Introduction
The FIFA World Cup is an international football competition which is being organized by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) every four years. During the three years, a qualification phase is taking place in which the best 32 teams are being determined that actually play during the FIFA World Cup. After group matches and finals, one winner is rewarded the FIFA World Cup Trophy. The hosting country changes every time, being last held in 2010 in South Africa, for the first time ever on the African continent.1The first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930 and has ever since been taking place, except for 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War. 2 The FIFA World Cup used to take place during the Summer Olympics and after the great resonance of the Olympic Football Tournaments in 1924 and 1928, the FIFA decided in a Congress in Amsterdam to officially host a FIFA World Championship which is now known under the name of FIFA World Cup.3
Objectives
The objective of writing this report is to familiarize us with the reason behind the making of events, the advantages and disadvantages of the events. For example, on how had the event helped the certain organization or country economically or culturally. We are going to make this happen with sufficient and productive research through Internet, books, and other resources and being attentive during lectures. With this, we will definitely manage to fully grasp about events.
Analysis
The FIFA World Cup is a mega event that left its footprints on every country that has been hosting it, especially in the last decade since television is an ever growing medium and the accessibility to other countries has improved immensely due to a wider variety in transportation, like for example airplanes. So in the following we will analyze the different impacts the FIFA World Cup 2010 had on its hosting country, South Africa.
1
FIFA (2011) FIFA World Cup [Online].[Last accessed on 06.10.11] 2 Ibid. 3 FIFA (2011) History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11]
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Socio-Cultural Impacts
For the first time ever, a country in Africa was chosen as a host for the FIFA World Cup 2010 namely South Africa. During this period of time, the socio-culture of the country had been greatly impacted positively and negatively. First of all, during the period of the world cup, the racial issue between the blacks and the whites of the South African was improved for a short period of time. The residents of the country got together to present their country and to show their support for the country’s national soccer team Bafana Bafana. This is the chance where the people experienced shared entertainment together. They wore Bafana Bafana shirts, had vuvuzelas, and even carrying a national flag with them to the matches. This effort exposed the nation as one with more similarities than differences. Race was dismissed as an issue as all of the South Africans were seen cheering for their national team disregarding their races4. With the World Cup being a successful tournament, the people of South Africa could be seen as one united people. Secondly, by using vuvuzelas in the stadium during the matches is an introduction of new idea to the world concerning the African culture and a challenging idea. Vuvuzela is a South African long, plastic horn that makes a loud, monotone sound, typically blown by South African fans at soccer matches5. Before the FIFA World Cup 2010, vuvuzelas were not widely known meaning that the world was not aware of its existence. Until, it was introduced to the world during the soccer matches in the FIFA World Cup 2010. The best thing is that this idea is that it became famous all over the world. However, it is very challenging to have the world to accept it. This is due to the noise commotion caused by the vuvuzelas resulting in disagreements of its usage. One of the complains made was that France’s football team captain, Patrice Evra blamed the noise generated by vuvuzelas for his team’s poor showing in their opening group game against Uruguay, which finished goalless. Another is voiced by Cristiano Ronaldo, a Portuguese football player complaining that the vuvuzelas disturb the players concentration and “It is difficult for anyone on the pitch to concentrate” he told the press conference6.
Uyo Salifu (2010) The Impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on South African race relations [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 5 Dictionary.com, LLC. (2011) Define Vuvuzela [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 6 BBC (2011) World Cup 2010: Organisers will not ban vuvuzelas [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011].
4
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Other than having positive impacts upon the FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa, there are also negative impacts. In every major event, there will always be crowd who creates trouble. Thus, bad crowd behaviour is often an issue for the upgrade of security concerns. In the FIFA World Cup 2010 South Africa case is that the supporter succeeded in breaching into England dressing room. The supporter turned out to be Simon Wright, a British journalist of Sunday Mirror in UK. This was done in order to criticize the players for England’s lackluster goalless draw against Algeria. In addition, he was charged for the falsification of booking luxury hotel accommodation for Joseph, his co-operate7. Community manipulation is another issue that contributes to the negative impacts on South Africa. The government of South Africa was considering legalizing prostitution. A South African police commissioner Jackie Selebi first brought up this idea by insisting “if prostitution is legalized, it would free up police to deal with more pressing security issues”. After the idea was dismissed, it was presented again by ANC MP George Lekgetho “It is one of the things that would make it [the tournament] a success because we hear of many rapes, because people don’t have access to them [women],” Lekgetho stated in the meeting of the Portfolio Committee on Arts and Culture in Parliament. These are done so that the legal idea can provide money for the country through tax and serve as a test against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Lekgetho also added, “If sex working is legalized people would not do things in the dark. That would bring us tax and would improve the lives of those who are not working.”8 Even though this might bring more income for the country, this might increase the rate of human trafficking and abuse. Thus, this community manipulation idea is certainly a big mistake because the human welfare is being neglected.
Developmental and Environmental Impacts
Since the FIFA World Cup 2010 was the first mega event that has ever been held in Africa, it was clear that high expectations of the world would have to been met in order to continue a series of prestigious world cups that had been held in various countries all over the world. It was obvious that many changes would have to been made in order to accomplish this mission. So on the one hand, the developmental and environmental impacts were quite positive: First of all, the whole world was looking at South Africa and its neighbors. So the government and the
Zack Wilson & Adithya Ananth (2010) British journalist arrested regarding England dressing room intruder at World Cup 2010 [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 8 Cherie Getchell (2008) Legalizing Prostitution for World Cup 2010 [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011].
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private sector were investing a lot ever since 2004, when it became public where the World Cup 2010 would be held. The government invested a total of $5bn9 and from 2006 onwards, South Africa received an FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) of several billion dollars reaching a peak of $9bn in 2008 but also having quite high numbers in 2007 and 2009, namely $5.7bn.1011 Due to the high amount of money available, new stadia were built and others renovated, including new eco-friendly technology to preserve energy. This means that the environmental awareness was also increased since environmentally friendly technologies were introduced and applied in the newly built stadiums, such as for example natural ventilation or rain water capture systems.12 South Africa had known about them before but never or only sporadically had made use of it, since it uses coal for 90% of its energy source.13 Moreover, the government invested $40bn in order to renew the whole infrastructure, which was a quite big benefit for the country since “South Africa has lacked a strong public transportation network.”14 Projects, that were not touched are cared about for some years, suddenly got high priority, South Africa had to make a move in order to guarantee a smooth infrastructure system for the tens of thousands expected visitors. The transportation network improved in many ways: new railways were constructed, like for example a part of the railways for South Africa’s first and only high speed train, the Gautrain which was exclusively constructed for the World Cup event, in order to provide a “safe, efficient and reliable service to both commuters and airport travelers”15 First feasibility studies for this project were already launched in the 1990s but the railway was only started to being built in 200616, two years after the announcement of the FIFA for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. Furthermore, bus lines were added and the highways finally got improvements like for example enhancing the capacity of some streets by doubling up the number of lanes. Moreover, the airport of Durban was
9
Bond, D. (2010) Will the World Cup change South Africa? [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 10 Polouektov, A. (2010) World Cup Economics: FIFA’s Impact on South Africa [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 11 Massarenti, J. (2011) FDI inflows into Africa dropped by 14% [online]< http://www.afronline.org/?p=11980> [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 12 Pellegrino, G. (2010) 2010 FIFA World Cup: A Turning Point for South Africa [online] [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 RailwayTechnology.com(2010) Gautrain Rapid Rail Link [Online]. [Last Accessed on 06.10.11] 16 Ibid.
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renovated and was “the country’s first new green field airport in five decades”17 and could now also handle bigger planes than before. The airports of Johannesburg and Tambo were also improved in order to being able to welcome the World Cup teams accurately.18 Also, new hotels had been built and older ones were being renovated in order to guarantee a pleasant stay to everyone. These improvements have of course a long-term impact because more hotels can accommodate more tourists and the standards of the hotels being built and renovated rather met the expectations of western tourists than the ones before. So, “some first-time visitors maybe [were] surprised to find that South Africa is a place of 21st century airports, boutique hotels and American-style shopping malls”19 just what they would have expected from any western holiday destination.
But on the other hand, the developmental and environmental impacts were also quite negative. Firstly, the pollution during the World Cup was far higher than expected, even though some new technologies were being used. But the total pollution during this time was nine times higher than it had been in Germany in 2006.20 One of the reasons might be that Germany used far more economically friendly energy sources so there could have been more efforts of South Africa to build eco-friendlier facilities but then the expenses of the government would have been even higher. Thus, “South Africa is[…]the biggest greenhouse gas emitter on the continent, with 73% of African emissions. “21 Therefore, it is highly unlikely that a World Cup would change a nation’s view on how to manage emissions, especially since South Africa is rich in coal which they are using as the major fuel source. Another reason for the high emissions during the World Cup could be that teams and visitors had to travel longer distances in order to get to the hosting country.22 Secondly, the South African Government told residents living in a city block near to the stadium in Johannesburg that this area “was stated for destruction as part of a larger urban17
Pellegrino, G. (2010) 2010 FIFA World Cup: A Turning Point for South Africa [online] [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 18 Ibid. 19 Smith, D. (2009) World Cup 2010: football brings defining moment for South Africa [Online]. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/12/south-africa-world-cup-2010 [Last Accessed on 06.10.11] 20 Sport24 (2009) SWC 2010 a pollution disaster [Online]. [Last Accessed on 06.10.11] 21 Webb, C. (2010) Selling South Africa: Poverty, Politics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup [Online]. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18303 [Last Accessed 06.10.11] 22 Sport24 (2009) SWC 2010 a pollution disaster [Online]. [Last Accessed on 06.10.11]
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regeneration scheme around the stadium, as Johannesburg began preparing for the throngs of tourists expected to come pouring in”23 Eviction also happened in Cape Town, where “mostly women were forcibly evicted from a hostel in the shadow of the stadium, 100m from the BBC’s new home.”24 So the people being evicted mostly do not have anything anymore. They are mostly unemployed and do not have enough money in order to being able to afford an apartment. Therefore, in terms of development this is a great negative impact of the FIFA world cup since its aim was to helping the country and the continent to develop. People ending up in the streets without real perspectives of where to go is a rather devastating result of an intentionally honorable aim.
Tourism and Economy Impacts
Undoubtedly, not only socio-culture of South Africa has been affected but also the tourism and economy of the country. Firstly, for the positive impact, thanks to the FIFA World Cup 2010 being held in South Africa, football fans from all around the world bustled into the country to watch the games. This definitely helped to promote South Africa as a tourist destination and not to forget in the significant rise of tourists’ visits. According to reports, 309,554 tourists visited South Africa with the main purpose of attending the FIFA World Cup. In average, each tourist spent over ten nights in South Africa during his or her visits. The realization of South Africa being a tourist destination increased by nine percent post-FIFA World Cup 201025. The tourists visiting South Africa has increased considerably comparing to the before, during and after the FIFA World Cup. In 2009, the grand total number of tourists visiting South Africa was 607,808 tourists. While in 2010, the number came up to 729,056 showing an increase of 19.9%26. Next, in 2011, 796,526 arrived South Africa another increase of 9.3% from the previous
23
Wert, C. (2010) Kicked Out for the Cup? [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 24 Maclean, S. (2010)’Economic cleansing’ in BBC’s World Cup backyard [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 25 FIFA (2010) Study reveals tourism impact in South Africa [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 26 South African Tourism (2011) Total Tourists Statistics 2010 [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011].
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year27. Although the increase of tourists’ number from 2010 to 2011 is not as great as from 2009 to 2010, this has shown a promising impact. Since, the number of tourists in 2011 is still greater than that of 2009. The tourists from Central and South America were the ones who made the highest rise in visits in 2010 because their numbers increased from 4,598 in 2009 to 5,892 in 2010, a 28.1% increase28. It is the highest increase of number of tourists according to countries. However, in 2011, the tourists from Australasia have the highest rise from 7,585 tourists in 2010 to 9,821 tourists in 201129. Lastly, more job opportunities have been created. With more than 350,000 visitors expected to arrive, 400,000 jobs were created. The tournament had also been projected as an economic boost event that would support more than 120,000 jobs on an annual basis. Furthermore, the small, medium, and micro-enterprises (SMMEs)30 have been able to make use of this chance to enhance their business opportunities.
On the other hand, negative impacts were also created. There was a great opportunity costs going on. The financial revenue was collected much lesser than expected. South Africa had spent US$4.8bn (£3bn) for its staging cost. It has expected to earn back US$912m (£570m) from the tourists attending the World Cup. However, it turned out that South Africa could only regain ten percent of its staging cost, which is only US$516.8m (£323m)31 out of it. The reason is because the tournament attracted only 309,000 foreign supporters attending the tournament instead of the predicted 450,000 foreign supporters that should have arrived. In addition, with 3 million tickets available, only less than 100,000 have been sold in Africa. This is because the ticket prices are mostly not affordable for the Africans32. Last but not least, 10,955 seats were not filled on the match between South Korea and Greece at Port Elizabeth33. Therefore, instead of making use of the money to help the poor South
27
South African Tourism (2011) Total Tourists Statistics 2011 [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 28 ibid. 29 ibid. 30 South African Tourism (2011) 2010 FIFA World Cup creates jobs [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 31 Telegraph Media Group Limited (2011) South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 32 Chriss Webb (2010) Global Games and Social Change [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 33 Thomas Reuters Corporate (2011) Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011].
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Africans, the government invested the money on the FIFA World Cup 2010, which did not bring much revenue to them.
The World Cup 2010 might be bringing lots of tourists into the country but if the government did have a careful plan, it may backfire. The damage made to the reputation was inevitable. To make sure that South Africa is to be a presentable and modernized country to the tourists, the government carried out lots of efforts to improvise this. One of which is to evict the shackdwellers or those people living on the streets. People living in the streets were driven away from their homes even those that are living in a shabby hostel. A 30-year-old woman called Nikki had been living in the hostel for three years and was eight months pregnant when she was forced to sleep rough on the nearby streets34. In addition, the local shack-dwellers’ organization called ABAHLALI baseMjondolo (ABM) set up shacks outside of the Cape Town’s stadium on the eve of the World Cup to show the world how they live35. This has absolutely contributes to damaging the reputation of the country of how the people are being treated.
Political Impacts
The responsibility of the South African Government was immense. It was the aim to show the world that the whole continent of Africa is being able to host a mega event and that it is more than a “"forgotten continent"…[as it is] often seen through the prism of war and famine” On the one side, the political impacts were quite positive. Firstly, the South African Government was able to gain international prestige by hosting the FIFA 2010 World Cup. At first in his bid to the FIFA in 2003, the former president Thabo Mbeki only expressed a dream of his by saying:
“The basis of [South Africa's] bid was a resolve to ensure that the 21st century unfolds as a century of growth and development in Africa … This is not a dream. It is a practical policy … the successful hosting of the FIFA World Cup™ in Africa will provide a powerful, irresistible momentum to [the] African renaissance … We want, on behalf of our continent, to stage an event that will send ripples of confidence from the Cape to Cairo - an event that will create social and economic opportunities throughout Africa. We want to ensure that one day, historians will reflect upon the 2010 World Cup as a moment when Africa stood tall and resolutely turned the tide
34
The Independent Africa (2010) 'Economic cleansing' in BBC's World Cup backyard [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]. 35 InternAfrica (2010) Shack dwellers threat to cup [online]. . [Last accessed on 06.10.2011]
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on centuries of poverty and conflict. We want to show that Africa's time has come.”36 This caused the world to keep an eye on what is exactly happening in South Africa and if they were actually able to make the change and to being able to hold a mega event of such importance to the world. In the beginning nobody actually really belived in those words, the FIFA even created a back-up plan in case that South Africa would not be able to fulfill the requirements.37 But the South African Government made changes and advanced in its development by launching many infrastructure improvements and enhancing security standards in the affected areas. Furthermore, in November 2006 the African Legacy Programme was established which aim was mainly “to leave a legacy for the African continent.”38 It stated as its clear aims to “support the realization of African renaissance objectives, including programmes of the African Union[, to] ensure maximum and effective African participation at the 2010 World Cup [and furthermore to] improve Africa’s global image and combat Afro39 pessimism.” South Africa wanted to contribute to this legacy and to set as aims for the World Cup 2010: to build a peaceful united nation, to enhance environment and tourismn, to improve telecommunication 40 and to build up a continental security cooperation. At least for the World Cup itself, South Africa achieved most of these goals and when the world saw the progress South Africa had made, everybody agreed that: “Africa’s time has come – South Africa is ready.”41 And everybody paid tribute to the effort that South Africa had put into the whole organization. Thus, South Africa did quite well in promoting investment into their country. Like already mentioned in the developmental impacts, the hosting of such a mega event drew investments into the country, but even shortly after the world cup, South Africa remained a profitable investment. The reasons therefore are quite obvious: South Africa put a lot of effort into improving the transportation system. By introducing the first high speed train as well as being more accessible by plane the hopes of having more tourists are justified. And as a possible increasing tourist destination, investors also see quite high chances in making profit.
On the other side, the political impacts were also negative. Firstly, the South African Government tried at some points to actually deny what their country is like, in fact South Africa used a lot of propaganda in order to make them look better. They were trying to suppress the fact of having a lot of unemployed and poor people. That is why they were evicting people, far away from the eyes of the media, denying this fact whenever somebody asked or giving fake excuses for it. They did not want the world to see the real face of South Africa, they just wanted to “change the image of the continent from one which is
36
Desai, A. and Vahed, G. (2010) 2010 World Cup: Africa’s Turn or Turning on Africa? A political economy of FIFA’s African adventure [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 37 BBC Sport (2007) Fifa makes 2010 Cup back-up plan [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 38 Republic of South Africa (2010) African Legacy [Online].< http://www.sa2010.gov.za/african-legacy> [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid.
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perceived as poverty stricken and unstable to one that is stable, prosperous and proactive”42, the rising star of the African countries, Wendy Willems, programme research officer of the War on Want, a British-based anti-poverty charity, said: "The South African government sees slums as an image problem. In reality this is a human problem for the thousands of people who will lose their homes.”43 Whilst the former president Thabo Mbeki “predicted the 2010 World Cup would be the moment when the African continent turned the tide on centuries of poverty and conflict.”44 So, for the current President Jacob Zuma who was elected in 2010 there is the conclusion that there are “many unresolved questions of society, such as increasing income inequality, rampant
unemployment, the run-down health system, a national housing crisis and the president’s battered personal image resulting from his apparently unquenchable libido.”45
Conclusion
We have come to a conclusion that the FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa had not been positively affecting the country. This is because for socio-cultural, vuvuzela is a very challenging idea to be accepted worldwide and the idea of legalizing prostitution would enhance develop the rate of HIV and STDs further. In addition, the negligence of the citizens welfare in favour of the World Cup preparation had been very unfair to the poor who are suffering in South Africa. Also, politically the negative impacts will be the ones that people remember, that South Africa evicted poor people rather than organizing a good World Cup. Only the developmental impacts were rather positive since the newly built infrastructure is a long-term impact which effects everyone in South Africa in a good way.
42
Webb, C. (2010) Selling South Africa: Poverty, Politics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup [Online]. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18303 [Last Accessed 06.10.11] 43 Smith, D. (2009) World Cup 2010: football brings defining moment for South Africa [Online]. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/12/south-africa-world-cup-2010 [Last Accessed on 06.10.11] 44 Bond, D. (2010) Will the World Cup change South Africa? [Online]. [Last accessed on 06.10.11] 45 Webb, C. (2010) Selling South Africa: Poverty, Politics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup [Online]. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18303 [Last Accessed 06.10.11]
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