...Until President Anwar Sadat came into power in 1970, Egypt’s economy was highly centralized. However, Sadat and the current president, Hosni Mubarak, aggressively pushed Egypt’s economy towards opening up to foreign and local private investment, in order to push up GDP growth. Under Mubarak, privatization continued and a tourism infrastructure was developed. By 2009, according to World Bank’s Doing Business Project, Egypt’s ranking in the ease of doing business had risen to 106 out of 183 countries, up from its 2008 ranking of 116, making it a World Bank “top ten reformer.” In addition, Egypt had made substantial progress in opening up its economy to global trade, with its rank in the Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010, published by the World Economic Forum, moving up by 11 positions to 70 out of 133 countries. Despite its rise in the rankings, Egypt still has a relatively low level of openness, with exports/GDP at 25%. (Deutsche Bank, 9 Feb. 2010) As a result of its low level of integration with world markets, Egypt was not hit by the global recession to the extent that more “linked” economies were. However, this also means it is less likely to benefit from the recovery in global trade. Prior to the global recession, Egypt had hit its 7% official GDP growth target for 2 years in a row, with 2007 and 2008 growth at 7.1% and 7.2% respectively. This rate of growth had enabled it to reduce unemployment from 10.9% in 2005-06 to 8.1% in 2007-08. In 2008-09, however...
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...The British Occupation of Egypt in “1882” European countries have always tried to strengthen themselves by occupying less powerful countries in different places all over the world, so as to ensure that none of these countries would reach a stage of economic and political stability that might be in someway threatening to these European countries. Some of these situations where a European country occupies another country might turn beneficial to the occupied country but in the majority of cases the problems this country starts to accumulate as the occupying country takes everything it can to benefit itself leaving the other country with accumulating problems that might lead to riots, civil wars and even revolutions as in the case of Egypt. By turning the focus to Egypt one can find that it was mainly a centre of attention for many European countries, due to its location in the centre of Africa, its strong image among neighbouring countries and its location on the trade map where its found between the Mediterranean and the red sea, and so its really controls the path of all passing ships. The history of Egypt being occupied dates back to along time ago from the Greeks to the huge ottoman empire from 1517 till the British occupation in 1882, with some minor interruptions by Napoleon’s France in the French expedition that was sent to Egypt. So generally speaking...
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...2015 The Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Egypt is a developing country that has poor living conditions and very few job opportunities. Since 2011 the Egyptian government has been questionable about what it stands for. This has caused almost no economic growth and in return lead to borrowing lots of money and relying on their allies to foot the bill. Egypt chosen a new path to reform which will lead to economic growth and stability by building new infrastructure and creating jobs for the people. Foreign aid is providing Egypt with the funding to help reach economic stability. To bad the countries internal conflicts are likely to erupt into a civil war that will easily be a negative effect on their growth. On Tuesday, January 25, 2011, in Egypt protesters took to the streets. They were protesting against poverty, unemployment, and government corruption. The protest was taking place in Cairo and two other major cities. The police arrested and injured many protesters. The military moved in to take over security, and the protesters did not even care because they have more respect for the military than the police department. The government shut down internet access in the country to keep the protesters from sending out information. After eighteen days of protest, President Hosni Mubarak resigned and left Cairo. Due to the protest the United States will be investigating how financial aid is used that they provide to Egypt, which is the second largest contribution of U.S. aid...
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...Comparison on economic performance of Egypt and USA History/Background Egypt is the 29th biggest country in the world, covering a total area of 1,002,450 sq. km. It is a country in the Middle East which linked with the northeast Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea, at a crossroad between Africa, Asia and Europe. It is bordered to the east by the Red Sea, Palestine and Israel to the north-east, Libya to the west, and Sudan to the south. The country is divided into 4 main geological areas which is the Nile Valley and Delta, Western Desert, Eastern Desert, and Sinai Peninsula. On the other hand, United States is the 4th biggest country in the world. The U.S. is a country of 50 states covering a vast swath of North America, with Alaska in the extreme Northwest and Hawaii extending the nation’s presence into the Pacific Ocean. Major cities include New York, a global finance and culture center, and Washington, DC, the capital, both on the Atlantic Coast; Los Angeles, famed for filmmaking, on the Pacific Coast; and the Midwestern metropolis Chicago. Population The population of Egypt is estimated at 85 million as of October 2015. Egypt's population is equivalent to 1.16% of the total world population (7.3 billion people). Egypt ranks number 15 in the list of countries by population. While the total population in United States is estimated at 325.8 million people as of October 2015 and it represent 4.46% of the total world population which arguably means that one person...
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...Lebanon vs. Egypt Economies of Emerging Nations Dr. Yiheyis | Clark Atlanta University Submitted By: Quincy Williams December 2,2014 Lebanon vs. Egypt In this paper I will compare and contrast the countries of Egypt and Lebanon. I will explore both of the country’s economic history starting in 1980. The basis of this paper will be on the country’s global development indicators and what they tell us about that particular country. The majority of the research done in this paper was done through the world-bank website as well as the economy watch website. First I would like to provide some background on Lebanon. Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country in the west of the Asian continent that shares its borders with Syria, Israel and Mediterranean Sea. Most of Lebanon’s land is mountainous. However, the Beqaa valley, with its fertile soil, remains the source for agricultural products. Lebanon has an area of 10,452 square km and population of 4,224,000. The Lebanese economy is noted for its resilience, having withstood wars and invasions with Israel as well as internal sectarian clashes and at times dominating influence from Syria. It is this resilience that helped Lebanon achieve 9% growth during the Great Financial Crisis. The growth was nurtured by controlled banking regulations that restricted credit and therefore, its impact during the recession. As of 2011, the World Bank classified the middle class in Lebanon as those people who earn between $15,000 and $27,000 annually. But...
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...STRATEGIC PLANNING Critically Assess the Theory and Practice of Strategic Planning in Tourism. Area of focus: Egypt Presented to the University of Sunderland Degree: International Tourism and Hospitality Management Student registration number: TABLE OF CONTENT Cover page......................................................................................Page 1 Table of Content.............................................................................Page 2 Abstract/Introduction.....................................................................Page 3 Introduction/Overview of Tourism in Egypt...............................Page 4 Overview of Tourism in Egypt/Tourism Planning in Egypt.........Page 5 Tourism Planning in Egypt........................................... Page 5,6,7,8,9,10 The Success of cultural events as promotional tool of Egypt..................................................................................Page 10 Conclusion and Recommendations...............................................Page 11,12 References...........................................................................................Page 12,13 ABSTRACT Tourism is considered to have a great strategic importance for any economy owing to its capacity for job creation and wealth generation. If a country creates an efficient strategic tourism plan and implement it in true letter and spirit...
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...the adventure between cultures and historically based that was happening in Alexandria at the time. Naguib made his characters all come from different political backgrounds and they all believed in different things because of their area and culturally environment. Egypt was having a lot of politically governments and high standards ideals in the 1900’s throughout the 1960’s. Egypt has gone through ups and downs because of this, which made it grow from generation to generation. But this has caused major problem in the society and the way the Egyptians live, it made it corrupt and cause conflict between other people. Now most Egyptians thrive to become like these political governors to have some sort of power in their country because without that they mean nothing and people will think less of them which is very stereotypical. In this essay I will focus on two major characters from the book and talk about their background and how they are being treated in the country and by the people from a history stand point and a political one as well and how Egypt was and the way it treats different types of people. The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide non-violent revolution against the British occupation of Egypt. It was carried out by Egyptians but then British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad...
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...Egypt i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people[2] live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Monuments in Egypt such as the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx were constructed by its ancient civilization. Its ancient ruins, such as those of Memphis, Thebes, and Karnak and the Valley of the Kings outside Luxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study. The tourism industry and the Red Sea Riviera employ...
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...Madalyn Huffman Nasser and Sadat in Egypt On June 23, 1956, the people of Egypt voted for a president. They really did not have much of a choice. The ballot had just one single name on it. Gamal Abdel Nasser. Since he was the only name to pick from, he was elected by the people of Egypt to be their first president to rule over the Republic of Egypt. Along with Nasser being the only person on the ballot, so was his new constitution. Under this new constitution, Nasser is making Egypt become a one-party socialist state. The official religion would now be Islam. Nasser is originally from Alexandria, Egypt. He was born there. During his young years, he often was involved in demonstrations against the British rule. After going to school,...
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...Robert F. Obeji April 26, 2014 EC: 462 Prof. Rush Policy and History of the Arab Spring in Syria As the Arab Spring developed throughout the Middle East in early 2010, countries such as Tunisia and Egypt adopted peaceful solutions to transition from authoritative governments to democratic inspired political systems. In Syria, the situation was different, the country unraveled into chaos as groups sought to gain power over each other in an attempt to oust Bashar Al Assad’s 70 year old regime. What happened was four years of warfare without end in sight, and 6.5 million Syrian refugees seeking asylum outside of Syria. Compared to the whole of the Middle East, Syria as a country tends to be one of the most diverse in the region. Syria has numerous sects of Islam, Christians, Jews, and foreign religions in an area the size of Ohio. It also has the Kurds in the North who consider themselves outside of the Arab-centric culture. When Hafez Al Assad took power in the early 1970’s, he adopted a nationalistic view as his minority group would be contested by the majority Sunni population (theatlantic.com). Prior to adopting that policy, the Baath party was ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser who united Egypt and Syria as part of the United Arab Republic. Nationalism took effect throughout the Middle East as the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France started to lose its grasp over the region. Nationalism was a way to unite a divided people against a common foe. After realizing the dream of...
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...unemployment, government corruption and autocratic governance of President Hosni Mubarak. After 18 days of protest, President Mubarak resigned. After the turmoil in Egypt, a question still remains: do we have to fear some impacts on the global economy? Is there a threat for the rest of the world? To answer to these questions, it is important to keep in mind the different arguments. Even if Egypt is not well integrated into the international financial system and Cairo is not a significant financial hub, the Egyptian Revolution can have major economic and financial implications. Although the country is not a major oil producer, the main way Egypt can impact the global economy is through oil. It is interesting to see that oil markets overreacted to the Egyptian uprising. Oil prices have risen around $100 U.S. per barrel. First with the Suez Canal which runs through Egypt, the country plays a key role for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe and elsewhere. The Egyptian crisis could create some disruptions in the operation of the canal and that might cause a rise in oil prices. That could have negative effects for oil-importing countries and bring inflationary pressures. After the 2008 crisis, the world has been weakened. Today, it is recovering health but it is not strong enough to endure a new shock. So Egypt is essential for the geopolitical stability in the Middle East. According to the journalist, economic and financial factors are not responsible of the main impacts...
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... * The Russians had helped the Slavic people who were rebelling against the Ottomans at the time * Ottomans lost Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria. Geopolitics lands create problems again * Great Britain and Russia fight over Muslim Lands * Great Game was the war over India, which were currently Britain’s most profitable colonies. * Russia wanted to gain India’s’ wealth but the British had successfully defended. * After successfully defending, the British actually tried to spread its empire into Afghanistan. * Afghanistan was familiar with powers trying to invade the kingdom. Great Britain retreated after decades. Egypt makes reforms * Seeing how powerful other nations were Egypt had to adapt. * Egypt made political and social reforms * Military and economic reforms followed. *...
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...to entrepreneurship ,entrepreneurship in egypt expose to pressure or a risk due to the change in social or economic fields , the employers who want to improve competitiveness and efficiency should be aware about the culture of the society , so the egyptian society is differ from the american society and also the society from the point of money which society is richer( Mamdouh Farid, 2007) ", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26 Iss: 5, pp.428 – 440” , large companies have failed due to the global ciris which lead to dispense of a lot of employees , entrepreneurship and creating of jobs is considered a way to develop the society and the stability of egypt , researches have done about entrepreneurship in egypt and the arab world to reinforcement the economic field and about the rate of unemployment in this region , focus on entrepreneurship is not strange as it play an important role to decrease the unemployment , A well-directed entrepreneurship ecosystem can offer solutions to the economical and cultural challenges . From the barriers that face the entrepreneurship in egypt is eductional system , youth are not qualified with basic entrepreneurial skills like development of business , eductional program related to the entrepreneurship should be teached in the private univeristies to increase the awareness of the youth (Dina Sherif , feb 2014 ), in 2012 reports shows that the level of the entrepreneurship in the economy has dropped from that recorded in 2008 , egyptian...
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...after North and South Africa splitting up the continent. Egypt and Sudan were taken over by Britain to obtain the Suez Canal. Imperialism helped to develop Africa’s economy and turned it into a continent of settlements. Until well into the 1800’s, Africa was relatively unknown to Europeans. They controlled less than ten percent of the continent. By 1882, Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were all claiming parts of Africa. In 1900, they had divided ninety percent of Africa into settlements. Although European ships had for centuries traded at ports along the coast, they brought back little knowledge of Africa’s interior. Later, Europeans started exploring the continent. The best known of these explorers was David Livingstone. This Scottish missionary spent thirty years in central Africa, and gave Europeans their first detailed information about Africa and its people. In the mid-1800’s, Africa south of the Sahara contained more than seven hundred different ethnic groups. Most were organized into communities based on ties of tradition and family. Occasionally, a powerful group formed a state that was strong enough to conquer neighboring groups and form an empire. Europeans had already moved into North Africa. The once-powerful Ottoman Empire had become too weak to prevent local rulers from taking control in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt. These countries were no match for the Europeans bent on conquest. Egypt has the Suez Canal, which is the fastest route to India...
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...INTRODUCTION The world is becoming more and more urban. In the 1800’s, only 3 % of the world population lived in the cities. In the 1950’s, the percentage reached around 30 %. At the present time, it is more than 50 % of the population and the prediction indicates that probably two third of the world’s population will live in cities by the year 2030. Globally, the Cities represent 2 % of earth’s surface, but use 75 % of its resources. In consequence, mega cities are concerned by the 3 following main dimensions : · the social dimension (cultural diversity and variety, education, art, living conditions, transport, security, health care, innovation, …) · the economical dimension (work & mass unemployment, improvement of infrastructure, new technologies, decentralisation, repartition of wealth, capital equipments, …) · the ecological dimension (energy sources, sustainable development, air and water pollution, noise pollution, traffic jam, water supply, urban sprawl, urban environment protection, public transportation, waste management, …) DEFINITION OF MEGA CITIES There are numerous large and wide cities all around the world. At the present time the urban population is estimated to around 3.5 billion of inhabitants and will probably be more than 5 billion by 2030. The term “mega-cities” was defined for metropolitan agglomerations which concentrate more than 10 millions of inhabitants.In 2011, above 25 cities reached the level of more than 10 million of inhabitants...
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