...Throughout a child’s life it is recommended to vaccinate. Vaccinations are safe and effective in preventing infections and diseases. One in particular is pertussis, also known as the “whooping cough.” Pertussis is an infection of the respiratory system and should be vaccinated for the reason of life-threatening capabilities. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Pertussis is bacteria that damages the tiny hairs in the respiratory system. These hair like projections are called cilia. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The cilia work to keep mucus and dirt out of the lungs, so air can move easily and work effectively in providing oxygen to the body. The cilia work like a filter for the lungs. The same as a filter...
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...informs you about the disease pertussis or whooping cough as others may call it. This disease has been around for a very long time and even though there has been a vaccine for over 50 years, this disease seems to still be a problem. Experts are always working around the clock to find new and improved vaccines to rid the world of the pertussis bacteria. In the first section of the text the author will describe the history of the bacteria that cause the whooping cough and exactly what it is comprised of and the toxins that it carries which make the bacteria so deadly and hard to figure out and treat. The signs and symptoms of this disease are very similar to those of the common cold so many people often mistake it as such and do not seek medical advice until it is too late. The second portion of the text is going to tell you about the recent and past trends of the disease in the United States. The numbers are unpredictable and no one can seem to put a finger on the actual reason why this is, there are a few opinions however. There are a few new vaccines that have been introduced to the world and the hopes are that they will be as helpful as the old vaccine that was given over 50 years ago. “Whooping cough affects approximately 48.5 million people every year, of whom 295,000 die.” (Nordqvist, 2014) Pertussis is a very severe and highly contagious respiratory disease commonly known as the whooping cough caused by the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis. Until recently it was known...
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...LOCAL, AND NON-GOVERNMENT WEBSITE REVIEW Vaccinations are a vital component for public health. Vaccinations prevent the effects of infectious disease such as pertussis. Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious bacteria spread by coughs and sneezes. Small droplets containing the bacteria are transmitted through airborne methods, which cause the disease to be spread from person to person. In this website, review will inform and provide information over different aspects of government and non-government functions. The federal, local, and non-governmental agencies websites provide similar and different information. These different agencies have different structures. The review will discuss these structures. The different agencies provide different and similar structures concerning pertussis. The government and non-government agencies work together in different capacities. These agencies have public and community health purposes and work together in different capacities to provide public health. Information derived from each of the various websites overlap including the definition of pertussis. A fact sheet provides the number of cases reported in a pertussis summary report and questions and answers. Pertussis vaccination information is a major overlap between the various websites. However, the immunity from vaccines wears off over time, but pertussis vaccination rates in adolescence and adults continue to be low reason for the continued circulation locally and federally...
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...Vaccination coverage has been expanding for some decades, and the experiment for creating new vaccines have been conducted yet. There are approximately more than 60 kinds of vaccinations, and they can prevent 25 infectious diseases. The vaccination is advertised an effective way to develop immune system, so the people who are not over 18 years old are recommended to inoculate 15 kinds of vaccines to enhance own immunity. On the other hand, serious side effects caused by vaccinations became a social issue a couple years ago. Some people who are vaccinated reported side effects such as body convulsion, joint pain, and fever, it results that people have a question for the necessity of vaccination. This issue has been discussed on a global scale, and there are three main sides debating this issue: one side promotes to inoculate vaccine, another side opposes to vaccinating, and the final side supports to inoculate vaccines only for certain diseases....
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...What is the mechanism that Bordetella pertussis uses to invade epithelial cells in the lungs? The bacteria, Bordetella pertussis causes cough which becomes serious cough as the bacteria stays in the upper respiratory track and releases toxins which lead to the inflammation. The lungs consist of the Epithelial cell lining which is invaded by this bacteria. There are two stages for this disease the first stage is the colonization of the bacteria in the upper respiratory track. And the second stage is known as toxemic stage. During the first stage fever, cough is observed and during the toxemic stage there will be prolonged cough. We need to identify in the first stage itself as the medication will be working but the medication will not be working in the second stage. Why does this Gram-negative bacteria cause the characteristic cough that it does? Dry cough and sore throat are the common symptoms which are seen with Gram- negative bacteria. Cough lasts for almost 7-10 days. The Gram negative bacteria enters in to the respiratory track and involves in production of mucous and this results in the excess mucous production due to which cough effects the patient. Respiratory track is blocked by this mucous which leads to the breathing hard and whopping sound is also observed while coughing. Why is infant mortality high? All age groups might be affected with the disease; infants are at the high risk. As vaccination is not done infant mortality rate is high. Booster vaccines...
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...Child Vaccinations Mandatory Law or Personal Choice By: Courtney Boyd Childhood vaccinations, a personal choice or mandatory law? The anti-vaccine movement created by parent complaints have made many parents and guardians question the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. I will discuss the history of vaccines, how vaccinations work, the effects of not receiving vaccines, the exemptions of states, as well as a guide to the age a child should receive each vaccination and the vaccine required. History of the vaccine Do you know how long it usually takes for a new vaccine to become available to the public? Scientists and researchers spend many years (10-15) in science laboratories during the first stage of this extensive process. Once this process has been completed, the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. F.D.A.) has a series of trials that are conducted on human volunteers. These series are used to test vaccine efficiency, to determine appropriate dosage, and to monitor adverse side effects. That’s not the end though, after these series of tests, the FDA still monitors the vaccine reactions for many years. The first vaccine was not discovered until 1798 by Edward Jenner and was used for vaccination against the smallpox virus. Later on, over a 100 years, Louis Pasteur proved that a disease could be prevented by infecting a person with the weakened germs. Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine on a boy in 1885 to prevent rabies as...
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...Modern medicine provides people with the ability to protect themselves from the world’s most fatal diseases. Merely a century ago, it was not uncommon for a child to die as a result of diseases such as polio, pertussis, and tuberculosis. Today, it is highly unlikely for a person to contract these diseases, let alone die from them. However, refusal of vaccinations has been increasing throughout the years due to the anti-vaccination movement. This movement declares mandatory vaccines unconstitutional and vaccinations overall as the cause of autism. Unfortunately, the anti-vaccination movement is becoming increasingly popular due to individuals’ unfounded fears and imagined consequences associated with the idea of purposely inserting a disease into one’s body. However, despite one’s beliefs, vaccines are essential not only to a person’s well-being, but to the health of those around them. Mandatory vaccinations do not cause autism; rather, they save lives while upholding values of...
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...Abstract Data in regards to the rates of vaccinations among child has been decreasing. The reasons cited by parents are wide with concerns and fears leading to refusal. Healthcare providers play a major role in providing information for patients with questions regarding vaccinations and nurses are often on the front line when it comes to battling the resurgence of diseases such as the measles and pertussis. These providers must be comfortable, and understand the reasoning while discussing the reason for the vaccination, their schedule, and the effects of vaccines. There are several ways nurses and healthcare providers can help reduce the fear, and bring understanding to the parent who may be refusing vaccines. Some factors the nurse is unable to change, however there are ways to be able to make vaccinations more accessible to the whole population. Since vaccinations laws in the US were enacted in the 1960’s and 70’s, childhood vaccinations have been required to occur before beginning school. By the 1980’s all 50 states including DC required vaccinations for entrance into public school. Exemptions could be made for families that made the decision to refuse vaccinations based upon medical reason, religious reason, or personal philosophy (Blendall & Farre, 2012). Rates for non-medical reasons to withhold vaccinations have increased significantly over the past years, despite the evidence that communicable disease have declined, and documented safety...
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...Pell makes a clear argument that patients and parents of young minors are not fully informed on the truth about vaccines and that they should think twice before making a decision to be injected before they are informed upon the true effectiveness and safety claims of the manufacturer. Pell believes that those with a “pro-vaccine mentality” are in danger and need to rethink their decision before unknowingly going through with a vaccine that could possibly not help, but rather hurt them. Rob Pell is able to support his anti-vaccine argument through the use of statistics and facts. One important statistic he recognizes is” In the US and England, the death rate from Pertussis (whooping cough) dropped from about 60 deaths per thousand in the mid-1800s to about 2 per thousand in the early 1950s, even before the Pertussis vaccine was used. Deaths from measles from the mid-1800s until the 1963 introduction of the measles vaccine fell at a nearly identical rate.” Rob Pell uses this specific statistic in order to show that even before vaccines were administered, in both cases the death rate was already decreasing rapidly throughout the United States and England. An extremely important fact Pell uses to further his point is “A 1978 survey of 30 states showed that more than half of all children who contracted measles had been fully vaccinated. Sweden abandoned its whooping cough vaccine after it examined 5,140 cases of whooping cough in 1978 and found that 84 percent had been vaccinated...
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...Often we hear parents from all sorts of wake refusing to vaccinate their children because of all the possible side effects and adverse effects the vaccine may give their child. According to Dr. Kathryn J. Horton, author of “Why Parents Aren’t Vaccinating Their Kids, According to New Study,” the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) conducted a survey of more than 600 pediatricians in 2006 and 2013 to estimate the number of parents refusing or delaying their children’s vaccinations. The results showed an increase of at least 9% from 2006 to 2013. Pediatricians reported that parents are simply refusing or delaying vaccinations because they feel like they are unnecessary. One of the pediatricians commented that in the past, parents were scared...
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...plane ride away. It is very important to be educated and informed about immunization, the risks versus benefits, so that we can be wise and immunize. Immunization Benefits Immunization against deadly diseases has been a hot topic for many years, and the public needs to be informed on both the benefits and risks that are associated with the vaccines, so that all people can make a well informed decision on whether or not to vaccinate. There seems to be many misconceptions about the vaccines, but the cold, hard, truth is that immunization prevents illness, disability, and death from vaccine preventable diseases such as: polio, diphtheria, pneumonia, rubella, tetanus, pertussis, measles, and rotavirus diarrhea. About 22.4 million infants did not receive the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccines in 2011. More than 70% of these children live in ten countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, the Philippines, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Ethiopia, India, and Indonesia. (“ WHO World Immunization Week,” 2014) Disease Control Approximately two hundred years after the discovery of vaccine by English Physician Edward Jenner,...
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...Modern medicine provides people with the ability to protect themselves from the world’s most fatal diseases. Merely a century ago, it was not uncommon for a child to die as a result of diseases such as polio, pertussis, and tuberculosis. Today it is highly unlikely for a person to contract these diseases, let alone die from them. However, refusal of vaccinations has been increasing throughout the years. This is due to individual’s unfounded fears and imagined consequences associated with the idea of purposely inserting a disease into one’s body. Despite one’s beliefs, vaccines are essential not only to a person’s well-being, but to the health of those around them. Mandatory vaccinations do not cause autism; rather, they save lives while also...
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...an outbreak. By reducing the number of people who are not immune, we can contain the spread of contagious disease. This is known as “community immunity” or “herd immunity” ("Vaccines.gov", n.d.). Diseases such as measles and pertussis were once highly feared and vaccines for these diseases have played an important part in reducing the transmissions of these and other deadly diseases. (Luthy, DNP,FNP, Beckstrand, RN, PhD, CCRN, CNE, Callister, RN, PhD, FAAN, & Cahoon, SN, 2012). While many people fear that immunizations can have harmful side effects such as developmental delays in children or that the government and pharmaceutical companies are profiting from the sale of immunizations, parents who choose to not immunize their children are putting the general public at risk. We must act now to encourage parents to vaccinate in order to prevent widespread outbreaks of once deadly diseases. Personal Beliefs There are currently 20 states that allow vaccine exemption based on parents’ personal beliefs, and this is becoming increasingly prevalent. Parents’ personal decisions to exempt their children from receiving vaccinations often stems from a false sense of security that if everyone else is vaccinated, they should not risk the side effects when their children are healthy. These parents are often unknowingly contributing to potentially serious health and economic consequences. If enough parents in a community refuse to vaccinate their children, an infectious disease...
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...very rare. However, in many of the cases that have been reported, the reaction was as minor as swelling and redness near the injection site. Although the risks are low every parent should be well-informed before making the decision to have their child receive vaccinations. The rewards of getting your child vaccinated out way the risks substantially. Many of the shots children take are combined immunities in one shot. The reason for this is so the children have fewer shots to take in their lifetime. The DTP shot consists of three different vaccinations. The DTP shot is combined of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis. Diphtheria is a deadly respiratory infection. Diphtheria was a major epidemic in the United States before vaccines were routine nearly 175,000 people contracted this infection (Howard). Tetanus is an acute infectious disease contracted through a penetrating wound. Pertussis is best described as whooping cough. The MMR vaccination also contains three different vaccines, measles-mumps-rubella. These are all diseases that can be life threatening to children and adults. The...
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...“Prevention is better than cure.” This common statement could not relate any better than it does with the controversy surrounding the morality, effectiveness, and safety of childhood immunizations. The major argument is whether or not laws should be established to declare vaccination mandatory for all children. “The US food and Drug administration (FDA) regulates all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness,” (ProCon.org, 2012) therefor there should not be any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. The first major concern parents have when it comes to childhood vaccinations is that of the health and safety of their children. Some parents believe that vaccines were developed to help the spread against dangerous transmittable diseases. Other parents are under the impression that vaccines themselves present high risk factors for their children. Both have strong arguing points in this controversy and have good reason to believe in what they do. Proponents argue and the facts clearly show that since the emergence of vaccines in the twentieth century for common life threatening diseases, such as measles and diphtheria, the related number of deaths has decreased by more than 500%. On the other side, opponents argue that childhood vaccines are responsible for the dramatic increase of autoimmune diseases. Many proponents argue that childhood vaccination is vital and should be...
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