males are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD over women. These ratios vary from 4:1 to 9:1. These students with ADHD can be impulsive, which means they act before they think or before considering the situation that they are currently in. They also have a hard time concentrating and find it difficult to sit still. There are medications for ADHD, and...
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...Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Lindsey Liermann Liberty University Abstract This paper includes a reference list of literature relating to components of successful inclusion for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In general, the literature seems to indicate what practices are effective for successfully including ASD students with typical peers, as well as, if inclusion is right for all ASD students. The literature includes evidence that the different components support students’ progress in general education settings. More empirical data needs to be collected to see if different components work for all students with Autism Spectrum Disorder while with typical peers. Keywords: students with ASD, inclusion, typical peers, successful strategies, perceptions of inclusion, support, and modification for students. Topical Reference List: Inclusion of Autism Spectrum Disorder Students Until recently, the common practice was to pull children with Autism or other disabilities out of regular education classrooms for majority of the day or even have them completely segregated. It seemed more efficient to provide specialized instruction in separate classrooms where children with Autism could received individualized attention without having to alter the mainstream curriculum that typical peers received. But, different practices were proposed in the 1980’s for greater efforts to “include” students with disabilities...
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...requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004, as well as, have the ability to teach individuals with disabilities requires that all educators take a deeper look into and understand the main diagnoses of these disabilities. The disabilities focused on will include intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI), autism, severe disabilities, and deaf-blindness. By expanding on these noted definitions, characteristics and causes of these five disabilities it will allow educators and parents to have a deeper understanding of the needs of their disabled learner. This allows the public education system to provide equal educational opportunities for all students which is required by law under IDEA. How to Understand Intellectual Disabilities The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA), created definitions to help in the understanding of many different disabilities. These definitions then help create diagnoses that allow students to receive a free and appropriate education (FAPE). This type education falls under the category of public schools providing special education services for their students (U.S. Department of Education, 2004). All children deserve a fair shot at life and have the right to learn to the best of their ability. While each discussed disability has its own unique set of characteristics and needs it must be serviced in the way most appropriate for the student. To accomplish this it is important that physicians...
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...Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize, however, how this occurs is not well understood. Autistic Disorder is only one of four recognized disorders in the autism spectrum. The others included in the spectrum are Asperger Syndrome(AS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome are not met. In an article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011), over the last twelve years, prevalence of developmental disabilities has increased 17.1% which equals about 1.8 million more children in 2006 through 2008 as compared to a decade earlier. Additionally, prevalence of Autism increased 289.5% while the prevalence of ADHD increased 33.0%. With this increase, more research and studies are being done to learn more about a disorder that is relatively recent. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on Asperger Syndrome, which is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and motor coordination, and unusual or restricted patterns...
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...Interventions for Children with Autism Name Institution Tutor Date Interventions for Children with Autism Individuals with autism demonstrate delays or deficits in social interaction and behaviours. Autism is apparent from early childhood, but can emerge in early adulthood. It is associated with a wide range of possible causes, but genetic factors are the main causes. Children with autism have impairments in cognition, language delays, and lack of or poor social interactions. Lack of communication may force these children to adopt repetitive behaviours such as self-inflicted injuries and violence. The teaching process requires interventions that address the repetitive behaviours, skill development, and play activities that promote communication and social interactions. Several authors have discussed different intervention models that are discussed in the sections below. Rita Jordan-Behavioural and Communication Intervention TEACCH Programme The programme is community based and targets children and adults with autism and communication disabilities. TEACCH aims at developing communication skills among autistic children, and help them work and play independently of adults (Jordan, Jones and Murray, 1998). The development of communication skills is based on their understanding capability and their ability to express themselves. The programme teaches several ways of communication, such as the use of photographs and pictures, symbols and words...
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...In conclusion, it is evident that each independent variable offers benefits of their own in regards to the best practices for early autism intervention. Special education programs in schools have always existed and is a fairly consistent program for a child with a considerable support system beneficial for students with high-functioning ASD. For students with low-functioning ASD, a more appropriate program would include early autism intervention. A residential, center-based option would allow for more a more personalized program tailored to a child’s needs through an intense program targeting individual goals and developmental functionality. In contrast, an ABA-based classroom within a mainstream school has proven beneficial to improving social...
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...Redefining Autism as a Disability Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Introduction The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has been on the rise with autism amongst infants topping the list leaving many puzzling mysteries. The causes, effects, signs, symptoms, and treatment for autism have left many unresolved questions in the medical world. By bearing in mind viewpoints of autistics themselves, together with evidence from medical journals, it becomes apparent that autism spectrum disorders are not always the debilitating conditions as portrayed. Recent studies consider Autism a broad spectrum condition implying the degree on how it affects different individuals varies from mild to severe. In fact, autism indeed associates with a number of abilities with precise focus on intelligence, communication, and social skills (Wall, 2010, p.49). This article calls into question the idea autism is indeed a traditional disability and argues a new comprehensive understanding of autism ought to be taken into account. Body From the medical perspective, autism can be defined as complex development regression characterized by difficulties in social interaction, impaired verbal and non-verbal abilities, and acute responses to sensory stimulations such as sound (Schopler, 1994, p.82). Autistic individuals show less interest in the environment surrounding them, and have a lifelong disability on how they communicate, and interact to others. In addition, such individuals usually find...
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...(2005) states that “dependence on and uncritical use of miracle cures and unproven methods have encouraged unhealthy, unrealistic and improbable expectations and have, in all too many cases, retarded the progress of students with ASD” (p. 141). Adopting evidence-based practices and using scientific methods are important for educating and supporting individuals with ASD. Effective matching of EBP methods to the particular needs of an individual with ASD is considered best practice. Programs must be correctly applied and evaluated by knowledgeable professionals (Simpson, 2005). Implementation of evidence based-based practices involves a process of actions, multiple decisions and corrections (Fixsen, Naoom, Blase, Friedman & Wallace, 2005). Application to the clinical treatment, education and social intervention of individuals with autism spectrum disorders is influenced by current economic and political trends as well as historical influences. The National Research Council (NRC) issued a report in 2001 that incorporated a thorough analysis of the scientific base for the education of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The review highlighted the aspects of effective programs such as the preparation of educators, early intervention and a low ratio of students and teachers. The importance of families and the necessity for future research were also recommended (Buron & Wolfberg, 2013). Accountability, scientifically based intervention and highly qualified teachers are important...
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...Reading Instruction Strategies for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities April Scruggs scruggs_am@students.lynchburg.edu Graduate Student – Lynchburg College SPED 644 – Academic Instruction Reading is the cornerstone of instruction for all students regardless of their ability level because it sets the foundation for future progress and success in virtually all other facets of life (Kliewer & Landis, 1999). Recent legislation and research has suggested that we should be more successful in teaching every student to read (Brower, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, & Algozzine, 2006). There are various strategies that educators use to teach reading in a typical classroom setting. However, these strategies are not always the same in special education classrooms, especially in terms of teaching students with significant cognitive disabilities. Browder et al. (2006) defined students with significant cognitive disabilities as students classified as having moderate or severe mental retardation, who may have additional disabilities such as autism or physical disabilities. Individuals with severe cognitive disabilities may use nonlinguistic communication … and exhibit learning characteristics that require greater time to learn and intensive forms of instructional support (p.392). As shown by Katims (2000), reading instruction has been viewed in a variety of different ways for students with significant or severe disabilities...
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...Until Every Piece Fits Autism: a pervasive developmental brain disorder, has taken over controversial issue debates, and impacted families all across the globe. Autism has been a part of my life beginning at age five, before I could even conceptualize what a complex disorder it truly is. I was in kindergarten and like any other five year-old, I was curious about how other people acted. I noticed that some kids were more socially isolated than others, had trouble making friends or even playing with others. I noticed that when it got really loud, or whenever we were doing an activity involving a lot of tactile input, certain kids would pull away and repeat certain behaviors. One particular kid would hunch his back, hyper-extend his fingers, shake them vigorously, as if to dry them off in absence of paper towels, and rock back and forth on his heels. These types of behaviors were relatively commonplace in my experience and I accepted them as absolutely harmless. I had seen the calming affect these rituals had on my classmate. My five year-old self was unknowingly picking up on behaviors that were the hallmark of autism. I attended an elementary school that was located in the autism hub of the county; so several students with autism were mainstreamed, or assimilated, into my classes. These students were not the majority. Rather, neurotypical students, a term used to describe children without a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder, composed the majority of our school’s population...
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...Video games Effects on Children: Student’s Name: Institution’s Name; Date of submission: My topic is the effect of video on children. In America, 81% of young people play at any rate once per month, 8.5% of them are dependent and "the normal 8-to 12 year-old now plays 13 hours of computer games every week, while the normal 13-to 18 year old plays 14 hours of computer games every week" (Metrics 2.0, 2007). Since computer games are so unmistakable in children' lives, it is hard to keep them from playing computer games entirely– however is that even essential? Through the research of my topic, I hope to understand how video games are really affecting the lives of children. With such an assortment of amusement sorts out there, it is hard to say if computer games as a rule are great or awful.my argument is that, majority of parents today do not pay attention to the kind of videos that their children are watching and this could affect their development. Fortunately, there have been incalculable studies done on this and data on the upsides and downsides can be effectively found. Negatives of Video Games There are different sorts of computer games accessible in today's industry. Computer games are proposed to target distinctive parts of a tyke's life. These computer games are included an assortment of instructive, genuine, and easygoing diversions, yet as a general rule, what kid is going to pick an amusement about learning versus an amusement where they can slaughter zombies or...
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...AAID Autism Multiple Disorders Rose Francis November 27, 2012 SPE 226 There are many different kinds of developmental disabilities. The American Association On Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities create an outline of what is to be considered an intellectual disability. Their intellect has to considerably limit their ability to properly express the appropriate social behavior while also limiting their adaptive skills within the community and interaction with others. The disability has to be identified before the person is of the age of 18. It also There are also different approaches which should be looked into when classifying a person with intellectual disabilities. Medical professionals have to rate the imparity on a scale indicating if it is mild, moderate, severe, or profound. Without these classifications the proper educational support plan cannot be put into place. The classification also helps with what kind of support the individual will need at home outside of the school setting. About 10% of children in the United States between the ages of 6 through 21 have some kind of intellectual disabilities label. The characteristics which are considered to be intellectually disabled would be having memory or learning deficiencies, troubles with memory recall, or apply abstract thought. These students also have trouble controlling their behavior also known as self-regulation. Their adaptive skills are also hard to apply to real life situations being able to...
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...Title To investigate and reflect on the use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour...
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...Behavior Portfolio for Autism Student Name Institution Behavior Portfolio for Autism Student Case Study of an Autism Girl Positive Behavior Support Plan Positive behavior plan are strategies formulated to deal with problematic behaviors exhibited by ASD individuals to reduce the occurrence of the problem and teach new skills to those individuals (Matson, Tureck, Turygin, Beighley, & Rieske, 2012). It is a rigorous plan that involves all members around the individuals on how best to deal with individuals with ASD and to ease their co-existence, which may sometimes be stressful. Members surrounding the individual receive full details of the problems to enable them have an in-depth understanding of what triggers the problem and therefore know how to prevent it. It also provides information on how to respond to those problems and the importance of teaching and reinforcing new skills. According to Neitzel Positive Behavior Support is used currently as a mode tool to reduce interfering behaviors of individuals with ASD and has been noted to be effective in reducing interfering behavior (Neitzel, 2010). The individual’s environment is to be modified to allow ease of transition and application of new skill to reduce any interfering behavior exhibited by the individual. Characteristic of the Individual Trisha is a nine-year-old girl living with her parents and three siblings in their country house in the outskirt of the city. Their home is large and each of the children...
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