...Medical Applications of EEG Wave Classification Wanli Min and Gang Luo Medical Background D id you know your brain continuously emits electric waves, even while you sleep? Based on a sample of wave measurements, physicians specializing in sleep medicine can use statistical tools to classify your sleep pattern as normal or problematic. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) now being developed can classify a disabled person’s thinking based on wave measurements and automatically execute necessary instructions. This type of research is exciting, but conducting it requires knowledge of medicine, biology, statistics, physics, and computer science. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity through electrode sensors placed on the scalp. The electricity is recorded as waves that can be classified as normal or abnormal. Measuring EEG signals is not an intrusive procedure; it causes no pain and has been used routinely for several decades. Different types of normal waves can indicate various states or activity levels. Abnormal waves can indicate medical problems. Two important applications of EEG wave classification are diagnosis of sleep disorders and construction of BCIs to assist disabled people with daily living tasks. Sleep, which takes up roughly one-third of a person’s life, is indispensable for health and well-being. Nevertheless, onethird of Americans suffer from a sleep problem. For example, one in five American adults has some...
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...ADD/ADHD? Word count: 3918 Table of contents: Abstract………………………………………………………………...2 Introduction………………………………………………………….....3 ADD/ADHD symptoms………………………………………………..3 Current treatment and its issues………………………………………..5 Neurofeedback: an alternative approach to managing ADD/ADHD….6 Studies with neurofeedback……………………………………………7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….11 Abstract The aim of this essay is to present and evaluate the positive sides and implications of using neurofeedback as a treatment for ADD/ADHD and to compare these with current methods of treatment. In order to do that, firstly, the main symptoms and characteristics of this disorder were named. The main ones include: attention deficit, impulsivity, turmoil and hyperactivity as an optional one. Today, the only accepted method for threatening ADD/ADHD is by using medications. It is assumed that certain medications such as Ritalin, Concerta, Methylin, Dexedrine and Adderall improve the efficiency of chemical transmitters which have the role of passing the information through brain. But, there are also some side effects of using medications. A summary of relevant studies on relatively new, alternative method- neurofeedback is provided. The results were similar to treatment with medications. The difference is that neurofeedback provided longer lasting effects, long after the session period. The main advantage of neurofeedback is that patients will learn the skills of self-control. In...
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...The Process of SLEEP How this report is approached The following approached was conducted by following guidelines provided by McMurray (2001: 41-45). Firstly, a simple, non-instructional process was chosen to be explained: sleep is an automated ability performed by the entirety of the human race, typically on a daily basis. Therefore it is an appropriate subject. The hypothetical audience is determined. Their level of knowledge on the subject is estimated; a possible glossary is given. Their interest and use of the report is mentioned. Audience review is performed to ensure the report will be suited for the intended readers. The purpose of the report is conveyed. Multiple pictures and sketches that involve some depiction of sleep and its cognitive triggers can be found on the internet. A minimum of one picture will be used in this report. The main phases of the process of sleep are described, followed by a possible subdivision of steps and a discussion of each process separately. All non-process information required to understand the process better is also added. Headings are added to identify the segments of discussion better. A table of contents will contain these headings. An introduction is written that conveys the main steps, along with supplementary materials and commentary. Any causes and effects that is worth noting is translated into a conclusion. A bibliography contains all the sources cited in this report. The format of the report is set according to...
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...Tiesha Cooper Trinity Christian College Basic Research Skills Dr. King Lucid Dreaming Holzinger (2009), suggests that dreams have been a major importance to cultures throughout the ages. Native Americans viewed dreams as portals to the spirit world, paths to prophecy and quests. A common phenomenon states, there is an experience in which one is aware that one is dreaming and is able to control what happens in the dream. This experience is known as lucid dreaming. Aristotle may have been the first to write about lucid dreaming, although he did not have a term for it (Holzinger B. , 2009). And some Tibetan Buddhists have been practicing something like lucid dreaming for a long time. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was practiced as a form of yoga, called dream yoga, from the eighth century. The goal of dream yoga is to examine your consciousness and bring you to a constant state of awareness. A big part of the belief system of Buddhism is recognizing the world for what it is, free from deception. A lucid dreamer recognizes the dream world for what it is, a dream (Holzinger B. , 2009). A Dutch psychiatrist named Frederik van Eeden came up with the term for lucid dreams in 1913. He claimed that there are nine well-defined types of dreams in all, including ordinary, symbolic and vivid dreams. He recorded several of his own lucid dreams, and his thoughts during them and upon awakening. He remarked that they often involved...
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...Patient history Doctors often begin their examination of a patient suspected of having dementia by asking questions about the patient's history. For example, they may ask how and when symptoms developed and about the patient's overall medical condition. They also may try to evaluate the patient's emotional state, although patients with dementia often may be unaware of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Family members also may deny the existence of the disease because they do not want to accept the diagnosis and because, at least in the beginning, AD and other forms of dementia can resemble normal aging. Therefore additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of dementia. Physical examination A physical examination can help rule out treatable causes of dementia and identify signs of stroke or other disorders that can contribute to dementia. It can also identify signs of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure, that can overlap with dementia. If a patient is taking medications that may be causing or contributing to his or her symptoms, the doctor may suggest stopping or replacing some medications to see if the symptoms go away. Neurological evaluations Doctors will perform a neurological examination, looking at balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions, to identify signs of conditions - for example movement disorders or stroke - that may affect the patient's diagnosis or are treatable with drugs. Cognitive...
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...of the brain is associated with a certain function. Researchers have used different techniques to study the brain. Researching the brain is not new. Back in the 1800s, phrenology was a popular technique. Phrenology was a procedure that used bumps on an individual’s head to determine and predict personality characteristics. Unfortunately, it is not very accurate. We have found more reliable information from lesions in the brain. A lesion is the natural or intentional destruction of brain tissue. Knowing what happens when a part of the brain is damaged or destroyed is a key to knowing its function when it works correctly. In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage FIGURE 3- 10 suffered an accident when an explosion drove a 1-pound steel rod straight through his head, destroying much of the front part of his brain. Some of the reports after the accident suggested that his personality was altered. Gage’s case underscores the fact that examining lesions is an important way to study the functions of various parts of the nervous system. Today, more sophisticated technologies are employed to study and treat the brain. For example, electrical stimulation of the brain is a technique used to stimulate neural FIGURE 3- 10 Phineas Gage suffered an accident that damaged his frontal lobe. Phrenology A procedure that uses bumps on an individual’s head to determine and predict personality characteristics. Lesion A natural or intentional destruction of brain tissue...
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...as, the deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Contrastly, lucid dreaming describes a state of sleep where the individual is aware that they are dreaming. Lucid dreaming can also be characterized by increase of 40-Hz wave activity and coherence in the frontal region of the brain. It is interesting to note that lucid dreamers are able to communicate their state by eye movements that can be tracked by an electrooculogram. Apart from the awesome idea of being aware that one is dream, lucid dreaming also have some benefits, such as, treating nightmares. In order to understand the neural changes in lucid dreaming and examine its neural correlates EEG and fMRI techniques were used in this study to compare lucid vs non-lucid REM sleep....
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...consciousness or a time where it is empty * Changing - your thoughts are constantly changing as they are easily influenced by external stimuli RENE DESCARTES - MIND & BODY ARE SEPARATE BUT INTERCONNECTED The mind-body problem debates whether the mind and body can interact, and how, or if there is even a ‘mind’ or ‘body’. Rene Descartes dualism theory states the two substances are distinct, as one is physical and one is non-physical. He believes they are able to interact through the pineal gland, which is the center of the brain (it was later discovered that’s actually where hormones are) and that the two substances can affect each other. He defined consciousness as ‘encompassing everything we are aware of, including our own existence’. It exists in the mind or ‘soul’, but also in our body because the soul does not occupy space. His quote ‘I think, there I am’ supplies as evidence of the existence of our consciousness. However his understanding of the brain was limited, but his contributions had brought the mind and body closer that others had not considered. WILLIAM JAMES - STREAMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS William James believed that consciousness is constantly changing and there is a continual movement of thoughts, feelings and so...
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...1.1 Introduction If we ask a number of people what marketing is, they will answer the question in various ways. Marketing involves more activities than most people might imagine. Although a single definition of marketing does not exist, there are a few definitions that have been widely approved. And one of them is given by The American Marketing Association (AMA). It defines marketing as "a process for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging ideas, goods and services, establishing their prices, promotion and distribution, in order to satisfy the goals of customers, clients, partners, and society at large". This definition emphasises the marketing focus on planning and performing marketing activities in order to satisfy the customers’ needs and wants. Today, marketing must not be interpreted by considering it in its old nature of "making and selling" but, instead, by referring to its new meaning which focuses on the satisfaction of customers' needs and wants. Sales cannot be performed before creating a product. Marketing starts long before a product is created by a company. It encompasses activities carried out by managers in order to assess the wants, define their scope, and find out whether profits are possible or not. Marketing activities continue over the entire lifetime of a product, trying to attract new clients and keep the existing ones by improving the product's quality and appeal, using the insights into sales results and the management of repeated orders...
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...brief history of hypnosis. Hypnotic trance like states have been utilised for thousands of years in many cultures and religions, and continue to be seen today. We will start with looking at Franz Anton Mesmer, who is commonly referred to as the grandfather of hypnosis. Mesmer Studied Theology, but went on to study Law and then medicine. He gained respect in his professional duties and the Viennese society, whilst working at the Vienna school. Mesmer believed that magnetism formed the basis of all successful hypnosis. It was in 1974 on Mesmer’s first patient, where he applied magnets to the patient. Believing that the human body was analogous to magnets and could therefore be used to heal. Mesmer moved to France and alienated many universities and scholars, but gained the respect of Louis XVI. By the 1780s magnets were no longer part of Mesmer’s techniques however, he continued to find success using variations of magnetism. This led to the interest from King Louis XVI, who commissioned a study on Mesmer’s practices. This study concluded that the fluid which Mesmer said “ebbed and flowed according to the laws of magnetism” did not exist....
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...NEURO-MARKETING Project work Paper No. – CH 6.3 (b) UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF MS. VARTIKA KHANDELWAL DECLARATION BY STUDENT This is to certify that the material embodied in this study entitled “NEURO-MARKETING” is based on my own research work and my indebtedness to other work/publications has been acknowledged at the relevant places. This study has not been submitted elsewhere either wholly or in part for award of any degree. DIVANSHU SAXENA DECLARATION BY TEACHER INCHARGE This is to certify that the project titled “NEURO - MARKETING” done by DIVANSHU SAXENA is a part of his/her academic curriculum for the degree of B.Com (H). It has no commercial implication and is done only for academic purpose. Ms.Vartika Khandelwal Ms. Aruna Jha (Mentor) (Teacher in charge) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my deep sense of gratitude to my mentor Ms. Vartika Khandelwal for encouraging me to take the literature review on the topic of Neuro-Marketing as a part of my Bachelor of Commerce’s curriculum for semester VI. I am very much thankful to her for valuable guidance, keen interest and encouragement at various stages of my literature review work. I would further like to thank my Marketing teacher Ms. Monika Bansal whose guidance and suggestion contributed immensely to the evolution of my ideas on the project. I would also like to thank my friends and family without whom the project would have been a distant reality. Divanshu Saxena ...
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...Brain imaging techniques Introduction to brain imaging techniques and other methods A number of techniques are available to investigate the question of how and where in the brain particular perceptual and cognitive processes occur. Tasks or tests can be devised that place varying levels of demand on the cognitive, sensory or motor capacities of the participant being tested. Performance of these tasks is then correlated with physiological measurements, and on the basis of these results, we may go on to ascribe functions to areas of the brain. Whilst there is a growing fascination with imaging techniques in the popular media (e.g. ‘This is your brain on politics’), it’s important to bear in mind that each technique has limitations that often don’t get picked up on by newspaper editors who themselves have little-to-no experience using them. The most often overlooked limitation is the issue of ‘reverse inference’ – just because cognition X (e.g. using one’s memory) is associated with brain activation Y (e.g. activation in the prefrontal cortex), that doesn’t mean that if a participant displays activation Y, they are necessary engaging in cognition X. Below we highlight some key neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques, and a few of their limitations. There are also a number of great blogs that deal with issues relating to neuroscience, particularly in the popular press (e.g. Bad Science, The Neurocritic, [citation needed]). Testing brain damaged subjects (Neuropsychology) ...
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...neurological disorder and is mainly diagnosed in childhood, although it can carry on into adulthood. ADHD often occurs in more in males than females. A child with ADHD might daydream, forget or lose things, fidget, talk too much, and having trouble socializing. School can be very challenging for a child with ADHD. A child with ADHD may have trouble concentrating in school, have difficulties reading and writing, and have trouble making friends and socializing. A child with ADHD has a hard time concentrating on schoolwork and paying attention in the classroom. Most school/classroom requirements are sitting still, listen quietly, paying attention, and following instructions; these are things that a child with ADHD has trouble with, because their brains will not let them focus. As a result to the lack of concentration and not being able to pay attention while the teacher is teaching can result in low grades and even having to repeat a grade. It is normal for a child to have some type of trouble focusing or to misbehave in school, but children with ADHD do not outgrow these types of misbehaviors. A child with ADHD may have trouble staying in one spot for a long time, for example, a student who cannot stay in his/her seat in school. They demand attention by interrupting the class. A child with ADHD has the brainpower to learn, but cannot seem to focus on the material long enough, which results in not learning as fast as other children might learn(helpguide). In addition, a child with ADHD...
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...evidence of improved wellbeing in its participants. In a nutshell, hypnosis is when a subject agrees to undergo hypnotherapy, and if suggestible, can be putinto a trance state where the subconscious mind can be unlocked and the conscious mind takes a back seat for a while causing the subject to become completely relaxed. During this phase the mind is more open to positive suggestions. For Hypnotherapy to take place the individual undergoing the therapy needs to be suggestible. This means that the client is not only willing to participate in the therapy, but also has belief in the treatment and its possible positive results for them. Several experiments have been carried out to substantiate this theory, for example by Solomon Ash. In his study a willing subject was asked to participate in what appeared to be a simple line-judging test along with 7 other subjects. All were shown 3 lines of varying lengths and asked to match the single given line to the correct one out of the other 3. This seems like an easy task, however the subject was unaware that the other 7 participants were actors who were all told to give the incorrect answer. After a few rounds of experiment questions, with the...
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...community Control Adolescents,” “Sleep Disturbance in Schizophrenia” “Rorschach Responses Subsequent to REM Deprivation in Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Patients,” attempt to explain the problem statement: How do dreams differ in people with schizophrenia to those without the disorder, through REM sleep in normal individuals and schizophrenics. Dream content will also be investigated to answer the problem statement and certain sleep habits. In addition Jung’s and Freud’s theory attempt to explain how dreaming is connected with schizophrenia in their conscious state rather than in their sleeping state through thought processes and verbal patterns. Another article also attempts to explain how certain chemicals react in certain parts of the brain to allow dream states, whether in consciousness or unconsciousness. The following six articles supports the hypothesis that a person with schizophrenia cannot recall dreams as vividly as other people without the disorder because of sleep disturbances....
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