...INTRODUCTION English language plays a vital role in one's life as a medium of communication. According to some studies, there are 450 million people who speak English in more than 100 countries around the world. It has been subjected to a large average of integrated language variation for many years. Modern English as a communication tool is commonly used in many countries and philosophers considered this as the international language. The use of English language in different countries by native and non-native English users is phonologically different to one another based on the nature of the speaker’s language. The origin of vocabulary affects the order of acquisition in the aspect of language development in speaking English. A person who speaks English language uses stress and accent to deliver the words or phrases correctly. Speaking language as a communication tool defines the nature of the speaker through its stress and accent. The stress and accent tells where the speaker is coming from. There are variations of English language based on nationality, native language use, colloquial influences, regional accent and local expression. Philippines is a country that speaks English as second language. Filipinos as non-native speaker of English can read, write, and understand English. Not all Filipinos are good in speaking this foreign language. There are many dialects that affect the acquisition of learning English language. One major factor is that Philippines is an archipelago...
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...Learning a foreign language can be a daunting challenge, but can also be one of the most rewarding experiences in one’s life. The journey to fluency is a long and difficult path, in part because foreign language learning is not a single skill. It is the intensive coordination of multiple skill sets. These include memory, cognitive problem solving, internalizing grammar, speech fluidity, listening comprehension, and vocabulary. To the foreign language learner the process is slow and growth is almost imperceptible. However, through exposure to comprehensible input a language learner can improve (Krashen, 1985). The input hypothesis (IH) “assumes that we acquire language by understanding messages” (Krashen 1985). This hypothesis states that language learners only grow when exposed to language that is just out of their level of comfort, but can be understood (Krashen 1985, 1995). The language learner level is “l” and the level needed for growth is “i+l”. This pushes students to broaden their understanding and acquire more language knowledge. The type of input can be any type of language material as long as it is at...
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...IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL Hebron University Faculty of Graduate Studies and Academic Research English Department The Impact of Immediate Grammatical Error Correction in Senior English Majors’ Accuracy at Hebron University By Hamada Shehdeh Abid Dawood 2012/2013 The Impact of Immediate Grammatical Error Correction in Senior English Majors’ Accuracy at Hebron University Abstract This study aims at investigating the effects of grammatical error correction on EFL learners’ accuracy. Twenty-two males and females senior students were chosen randomly to respond to a questionnaire investigating their beliefs about immediate grammatical error correction. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to answer this question: what is the effect of grammatical error feedback on students’ accuracy? Results related to the questionnaire that was delivered to the participants proved that immediate error correction enhances and has a positive effect on their accuracy. Introduction Accuracy, in its simple view, is the ability to produce grammatical correct sentences (Gower et al. 1995). Since its vital role in acquiring the English language in Palestine, grammar should seize a wide distance in EFL classrooms and should be taught either inductively or deductively. Nevertheless, the process of teaching and learning does not guarantee that all learners are expected to produce grammatical sentences, so the role of the teachers, here, is to respond...
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...HOW DOES A MUSIC PROGRAM AFFECT THE READING FLUENCY OF SECOND GRADE ESL STUDENTS? by Candace Rose Cooper A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in English as a Second Language Hamline University St. Paul, Minnesota April, 2011 Committee: Ann Mabbott-Primary Advisor Cynthia Lundgren-Secondary Advisor Kristin Weidlein-Peer Reader To my aunt, Mary Lou Merdan, Ph.D., who dedicated her career to reading literacy through the education of children and teachers. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………….1 Folk Songs………………………………………………………………………...1 Background of the Research………………………………………………………3 Benefits of Music Education……………………………………………………...4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...5 Chapter Two: Literature Review…………………………………………………………7 Music, Motivation, Language, and Reading Fluency……………………………..7 Music and Language…………………………………………………………..…..8 Music and Motivation……………………………………………………………10 Oral Language……………………………………………………………………15 Reading Fluency…………………………………………………………………17 Strategies for Enhancing Reading Fluency………………………………………21 Fluency and ELLs…………………………………………………...…………...24 Fluency Assessment……………………………………………………………...25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….29 Chapter Three: Methodology…………………………………………….……………...31 Participants and Research Design………………………………………………..31 Research Paradigm…………………………………………….………………....31 Setting………………………….………………………………………………...32 iii Participants………………………………………………………………………...
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...and adults who lack fluency in reading, writing, mathematics, and other skills. Selected factors that account for the large number of students who leave high school not having learned basic skills are discussed, as well as what teachers need to know to present more effective instruction in reading, mathematics, and writing. Remedial education does not represent a short-term trend in the United States. Each year, many first-year college students must enroll in a remedial reading class, a remedial mathematics class, or in a remedial writing class. The magnitude of the need for remedial education may be greater than generally recognized because many first-year college students avoid enrolling in remedial classes despite their lack of fluency in basic skills. Keywords Basic Education; Developmental Education; No Child Left Behind; National Assessment of Educational Progress; Non-Visual Information; Prior Knowledge; Remedial Education; Reading Fluency; Visual Information Overview Students in public schools throughout the United States have not shown significant improvement in reading or mathematics since the first National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) in 1969. Referred to as "The Nation's Report Card," NAEP assesses student performance of thousands of students periodically in a wide range of subjects including reading, mathematics, writing, science, and U.S. history. The majority of individuals who have received remedial education have lacked fluency in reading, mathematics...
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...NATIONAL UNVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE Advanced Teaching Methodology TESOL Program Instructor: Nguyen Thu Huong, Ph.D. Class: 2016-B Name: Doan Thi Sam FINAL PAPER Vocabulary is a crucial part of language that it is unattainable for a language system to achieve without them. Language structure is considered “the skeleton of the language,” it agreed that vocabulary is “the vital organs and flesh” (Harmer, 1991). So learning a language is to learn its vocabulary first. The acquisition of vocabulary is the central task for second language acquisition, and the language learners’ vocabulary competence takes a prestigious effect...
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...IELTS Speaking Test Grading Criteria Introduction Examiners look at five different things in order to determine a candidate's score: 1. Pronunciation 2. Grammar 3. Vocabulary 4. Fluency and Coherence * Notice that Fluency and Coherence are grouped together although they are different things. Each of these four carries equal value. The examiner gives you a whole-number sub-score for each of these and then calculates the average of the four. * Both whole number and half band scores, such as 6.5 are given for the Speaking test. * No separate score is given for each of the three Parts of the test. Example 1 Pronunciation | 5 | Grammar | 4 | Vocabulary | 5 | Fluency & Coherence | 5 | Average = 19/4 = 4.75 = Band 4.5 | Example 2 Pronunciation | 6 | Grammar | 5 | Vocabulary | 6 | Fluency & Coherence | 5 | Average = 22/4 = 5.5 = Band 5.5 | Example 3 Pronunciation | 7 | Grammar | 7 | Vocabulary | 8 | Fluency & Coherence | 7 | Average = 29/4 = 7.25 = Band 7.0 | SUMMARY OF THE MAIN POINTS ON THIS PAGE Pronunciation * Overall, clear and understandable pronunciation is the main thing. * Secondly, the correct use of the following features will determine the pronunciation grade: 1. basic word pronunciation; 2. linked speech sounds; 3. correct and appropriate sentence stress (i.e., which word or words in a sentence are stressed more than others); and, 4. appropriate use of intonation (rising...
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...Gardner, R. C. (1960) studied about“Integrative motivation: past, present and future.” Gardner determined motivation as a ‘combination of effort plus require to gain the goal of learning the language plus desirable attitudes towards learning the language’. In his research, Gardner talked about two kinds of motivation, the instrumental and the integrative, with much importance on the former. The instrumental motivation refers to more functional motive for learning the language such as studying English is important because it will enable me to better understand and appreciate the English way of life. The integrative motivation refers to learners’ desire to at least communicate or at most even assimilate with the members of the target language....
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...category and speaks both English and Spanish. Spanish is spoken at times in his home among the family; however he is predominantly an English speaker. Michael is taught within the general education classroom and he also receives supplemental reading instruction from a teaching assistant twice per week. The teaching assistant works with Michael to develop his reading, writing and spelling skills. Beyond this service, Michael receives no other special services from Hillwood. Reason for Referral Michael was administered a variety of AIMSweb reading tests in order to determine whether or not his reading abilities were equivalent to grade level standard scores. The AIMSweb tests were administered because Michael ’s teacher, Ms. Bee, expressed concern about Michael ’s low achievement in a variety of subjects, specifically in English and Literature. Ms. Bee referred Michael for assessment and requested that a reading intervention plan be created for him if necessary. In addition to the AIMSweb tests, Michael was also administered the Test of Auditory Processing Skills- Third Edition (TAPS-3) and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test- Second Edition (WAIT-II), in order to rule out any potential auditory processing or cognition problems. These measures were important to consider during the creation of an academic intervention plan for Michael Michael ’s ability to perform tasks in phoneme segmentation, nonsense word fluency, reading fluency and reading comprehension...
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...Vocabulary instruction and the impact it has on reading comprehension is a topic that appears to be discussed but is not researched as much as we previously envisioned. There are many articles discussing how to implement quality instruction to provide vocabulary development at the elementary level. There appears to be little research on how vocabulary directly impacts student reading comprehension. There is also little research on how word walls impact overall vocabulary development. Vocabulary is one of the five major components of reading along with phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency and reading comprehension. All components are essential when it comes to reading but we believe that vocabulary plays an important role both in learning to read and in comprehending text. Readers cannot understand text without knowing what the words they are reading mean. Although we did not find as much research as hoped, we did find a wide variety of articles that examined the impact that vocabulary instruction has on reading. Many of the articles that we found explained a variety of ways to improve vocabulary instruction that would in turn increase vocabulary development. Some studies looked at emerging language skills such as alliteration, rhyming, segment blending and letter-word identification. Others focused more on decoding, word knowledge and word recognition. Other variables considered included age, gender, race or ethnicity, household income, disability and even parental intelligence...
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...Republic of the Philippines Department of Education DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City K to 12 Curriculum Guide ENGLISH (Grade 10) K to 12 Curriculum Guide ENGLISH (Grade 10) December 2013 THE FRAMEWORK I. PHILOSOPHY AND RATIONALE Language is the basis of all communication and the primary instrument of thought. Thinking, learning, and language are interrelated. Language is governed by rules and systems (language conventions) which are used to explore and communicate meaning. It defines culture which is essential in understanding oneself (personal identity), forming interpersonal relationships (socialization), extending experiences, reflecting on thought and action, and contributing to a better society. Language, therefore, is central to the peoples’ intellectual, social and emotional development and has an essential role in all key learning areas1. Language is the foundation of all human relationships. All human relationships are established on the ability of people to communicate effectively with each other. Our thoughts, values and understandings are developed and expressed through language. This process allows students to understand better the world in which they live and contributes to the development of their personal perspectives of the global community. People use language to make sense of and bring order to their world. Therefore, proficiency in the language enables people to access, process and keep abreast of information, to engage with...
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...communication disorder in which individuals have involuntary disruption to the fluency of their speech”. Research Problem/Statement The goal of this research paper is to gain insight as to both the causes and possible treatments for speech disorders like stuttering. Also to determine how other individuals who may speak other languages may be influenced by speech disorders. The research that will be conducted will also analyze the social side effects of stuttering like bullying and social anxiety. Literature Review The literature review that was conducted by utilizing the several databases and journal articles found through Kings College EBSO Host database along with other full text databases. Stuttering is a speech disorder that usually is noticed when an individual is still a child. Signs of stuttering in most individuals tend to disappear as the individual ages. Stuttering “occurs most often in children between the ages of 2 and 5… Most children outgrow stuttering. About 1 percent or less of adults stutters”. Stuttering usually develops while an individual is learning to develop their language skills, but can also develop through severe trauma to the brain. Stuttering which is also known as stammering can negatively influence the lives of many. Speech disorders can negatively affect ones social life, and even professional career if sever enough. Studies have been done to assess the effect of speech disorders like that of stuttering on the social lives of individuals...
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...University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate School Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 6-1-2010 Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential Annie Hirt Nelson University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Nelson, Annie Hirt, "Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential" (2010). Graduate School Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1721 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate School Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. Effects of Reading Comprehension and Fluency Abilities on the N400 Event-Related Potential by Annie Hirt Nelson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Childhood Education and Literacy Studies College of Education University of South Florida Major Professor: Mary Lou Morton, Ph.D. Jacqueline Hinckley, Ph.D. Jim King, Ed.D. Richard Marshall, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 1, 2010 Keywords: syntax, semantics, ERP, N400, sentence structure, children, indexical hypothesis Copyright © 2010, Annie Hirt Nelson ...
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...level. Student D is a biracial (Hispanic and African American) who reads at the second grade level. All of these students receive free lunch and have satisfactory attendance. They do not have an IEP and none of them are English Language learners even though the Hispanic students are bilingual. These four students were chosen because it was noticed that even though they were just reading at one level below their reading level, they exhibit a great lack in comprehension skills. Their reading could also be described as non-fluent. Their reading is slow, choppy, and uninspired. There are also a lot of miscues, insertions, omissions and repetitions of known sight words. After readings like this they fail to answer or answer satisfactorily comprehension questions based on the readings. Samuels (1974), believes this happens because too much of their cognitive resources are used up in trying to read the words that there is little brain capacity left to comprehend the text. The trend continues and manifests itself in their poor performance on language arts tests and reading benchmarks. There was concern because the reading employed by the district focuses on teaching comprehension strategies such as main idea, author's purpose, making inferences, and cause and effect relationships. In...
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...Section 5 School Examples, Student Case Studies, and Research Examples • School Examples, page 5.3 – School-Wide Screening, page 5.4 – Progress Monitoring, page 5.5 – Tiered Service Delivery, page 5.9 – Data-Based Decision Making, page 5.13 – Parent Involvement, page 5.16 – Resources, page 5.22 August 2006 Overview In November 2002, the United States Department of Education requested that the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities (NRCLD) identify, describe, and evaluate the implementation of responsiveness to intervention (RTI) in elementary schools throughout the United States. The NRCLD staff worked with the six Regional Resource Centers (RRCs) to identify potential sites and solicit school participation. More than 60 schools across the country initially were considered, and information from 41 of those schools was submitted. The NRCLD research staff reviewed the extensive amount of information submitted and judged that 19 of those schools were engaging in one or more commendable RTI practices based on a review of the following six components of an RTI service-delivery model: • School-wide screening. Screening is a type of assessment characterized by quick, low cost, repeatable testing of critical academic skills or behaviors and can be administered by individuals with minimal amounts of training. A screening measures whether a student should be judged at risk. If a student meets the criteria for at-risk status, he or she is considered for more in-depth...
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