...Since the development of Psychology, the effects of childhood development and behavior has been a largely controversial topic. Psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget, have been avid supporters of the idea that childhood development largely depends upon factors in their environment while growing up. It is believed that negative environments are the embryo for psychological disorders expressed later in life. The early childhood and developmental environments of multiple clearly psychotic individuals, such as infamous serial killers, have been studied to determine the cause of such undesirable disorders. These disorders continue to hinder the lives of many people to the point that they can’t even function in society. Many events during childhood, such as abuse, isolation, or the lack of love and support, have many negative effects on the growing and developing young brain. One such area that is largely damaged due to child abuse is the subiculum part of the brain. The subiculum relays the hippocampus with the rest of the brain and is responsible for the internal rewards center, which helps the individual feel good about themselves and their actions. Damage to this area of the brain has been linked to drug abuse and schizophrenia shown later in that individual's life. Similarly, during essential brain developmental periods a decrease in hippocampus volume, from stress due to childhood abuse and maltreatment, is highly correlated to psychiatric disorders. Of the...
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...Life span Development paper LiveDream Susan Cohen PSY/375 06/22/15 Introduction The development of Infancy and Early Childhood is a combination of biological, psychological and emotional changes that are developed in an individual between the time of birth and to the end of adolescence. During this span of birth and early childhood the most critical stages of development are at work laying down the foundation that will affect the learning skills and social, cognitive and emotional development. Aspects that surround an individual during this very important time will either nurture or hinder their progress of development. The aspects that are detrimental to infancy and early childhood development are the environment of one’s family, cognitive development through early childhood education and parenting styles. Families Affect The Development of Infants And Young Children. “Families are the first to teach infants and young children, which fosters development during infancy and early childhood. Early relationships help infants develop a working model, a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life” (Berger, 2011, p. 189). During infancy and early childhood the effects of the family environment is the most influential part of an individual’s development. The culture and environment of the family bring the infant experiences that that either nurture or set back their development. An infant that lives in an environment where he or she receives expectations...
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...say) how trauma can affect development, most specifically neural development. Discuss how spiritual development can counter the effects of trauma. What are the determining factors that lead to developmental delays when a child is exposed to trauma? Give details on the prevalence of different types of trauma and if they differ among different cultures. Make sure to support everything you report with at least 2–3 current APA citations and then a reference page at the end. Review the Essay Grading Rubric before submitting. Your paper must be at least 600 words. Abstract Trauma is an experience that all people are potential vulnerable towards. Trauma comes in many forms ranging from non-typical situations of abuse and neglect to intense reaction to life events such as the death of a loved one or a natural disaster. Trauma may be experienced personally or may result from witnessing a particular event. The effects of trauma are long lasting, though not necessarily irreversible. Trauma may result in a variety of mental health or addiction diagnosis and often has significant impacts on neurological development. While trauma has many negative effects, there are many approaches to trauma that may minimize these effects. One such approach described in the paper is a spiritual approach. Spiritual development and application may provide understanding and hope after a person has experienced trauma and is often a successful means of recovering from the effects of a traumatic experience. ...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Paper David Trejo PSY103 June 13, 2011 Sandy Collins Lifespan Development and Personality Paper An organized study of life’s different cycle phases of human beings is what developmental psychology sets out to accomplish. The psychological development of humans is also described through developmental psychology. Lifespan development study of humans involves psychological, behavior, and genetic alterations from birth to the end of one’s life. How one progresses through life is mainly influenced by environmental and hereditary (nature and nurture) factors that involve cognitive, physical, moral, personality, and social development (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). This paper will discuss the influences on physical and cognitive development of middle childhood years (6 – 12 years). As a child progresses into these years, physical, moral, cognitive, personal, and social traits are further developed. All of these traits are imperative in the personality development of humans. Understanding how humans develop traits as physical, moral, and social during the middle childhood years will give insight into lifespan development (Karpov, 2005). Physical Development Factors During childhood years, the physical development stage ranges from gross motor development skills to fine motor development skills. Hereditary...
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...Influences of Childhood Development La Tesha Simpson PSY/600 Developmental Psychology July 15, 2013 Judy Pendleton, PsyD Influences of Childhood Development Children are impressionable and share the characteristics of a sponge in a sense, by means of picking up a spill and letting it ooze out of their personality or behavior. Children imitate most of what they see and hear whether negative or positive. Imitating is learning and learning is form of development. Everyone and everything can influence the choices children make during childhood. The purpose of this paper is to investigate influences of childhood development. Development of any kind during childhood can have life altering factors. Some of those factors will include career development starting during early childhood, economic resources in child development, and socioeconomic status and child development. This investigation will demonstrate whether the influences are healthy or unhealthy development during childhood. Career Development during Childhood Parents and professional role models may influence children in their career choice. For example, if a parent is a doctor a child may find that exciting and want to follow the footsteps of the parent. Perhaps, the child learns how police officers and fire fighters give back to the community and want to do the same. Career development start during childhood and covers the course of life (Porfeli & Lee, 2012). Researchers show how an individual establishes...
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...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...Cognitive development – education foundations. Perry D, (2002), ‘Childhood Experience and the Expression of Genetic Potential: What Childhood Neglect Tells Us About Nature and Nurture’, Brain and Mind, 3 (1), pp79-100, accessed 21/03/13, Pro Quest Central database. The aim of this article is to explore the impact of childhood neglect on cognitive development. The author has studied different sources, animal studies and childhood reports to compare the effects. Research suggested that nurturing is most critical in early childhood, without positive experiences neurodevelopment may not be successful. The first investigation showed that animals in enriched environments thrived with larger complex brains rather then those in deprived conditions. In comparison the studies of neglect in early childhood indicate when necessary experiences are not provided neural systems are underdeveloped. Overall its believed that positive experiences allow genetic potential to thrive therefore a combination of nature and nurture has effect. The focus of this article exemplifies the crucial aspect of relationship experiences and whether they positively or negatively impact cognitive development. The author discusses the complex neurone system and how it is during childhood growth, the brain is most sensitive. This is key as it relates to lecture concepts on the importance of ‘early care in relation to the sensitivity of the brain’ and without exposure to positive experiences there is a lack in...
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...DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327 (2012) Klein Award Winner CHILDHOOD SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER AND ADULT ONSET PANIC ATTACKS SHARE A COMMON GENETIC DIATHESIS Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D.,1 ∗ Lindon J. Eaves, Ph.D.,1,2 John M. Hettema, M.D.,1 Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D.,1,2 and Judy L. Silberg, Ph.D.1,2 Background: Childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is hypothesized to share etiologic roots with panic disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic and environmental sources of covariance between childhood SAD and adult onset panic attacks (AOPA), with the primary goal to determine whether these two phenotypes share a common genetic diathesis. Methods: Participants included parents and their monozygotic or dizygotic twins (n = 1,437 twin pairs) participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and those twins who later completed the Young Adult Follow-Up (YAFU). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was completed at three waves during childhood/adolescence followed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR at the YAFU. Two separate, bivariate Cholesky models were fit to childhood diagnoses of SAD and overanxious disorder (OAD), respectively, and their relation with AOPA; a trivariate Cholesky model also examined the collective influence of childhood SAD and OAD on AOPA. Results: In the best-fitting bivariate model, the covariation between SAD and AOPA was accounted for by genetic and unique environmental...
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...The Effects Parents Have on Early Childhood Education Grand Canyon University: UNV501 January 8, 2014 The Effects Parents Have on Early Childhood Education Berger, E. (1999). Supporting parents with two essential understandings: attachment and brain development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 26(4), 267-270. Early childhood development begins as an infant. A parent should love and have supportive interaction with their child to enhance the development. A child learns more and is willing to engage more when they are shown love. Attachment from the parents allows brain development. This article has been in the peer-reviewed process which is a collection of scholars. Martinez-Pons, M. (2002). Parental influences on children’s academic self-regulatory development. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 126. Parents play a tremendous part in early childhood development. Parents are social models for their children which can begin children’s self-regulatory development. Children learn by observing their parents and/or siblings which allows them to be models. If the parents are unsure of how to promote self-regulatory development they can be taught how to enable their children goals. This is a peer-review article that is scholarly under Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sukhram, D. & Hsu, A. (2012). Developing reading partnerships between parents and children: A reflection on the reading together program. Journal of Early Childhood Education,40,115-121 Reading...
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...Neurological Disturbances Found in the Brain Due to Childhood Traumas. Emotional disturbances have such an impact to the brain that it can affect various important changes if that trauma continues. In the journal European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience by Ana Martin Blanco, et. al., discusses how the Hypothalamus Pituitary-Adrenal gland is an important component in patients with personality disorders. In the study conduct by the researchers for the journal was to analyze the dysfunction of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal gland and its effects of childhood trauma in a large sample of Dissociative Personality Disorder patients. The DID patients underwent a proper medical interview classifying them with a true diagnosis of...
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...blood… these were all staples of my childhood and that of the many schoolchildren who ever pick up a video game controller. According to the National Coalition Against Censorship, video game violence has been a topic of intense debate and scapegoating ever since “Death Race” was pulled from arcades in 1976 for depicting vehicular homicide. Many people argue that violence in interactive technology is detrimental to the minds of adolescents, so much so that it creates violent criminals from innocent youths. Fortunately for the droves of gamers who enjoy a little violent entertainment, video game violence in itself has never been proven to create violent tendencies during adolescence. In 1993, the 16-bit fighting game, Mortal Kombat, came under scrutiny for depicting an array of bloody animations at the end of each battle. During that controversy, Senator Joe Lieberman was quoted as saying, “We’re talking about video games that glorify violence and teach children to enjoy inflicting the most gruesome forms of cruelty imaginable.” Unfortunately for the Senator and all the parent groups that follow his opinion, video games have been proven only to aid in childhood development. For instance, in his article “The Therapeutic Use of Videogames in Childhood and Adolescence”, Mark Griffiths states “[Videogames provide] the visual patters, speed and storyline that help children’s basic skills development.” He goes on to outline the positive effects of video game entertainment in various...
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...Middle Childhood PSY/103 Middle Childhood There are various aspects of human development, including physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. In this paper the author will discuss the middle childhood (6-12 years) stage of human development. Incorporated will be the factors that affect physical and cognitive development both hereditary and environmental. I will also discuss the factors that affect social, moral, and personality development. Developmentally, middle childhood is a big time in a child’s life. During this time, they begin their academic journey. “During middle childhood, defined by psychologists as the period between 6 and 12 years of age children develop the emotional, cognitive, and social skills necessary to become educable members of society” (Campbell, 2011). They are growing and changing in so many ways. Children begin learning how to relate to others outside the home. They also learn to respect others and how to treat others properly. A child’s physical and cognitive development can be affected by many things. Genetics, nutrition, home environment, income, and parenting affect how a child will develop during middle childhood. Culture also comes into play when a person looks at social, moral, and personality development. All of these things will affect how a child thinks and feels about the world around him or her. Genes have an effect on middle childhood development. Everything from height and weight to hair color are determined...
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...role played by parent’s attachment styles, in cohesion with the parent’s physical and psychological health. The essay will further highlight an existence of additional complex factors, above and above parenting, that affect children’s mental health, varying from, social, environmental, cultural, stigma and poverty effects. Mental health can described as state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life. Research outlines that, a child mental well being is thought to depend a combination of factors such healthy and balanced nutrition, socialization, and nurturing, provided by primary caregivers, extended family, and the community of residence, a potential impact to which, the child development process can proceeds along a healthy, or potentially traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of a drive behavioural system, organised around specific attachment figures (Bowlby, 1969). The theory further explains that the Infants...
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...children in poverty, the United States still ranks highest in childhood poverty among all industrialized nations. In the United States, income poverty is defined by the poverty threshold, developed in 1959 and based on expected food expenditures (thrifty food basket) for families of varying sizes. Each year the threshold is adjusted for the Consumer Price Index cost of living. In 1999, the poverty threshold for a single mother raising two children was $13,423. Researchers have criticized the poverty threshold on numerous counts. First, government transfers such as food stamps and housing subsidies as well as tax benefits (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit) and tax payments are not included when assessing the poverty threshold. Second, regional and urban differences in the cost of living are not considered when computing the poverty threshold. Despite the criticisms levied against the way poverty is assessed in the United States, the current review highlights research that has used this definition of poverty, while acknowledging its weaknesses. This article reviews the literature linking family poverty to children's cognitive and educational outcomes such as achievement tests, grade completion, and high school graduation. Timing of poverty has been shown to make a difference vis-à-vis child outcomes; thus, the discussion focuses on three stages of childhood: early childhood (age two to four), middle childhood (age five to twelve), and adolescence (age thirteen to eighteen)...
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