.............................................. 2 2. Pre-Negotiation ........................................................................... 4 3. Negotiation before the final conference ................................... 11 4. Negotiation: The Bretton Woods Conference ........................... 15 5. Conclusion: Later changes and full analysis ............................. 19 6. Primary Sources and Bibliography ............................................ 22 7. Annexes: .................................................................................... 26 FEUC – Negociação Internacional – 2013-14 1 1. Introduction The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference that occurred from the 1st of July to the 22nd in 1944 better known as the Bretton Woods conference gave origin to a ground-breaking system. It was the first time a fully negotiated monetary order came to existence which a new paradigm perspective on how to face economical international relations. This essay will help you understand why the Bretton Woods system happened, its historical context, why it worked throughout the time it did and the motive why it stopped functioning. Paramount to this essay will be its non-biased writing as hundreds of theories from Europeans and Americans exist trying to blame each other for the ending of this system. This is tremendously important because most current articles written about the possibility/impossibility of a well-functioning Bretton...
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...Social Theory of International Politics Is it a good alternative on established theories in international relations? 1811 Words Maxim de la Haije (2509740) VU University Political Analysis Dr. Paul Pennings Amsterdam, 28 June 2013 Introduction In recent decades, many approaches have emerged which all try to clarify the processes of international relations as best as possible. Alexander Wendt, a staunch supporter of the social constructivist school, developed the ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ to explain this process, this theory is based on social constructivism. His works can be seen as a response to the theory developed by Waltz, which provided the basis for the neorealist school. This new approach to international relations is increasingly gaining ground and can be seen as a important contribution towards existing theories of international relations. Wendt felt that the existing theories in international relations were too restrictive and too much adherence to guidelines. He thinks out of the box and is in certain areas very rebellious. He beliefs that realism misses the inter subjectively shared ideas which shape behaviour by constituting the identities and interest of actors. Wendt (1999) sees the international system as a social construction. In his works he emphasizes the role of shared ideas and norms in shaping state behavior. Liberal and realist perspectives aim that materialist or individualist reasons causes actions by states. Wendt...
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...THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEEPENING DEMOCRACY SHEILA S. CORONEL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since the 17th century, the role of the press as Fourth Estate and as a forum for public discussion and debate has been recognized. Today, despite the mass media’s propensity for sleaze, sensationalism and superficiality, the notion of the media as watchdog, as guardian of the public interest, and as a conduit between governors and the governed remains deeply ingrained. The reality, however, is that the media in new and restored democracy do not always live up to the ideal. They are hobbled by stringent laws, monopolistic ownership, and sometimes, the threat of brute force. State controls are not the only constraints. Serious reporting is difficult to sustain in competitive media markets that put a premium on the shallow and sensational. Moreover, the media are sometimes used as proxies in the battle between rival political groups, in the process sowing divisiveness rather than consensus, hate speech instead of sober debate, and suspicion rather than social trust. In these cases, the media contribute to public cynicism and democratic decay. Still, in many fledgling democracies, the media have been able to assert their role in buttressing and deepening democracy. Investigative reporting, which in some cases has led to the ouster of presidents and the fall of corrupt governments, has made the media an effective and credible watchdog and boosted its credibility among the public. Investigative reporting...
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...(Maccoby, May-June, 2003), that is seven rule to create learning culture: 1. Describe the purpose of the work you and the team are doing. What are you trying to achieve? Who are your potential customers and how will you create value for them? 2. Clarify roles and responsibilities 3. Make sure managers and subordinates understand each other’s personality. 4. Communicate and facilitate communication 5. Managers need to create trust by treating people fairly 6. Make evaluation a continuous and honest dialogue rather than a bureaucratic process 7. Developing the cultural context in which supervisors can practice the other six rules. 2. Company Background Sushi King first opened since 1995, pioneering a new era of Japanese cuisine in Malaysia with unique ‘Kaiten Sushi’ or ‘Revolving Sushi’ with quick service restaurant concept (king, 2011). Sushi King offering a wide variety of sushi along with an expansive menu of other Japanese food at affordable prices in a friendly environment and quickly gained popularity become favorite amongst locals and foreigners alike. From a single outlet in Kuala Lumpur, Sushi King has grown to encompass over 70 (and counting) restaurants nationwide, distinguishing ourselves as the largest sushi chain of restaurants in the country. Mission Sushi King is to bring good Japanese dining that enrich our life (king,...
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...UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DETERMINANTES DA INOVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DAS FIRMAS DA INDÚSTRIA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO BRASILEIRA JULIA MELLO DE QUEIROZ RIO DE JANEIRO AGOSTO 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DETERMINANTES DA INOVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DAS FIRMAS DA INDÚSTRIA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO BRASILEIRA JULIA MELLO DE QUEIROZ ORIENTADOR: PROF. CARLOS EDUARDO FRICKMANN YOUNG RIO DE JANEIRO AGOSTO 2011 2 JULIA MELLO DE QUEIROZ DETERMINANTES DA INOVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DAS FIRMAS DA INDÚSTRIA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO BRASILEIRA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de PósGraduação em Economia, Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do titulo de MESTRE em Ciências Econômicas. BANCA EXAMINADORA: ________________________________________________________ Professor Dr. Carlos Eduardo Frickman Young – Orientador ________________________________________________________ Professor Dr. José Eduardo Cassiolato ________________________________________________________ Professora Dra. Maria Cecília J. Lustosa RIO DE JANEIRO AGOSTO 2011 3 DETERMINANTES DA INOVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DAS FIRMAS DA INDÚSTRIA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO BRASILEIRA RESUMO: Diante da natureza dinâmica...
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...when customers make purchases” (Varadarajan and Menon, 1988: 60). Despite being broadly accepted, this definition has been widened through the years with the contributions of other authors. Specifically, it was in the mid-90’s when Kotler and Andreasen defined CRM as “any effort by a corporation to increase its own sales by contributing to the objectives of one or more nonprofit organizations” (Kotler and Andreasen, 1996: 304). Two years later, Business in the Community, an organization which develops CRM programmes in the UK, stated that CRM programmes were a commercial activity in which companies were linked to social causes for mutual benefit (Business in the Community, 1998). And one year after, in 1999, Pringle and Thompson stated that CRM was “a strategic positioning and marketing tool which links a company or brand to a relevant social cause or issue, for mutual benefit” (Pringle and Thompson, 1999: 3). This statement widened the contributions made until that date, stating for the very first time that CRM was a strategic marketing tool and therefore a long-term strategy. What was more, and according to these authors, “the distinctive characteristic of the true Cause Related Marketing is longevity. Charity promotions are by definition shorttermist both in the actual period during which they occur and also in the attitude that underlines them. […]. The Cause Related Marketing campaign is looking for a fundamental and long-term change both in brand...
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...internal and international activity of “nations without states”. bulat n. khalitov, kazan state power engineering university, kazan, russia The issues of language and language policy have become the objects of interest of different branches of political theory nowadays. From one side the basic reason for this is the fact that language can play an important role (either positive or negative) in the context of different political processes developing in the world and also in the context of a growing number of confrontations and conflicts, which often have linguistic diversity at their basis. From the other side, the development of political theory within the framework of general “linguistic turn” that influenced almost all social sciences leads to the studying of language policy aspects. In modern world linguistic diversity and other language issues have turned into a significant basis of contradictions that influence stability of different societies. In Western Europe we can distinguish several types of unsolved problems which have to do with language. Diachronically the most important and most severe are conflicts between the dominant language group and various linguistic minorities historically rooted in some areas within the state borders. As an example we can name linguistic conflicts in Belgium (Flanders), Spain (Catalonia and Basque country), Italy (South Tirol), Switzerland (french- and italian-speaking cantons). Linguistic conflicts in general...
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...What is PUBLIC BROADCASTING? Exercising of media broadcasting by the nations’ Government is broadly known as Public Broadcasting. It is financed and controlled by the public, for the public. It is neither commercial nor state-owned; it is free from political interference and pressure from commercial forces. It includes radio, television, internet and other media outlets whose primary mission is Public Service. In broadcasting, public service includes the social welfare of people, spreading information, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. Public Broadcasting is wide ranging in its appeal, reliable, entertaining, instructive and informative, who serves only one master – Public. It strives to engage all communities through evocative broadcast programmes and outreach projects. It channelizes the information and ideas to help improve communities socially, culturally and economically. Through public service broadcasting, citizens are informed, educated and also entertained. Public service broadcasting can serve as a keystone of democracy when it is guaranteed with pluralism, programming diversity, editorial independence, appropriate funding, accountability and transparency. What are the Public broadcasting institutions in India? The Major institution for public broadcasting in India is Prasar Bharati. Prasar Bharati through All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan (DD) networks provide maximum coverage of the population and are one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world...
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...GLOBALISATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS RUI YANG Abstract – This article sets out to analyse critically the nature of globalisation and how it is affecting higher education. The author first reviews the nature of globalisation, and then examines its international impact on higher education development. He contends that globalisation is predominantly economic, and points out that global exchanges in the economic, cultural and educational domains continue to be unequal. At the same time, education is increasingly treated as a business. By exposing the negative side of globalisation and its effects on universities, the author aims to counter the uncritical acceptance of globalisation as a positive force for higher education and society as a whole. Zusammenfassung – Ziel dieses Artikels ist eine kritische Analyse der Natur der Globalisierung und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die höhere Bildung. Der Autor beginnt mit einem Rückblick auf die Eigenheiten der Globalisierung und untersucht dann ihren internationalen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der höheren Bildung. Er behauptet, dass Globalisierung vorherrschend wirtschaftlicher Art sei und weist darauf hin, dass ein globaler Austausch in wirtschaftlicher, kultureller und erzieherischer Hinsicht ungleich bleibt. Gleichzeitig wird Bildung immer mehr als eine Art Geschäft behandelt. Indem der Autor die negative Seite der Globalisierung herausstellt sowie ihre Auswirkung auf die Universitäten, will er der unkritischen...
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...realizada uma análise da alteração estratégica de comunicação e preços, em particular da ferramenta de comunicação: promoção de vendas. Assim, é realizada uma revisão de literatura acerca do tema e uma posterior aplicação na análise do caso prático da promoção de 1 de maio de 2012 levada a cabo pela marca Pingo Doce e de toda a reestruturação posterior da sua estratégia de comunicação. Como forma de análise, é colocado um enfoque nas temáticas de parcerias e de fidelização de clientes através de cartões de desconto. Como tal, são explicadas e analisadas as formas de co-branding e de joint promotions a que o Pingo Doce recorre e é realizada uma análise comparativa entre o Pingo Doce e o Continente e a Tesco, referências nacional e internacional da Grande Distribuição, respetivamente. Assim, conclui-se que o cartão Pingo Doce, quando confrontado com as duas marcas anteriormente referidas, se encontra ainda numa fase de desenvolvimento bastante prematura, com uma oferta mais limitada do que a do Continente e bastante mais limitada do que a da Tesco. Também se conclui que, ao nível das parcerias, o Continente apresenta um leque mais abrangente do que o Pingo Doce. O presente trabalho tem, deste modo, como objetivo final analisar a ancoragem estratégica desta promoção de vendas, realizada num contexto de reposicionamento estratégico da marca Pingo Doce. Mais ainda, pretende-se averiguar os efeitos de longo prazo da mesma na estratégia de comunicação da marca, assim como o impacto...
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...Maybe it is time to rediscover bureaucracy? Johan P. Olsen Working Paper No.10, March 2005 http://www.arena.uio.no 1 Abstract The paper questions the fashionable ideas, that bureaucratic organization is an obsolescent, undesirable and non-viable form of administration, and that there is an inevitable and irreversible paradigmatic shift towards market- or network organization. In contrast, the paper argues that contemporary democracies are involved in another round in a perennial debate and ideological struggle over what are desirable forms of administration and government, that is, a struggle over institutional identities and institutional balances. The argument is not that bureaucratic organization is a panacea and the answer to all challenges of public administration. Rather, bureaucratic organization is part of a repertoire of overlapping, supplementary and competing forms co-existing in contemporary democracies, and so are market-organization and network-organization. Rediscovering Weber’s analysis of bureaucratic organization, then, enriches our understanding of public administration. This is in particular true when we (a) include bureaucracy as an institution, and not only an instrument; (b) look at the empirical studies in their time and context, and not only at Weber’s ideal-types and predictions; and (c) take into account the political and normative order bureaucracy is part of, and not only the internal characteristics of “the bureau”...
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...Willingness to pay for Organic Products: Differences between Virtue an Vice foods | Contenido Introducción 2 Marco conceptual 6 Modelo analítico 7 Diferencias entre artículo y réplica 8 Metodología (Diseño de la Investigación) 10 Resultados 11 Modelo 11 Resultados del Estudio 11 Discusión 12 Conclusiones 12 Implicancias para los administradores 12 Implicancias para los investigadores 13 Referencias 15 Introducción La agricultura y ganadería fue desarrollada históricamente con procesos orgánicos, no fue hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XIX, con el desarrollo de la industria petroquímica, que se comienzan a crear fertilizantes y abonos no naturales. Con la introducción de estos nuevos métodos se permitió incrementar fuertemente la productividad de los campos, logrando satisfacer la creciente demanda mundial por alimentos. Hacia los años 1930-1940 surgen los primeros movimientos en contra de la agricultura industrializada. La principal característica de los productos orgánicos es la ausencia de productos no naturales en sus procesos de elaboración. Esto no tuvo contrapesos hasta mediados del siglo 20, en donde surge un movimiento en estados unidos en contra de la agricultura industrial. En chile fue hacia la década de 1980 en donde los primeros agricultores comienzan a producir productos orgánicos con fines comerciales, de forma muy primitiva ya que no existían certificaciones para definir si un producto era orgánico o no. Tradicionalmente...
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...ANA MARIA GARRIDO ALVARIM A atuação de Salvador de Mendonça como Ministro Plenipotenciário em Washington (1890-1898):construindo a República e o americanismo pragmático BRASÍLIA 2014 1 INTRODUÇÃO Neste trabalho, tratar-se-á de analisar o período em que Salvador de Mendonça serviu como ministro plenipotenciário em Washington (1889-1898). As relações BrasilEstados Unidos foram fortalecidas em um momento de instabilidade interna brasileira, decorrente da mudança de regime. Como se verá, Mendonça foi o principal agente diplomático nas relações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos nesse período, assim como teve função importante em momentos de instabilidade interna com reflexos internacionais. Na seção 1 deste trabalho, será verificada a conjuntura brasileira daquela época, a qual restringiu e estimulou as atividades de Salvador de Mendonça junto ao governo americano. A passagem de um governo monárquico para um regime republicano acarretou instabilidades institucionais internas, que colocavam em risco o futuro da recém- proclamada República brasileira. Diante desse cenário, fazia-se premente uma aproximação com os Estados Unidos, tendo em vista o temor de que as monarquias europeias inspiravam aos novos donos do poder no Brasil. Temia-se que elas estimulassem um movimento de retorno às antigas instituições. Verifica-se que a atuação de Salvador de Mendonça era, portanto, uma possível estratégia de sobrevivência do novo regime. A seção 2 dividir-se-á em duas...
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...Aprender a mirar la salud ¿Cómo la desigualdad social daña nuestra salud? Joan Benach / Carles Muntaner 1 Directorio del Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social Dr. Francisco Armada Ministro de Salud Dr. José Rafael Mendoza Viceministro de Salud Dr. Carlos Humberto Alvarado Viceministro de Salud y Desarrollo Social Dr. Oscar Feo Director Ejecutivo del Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon” 1ª. Edición, Septiembre 2005. Todos los derechos reservados. © Joan Benach & Carles Muntaner © Sobre la presente edición: IAESP “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon” Publicado en 2005 por el Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon”, Maracay, Venezuela. Esta obra está protegida por las disposiciones sobre reproducción de originales del protocolo 2 de la Convención Universal sobre Derechos de Autor. Se autoriza la reproducción y difusión de material contenido en esta obra para fines educativos u otros fines no comerciales sin previa autorización escrita de los titulares de los derechos de autor, siempre que se especifique claramente la fuente. Se prohíbe la reproducción del material contenido en este producto informativo para reventa u otros fines comerciales sin previa autorización escrita de los titulares de los derechos de autor. Las peticiones para obtener tal autorización deberán dirigirse Joan Benach y Carles Muntaner: carles.muntaner@utoronto.ca Depósito Legal: IF9042006102912 ISBN: 980-6778-15-4 Coordinación Editorial: María Mercedes Estrada...
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...Revised 2/11/10 Page 1 of 18 FRÉDÉRIC F. BRUNEL Boston University School of Management Department of Marketing 595 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 : (617) 353-4609 Fax: (617) 353-4098 e-mail: brunel@bu.edu Education 1998 Ph.D. in Marketing, University of Washington 1992 M.B.A., Illinois State University (graduated top of class) 1989 B.S. in Business Administration, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers (ESSCA) Angers, France (graduated in top 5%). Dissertation Brunel, Frédéric F. (1998) “The Psychology of Product Aesthetics: Antecedents and Individual Differences in Product Evaluations”, Chair: Richard Yalch. Academic Positions Boston University, School of Management Associate Professor of Marketing & Dean’s Research Fellow, since September 2007 Assistant Professor of Marketing, March 1998- August 2007 Marketing Instructor, September 1997 to March 1998 Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, Department of Product Innovation and Management Visiting Scholar, 2005 (November-December) University of Washington, School of Business Instructor, 1994-1997 Teaching Assistant, 1992-1994 Publications 1. Brunel, F., Utter, D. (2009). Phillips Foods, Inc.: Introducing King Crab to the Trade (pp. 20 pages). London, Ontario: Ivey Publishing, # 909A04. 2. Brunel, F., Utter, D. (2009). Teaching Note. Phillips Foods, Inc.: Introducing King Crab to the Trade (pp. 18 pages). London, Ontario: Ivey Publishing, # 809A04. 3. Susan Fournier, and Frédéric F....
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