...Civil Rights The struggle for equality has been a battle fought for hundreds of years amongst Native Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. When we hear the words civil rights often we conjure images of Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his soul-stirring “I Have a Dream” speech before the nation’s capital. The truth is, minorities have been fighting for their civil rights way before the 1950’s in fact it dates way back to the early 1880’s when Native Americans lost their lands, family, culture but most importantly their rights as human beings. America deprived Native Americans of their rights and ways of living by recruiting the young children to try and stop them from growing up to become “savages,” as the USA described them and instead civilize them and turn them into men of class. The USA though they were doing the Native Americans a favor by civilizing them when instead all they were doing was destroying the most valuable thing a man has in this world which is his family. If being taken away from your family wasn’t bad enough students at federal boarding schools were forbidden to express their culture, everything from wearing long hair to speaking even a single Indian word. They lost not only their language, but also their American Indian name. In my opinion I don’t see how the USA was doing Native Americans a favor by the intent to completely transform people, inside and out, language, religion, family structure, economics, the way you make a living...
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...BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA The Brown vs. Board of Education ruling was a colossal influence on desegregation of schools and a landmark in the movement for equal opportunity between the blacks and whites that continues to this day. The Brown vs. Board of Education case was not the first of its kind. Ever since the early 1950s, there were five separate cases that were filed, dealing with the desegregation of schools. In all but one of these cases, the schools for whites were of better quality than the schools for the blacks. The African-Americans argued that this situation was unjust and unconstitutional1. Education has been long regarded as a valuable asset for all of America's adolescence. However, when this benefit is deprived of to a specific group, measures must be taken to defend its educational right. In the 1950's, a courageous group of activists launched a legal attack on segregation in schools. The one who headed this attack was NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall. We find that his legal strategies would contribute wholly to the closure of educational segregation. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Congress passed the 14th amendment that stated that all people born in the United States are considered citizens. The 14th amendment also proclaims that individual states cannot make any laws to take away a person's right to life, liberty, or property. Segregation laws made it permissible to keep races distant as long as each race had its own access...
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...Brown v. Board of Education The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white society at the time. Brown vs. Board of education to this day remains one of, if not the most important cases that African Americans have brought to the surface for the better of the United States. Brown v. Board of Education was not simply about children and education (Silent Covenants pg 11); it was about being equal in a society that claims African Americans were treated equal, when in fact they were definitely not. This case was the starting point for many Americans to realize that separate but equal did not work. The separate but equal label did not make sense either, the circumstances were clearly not separate but equal. Brown v. Board of Education brought this out, this case was the reason that blacks and whites no longer have separate restrooms and water fountains, this was the case that truly destroyed the saying separate but equal, Brown vs. Board of education truly made everyone equal. The case started in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. Linda's father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school seven blocks from her house, but the principal of the school refused simply because the child was black. Brown went...
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...terms of leadership styles as influenced by their respective different cultures. The reason in selecting Japan as one of the research countries is because of its deep rooted strong cultural beliefs and group centered style in a business perspective. It is well known to the world that Japan is a closed economy but at the same time, extremely competitive. On the other hand, United States make a good contrast in terms of its open culture and individualistic style of doing business. Despite the differences, both are amongst the most competitive and successful nations in the world. The compromising Japanese and confrontational Americans do make this research journey an exciting and interesting one. Different cultures exist in the world and their impact on leadership styles in their respective countries is significant. As defined by Luthans and Doh (2009, p96), “Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour.” And culture is gained through transmissions between individuals in forms of symbols, rituals, languages, stories told and etc. It will be interesting to find out that the countries’ cultures do in fact influence their leadership styles to quite a great extent. In this report, two entirely different cultures; Japan and United States will be explored in depth to provide a better understanding of their background. The seven determinants of culture in these two countries will be individually discussed as well. Leadership...
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...Key Shapers of the American Education System Jennifer Milam Grand Canyon University: UNV 576 Wednesday September 6, 2012 Key Shapers of the American Education System The historical events that have shaped America and contribute to all that is quintessentially “American” can also be seen in the evolution of our country’s education system. There are many key contributors and events in history that have led up to the education system and the challenges and triumphs that we see today in schools all across America. The most significant theme that runs throughout the evolution of our modern education system is the evolvement of attitudes and philosophies that were at times controversial, but without which, the school system we know today would cease to exist. There are four notable shapers to this evolution of attitudes: John Calvin (1509), John Dewey (1916), Brown vs. the Board of Education (1954), and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) of 2002. These four shapers mark clear delineations in the purposes and attitudes that have shaped our education system at distinct fork in the roads along the path to today’s school experience in America. John Calvin John Calvin was the leading face and voice of the protestant reformation movement. He, along with Martin Luther of the Lutheran reformation, believed that states should sponsor schools and that the general public deserves to have access to schools. His purpose behind this idea was that every citizen should be able...
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...Most people believe that Rosa Parks began the whole civil rights movement. She did in fact propel the Civil Rights Movement to unprecedented heights but, its origin began in 1954 with Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka was the cornerstone for change in American History as a whole. Even before our nation birthed the controversial ruling on May 17, 1954 that stated separate educational facilities were inherently unequal, there was Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896 that argued by declaring that state laws establish separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Some may argue that Plessy vs. Ferguson is in fact backdrop for the Civil Rights Movement, but I disagree. Plessy vs. Ferguson was ahead of it’s time so to speak. “Separate but equal” thinking remained the body of teachings in America until it was later reputed by Brown vs. Board of Education. In 1955 when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, and prompted The Montgomery Bus Boycott led by one of the most pivotal leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. After the gruesome death of Emmett Till in 1955 in which the main suspects were acquitted of beating, shooting, and throwing the fourteen year old African American boy in the Tallahatchie River, for “whistling at a white woman”, this country was well overdo for change. Before any steps could be taken for the equality of human kind, we had the tackle...
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...Creating Innovators: The underlying need of American Education System The First Innovation Education Fellow at the Technology & Entrepreneurship Center at Harvard, Tony Wagner states that “The culture of schooling as we all know it is radically at odds with the culture of learning that produces innovators.” Concepts are a general notion or an idea of something formed by mentally combining all its characteristics or particulars. There are numerous perspectives on any given concept and a certain interpretation of a concept can be profoundly influential in shaping one’s thinking and even in determining one’s future. The concept of education is the achievement of skills, knowledge and understanding where such achievement is not confined to one sphere of life and is not inert in life. A good education system is fundamental to a nation that wants to be economically and otherwise independent. Career based education indeed seems to be mandatory in present scenario. The first thing we all have on mind while selecting a specific course of education is thinking what is the ‘ employ ability’ aspect of it. In simpler words, we care to spend time on learning something that gives us back lucrative returns on the investment we made. As Pepellashi mentions “The design and structure of elementary, secondary, higher education revolve primarily around building skill sets related to work/career.” It is only very natural to think...
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...emerged in these fields. These organisations are working in different countries in different cultural environments. This cultural difference in different countries introduces to the managers with the classical problem of cross cultural management which involves problems regarding understanding, interacting and communicating with individuals from different cultures (Ayoun and Moreo, 2008). Organisations in hospitality and tourism industries, especially hotels, are being more widely spread across the globe. As such, all managers have to think about culture. There may be two types of manager in this scenario. One is a global manager, actually the best person available for the job from any culture, who is responsible for coordinating business in more than one country. The other one is an expatriate manager, a person from any culture, who is assigned to control the business of one country and who thus becomes an expert of that culture (Capellen and Leuven, 2006. p. 1-4). The global manager’s competency and success depend more on his or her knowledge about cross cultural management and his or her adaptability towards different cultures. Usually, global managers have to formulate overall company strategy. This may be identical for all subsidiaries or it may differ according to the country. In contrast, expatriate managers only have to develop a strategy for the country in which s/he is working or...
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...Chpt 3 Country Differences in Culture Learning Objectives: (课堂教学目标) • Know What is Culture of a Society • Identify the forces that lead to differences in Social Culture • Identify the Business and Economic Implications of differences in Culture • Understand How differences in Social Culture influence values in work place • Learn some cross-cultural analysis frameworks. Content and Schedule : (本章主要内容与学时计划) • Case study 15’ What is Culture文化 10’ ● Social Structure社会结构 20’ ● Religious and Ethical System宗教和伦理15’ ● Language语言15’ ● Education教肓15 ● Culture and the workplace文化和工作场所 45’ ● Culture Change文化的变化10’ ● Implication For Business商务含义25’ • Summary and assignments 总结和作业 10’ Special Attention(重点与难点) 重点: Determinants of Culture 文化的构成 Implication For Business 商务含义 难点: Cross-cultural analytical frameworks( 文化分析框架) Teaching Design (主要教学方法) • Instructing • Case study • Group Discussion in the class • Invite French student to join discussion (邀请法国留学生Brigitte参加案例讨论,她在 “巴黎Disney”工作过 Opening case(开篇案例) : Disney in France |案例讨论题 | |1.What assumptions did Disney make about the tastes and preferences of French consumers? Which of these assumptions were | |correct? Which were not? ...
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...Assignment 1 “What it’s like to be a Black Girl” VS “Child of the Americas” Joyce Dolford Eng125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: Karen Lawler 10/06/2012 Assignment 2 10/06/2012 “What it’s like to be a Black Girl” VS “Child of the Americas” The literary works that I decided to compare are “Child of the Americas” by Aurora Levin Morales (A Latino) and “What it’s like to be a Black Girl” by Patricia Smith. (an African American). They were both born in America, which is an important fact because Blacks and other minorities in the U.S. experienced extreme racism and prejudice compared to their peers into the countries. The poems tell how two young girls, from different beliefs. These poems are important because they deal with racism and discrimination issues which occurred prior to the Civil Rights Era and still exist in today world. Although, each of them experienced discrimination their perceptions its effect and how they coped were very different. These two young girls from different American minority sub-cultures, views themselves in a totally different perspectives. One of the young girls wishes to identify herself with the culture and image of her African American ancestor’s slave owners; however the other wishes to embrace and celebrate her African Latino heritage. Assignment 2 10/06/2012 “What It’s like to Be a Black Girl” VS “Child of the Americas” In the poem “What it’s like to be a Black Girl” I believe in the mind of a young black...
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...Masculinity-Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance From Hofstede’s research Distance and Talking What is your comfortable zone for personal space? How does that differ across cultures? How loud do you normally talk? Is that acceptable everywhere? Low and High Context Cultures Element Low Context High Context Message Internal source External Content Rational Emotional Style Explicit Implicit Channel Informal Formal Pattern General, across situations Context specific Argument Aristotelian Ideological Appeals Facts & objective proof General principles Logic Linear Spiral Touching & Greetings Kissing & hugging vs. Handshakes vs. Bowing Use of titles Professional titles are often important (e.g. Doctor, Professor) Use formal, respectful titles in many cultures (e.g. Signor, Don) rather than names 1 View of Time Do meetings start at the indicated time? Are there times during the day or during the year when business does not get done? Monochronic vs. polychronic view of time How soon until you can “get down to business”? Closing the Deal Group vs. individual decision making Does yes mean “we have a deal”? Is drinking/socializing required? The role of silence Gift Giving Know what is or isn’t appropriate in the culture (e.g. do not give knives to Chinese – means you are “cutting” the relationship.) Flowers are usually appropriate - check with local florist about acceptable colors. Check...
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...Christian vs. non-Christian Religious space/time Enlightenment (18th c.)- Civilized vs. Savage (secular time, progress) 19th Century- Multiple Races (secular space, autochthany) 20th Century- Multiple Cultures (secular space, autochthany) Becomes a time when the word race becomes replaced with the word culture. The Declaration of Independence has a double racial problem Thomas Jeffersons passage was taken out, which was condemning the king for making America have slaves. This was taken out because for it's absurd to try and say the king made America have slaves. Also taken out because it was understood how well slavery was thought upon at the time, and how there would've been backlash with the including of this passage. Enslaved Population in 1860 Southern States- 2,310,000 (47% of population) Crucial Court Cases Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Determine that Indian tribes cannot sell their land without consent from US. government Cherrokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Determined that Indian tribes were merely "domestic dependent nations" of the US. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Three principles undergird these court decisions: Indian tribes possessed certain aspects of pre-existing sovereignty Controlled by federal government, not states. Tribes limited sovereignty entails a corresponding dependency on the U.S., which has a "true responsibility" toward Native American tribal units This last case stated that while Native Americans should...
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...factor in cases that involved racism. Though it sometimes limited rights, the Equal Protection clause eventually became a key element to justice. Lum vs. Rice (1927) was a Supreme Court case where the Mississippi education board did not allow a nine year old girl to attend the all-white Rosedale Consolidated School because of her ethnicity. Gong Lum’s daughter, Martha Lum, was Chinese and a native-born in the United States. One day, a superintendent at Rosedale told Martha to leave school because she was not Caucasian. Gong Lum later filed for suit and the state trial court was in his favor. The state took the issue to officials to readmit Martha Lum, however, the Supreme Court opposed the state’s decision. The Supreme Court supported their argument from the Cumming vs. Richmond County Board of Education case (1899) where it showed that schools are allowed to be separated for white and “colored” students. They also focused on whether or not Martha Lum was being denied of her equal protection of the laws from the 14th Amendment. This brought the Supreme Court to uphold the Plessy vs. Ferguson case (1896) by approaching the concept “separate but equal.” They declared that Martha Lum was not white and the Board of Trustees was allowed to exclude her from Rosedale. In 1954, the Brown family went against the Board of Education because they believed segregated schools can never be equal despite their similar...
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...the family system or family structure is by far the most important. Inside the context of a family, a child learns to respond and interact within a social context (Feldman, 248-249); begin to understand how others think and reason about behaviour (Feldman, 250-251); learn to deal with the parenting styles within that family (Feldman, 252-254); and sadly, some children experience neglect, abuse, crime, and violence and are forced to learn what it means to be resilient and to overcome (Feldman, 255-258). What Is a Healthy Family System? Barnhill (1979) notes eight dimensions of a healthy family system: individuation vs. enmeshment, mutuality vs. isolation, flexibility vs. rigidity, stability vs. disorganization, clear vs. unclear or distorted perception, clear vs. unclear or distorted communication, role reciprocity vs. unclear roles or role conflict, and clear vs. diffuse or breached generational boundaries. These eight dimensions denote that children have a stable, balanced environment in which to grow and learn. Children learn to interact with family members and with others outside the family unit better if parents provide a warm, supportive environment and strong, positive relationships are encouraged (Feldman, 252). What Distinguishes a Healthy Family System from an Unhealthy One? An unhealthy family system is one in which the opposite in the above paragraph is done. A child who grows up in a family that is isolated and lacks a strong support system could grow up feeling...
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...American Indian and Alaska Native Populations: How They Fair vs. the National Average Kari L. Singer Grand Canyon University: NRS- March 1, 2015 American Indian and Alaska Native Populations: How They Fair vs. the National Average There are many different ethnicities and cultures in the United States. This paper will be comparing American Indians and Alaska Natives health to that of the national average. We will be looking at the current health status of this ethnic group compared to the national average, their definition of Health Promotion, three health disparities affecting this ethnic group, and finally we will see an example of a program that promotes health prevention. Current Health Status of American Indians and Alaska Natives The American Indian and Alaska Native populations make up about 2% of the total U.S. population, numbering roughly 5.2 million, according to the 2013 census. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN), differ from the national average in culture, socioeconomic status, and education. The percentage of AI/AN’s who lacked health insurance in 2013 was 26.9% compared to the 16.6% of the national average (CDC, 2015). They have limited access to employer-sponsored health coverage due to working in low wage jobs and jobs that don’t offer insurance (Artiga, et. al., 2013). AI/AN have the highest poverty rate of all ethnic groups at 0.9% to 1.5% of the total population. This group is more likely to report being in fair or poor health. When comparing...
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