...The early prehistoric people on the Nile inhabited the terraces or plateaus left by the river. The remains of their tools and homes show their gradual development from hunters to settled farmers. By 4000 BC the civilization of Egypt was in its earliest developing stages, the Predynastic period, which lasted until about 3100 BC, had begun. Organized settlements have been found and the art produced during this time was discovered mainly in their cemeteries. Objects were put into the grave with the body for the use of the spirit in the next life, even though preserving a large number of personal goods as pottery, tools, and weapons. The pottery is often decorated with a painting that reflects the life of the time. Images of birds and animals common to the Nile. Copper was used in small quantities for beads and simple tools, but most things were chipped from stone. Cosmetics made of stone were used for grinding eye paint. Small sculptures and pictures were either carved from ivory and bone or modeled in clay. Old Kingdom Sculpture From the early figures of clay, bone, and ivory in the Predynastic period, Egyptian sculpture developed quickly. By the time of Zoser large statues of the rulers were made as resting places for their spirits. Egyptian sculpture is best described by the terms cubic and frontal. The block of stone was first made rectangular; the design of the figure was then drawn on the front and the two sides. The resulting statue was meant to be seen mainly...
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...Ancient Egyptians/Religious Aspect Your Name Class Name Professor’s Name Date Assignment is Due Ancient Egyptians/Religious Aspect Ancient Egypt was a primeval civilization of eastern North Africa, concerted down the lower reaches of the Nile River presently referred to as the modern country of Egypt. The civilization banded together around 3150 BC with the political amalgamation of both Upper and Lower Egypt under the 1st pharaoh, and it greatly developed over the subsequent three millennia. Its history transpired in a succession of stable kingdoms separated by phases of relative volatility identified as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle at some point in the New Kingdom, subsequent to which it entered an epoch of dawdling decline. Egypt was later conquered by a sequence of foreign authorities in this late period, and the pharaohs’ rule officially fizzled out around 31 BC at the period when the early Roman Empire subjugated Egypt and made it a province Consequently, Ancient Egyptian religion covers the assorted religious beliefs and rituals that were been practiced in ancient Egypt for a period of over 3,000 years, commencing from the pre-dynastic age until the espousal of Christianity during the early centuries AD. Originally, these beliefs concentrated on the adulation of multiple divinities who symbolized diverse forces of nature, power, and thought patterns articulated by the means of intricate and assorted prototypes....
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...has one of the richest cultural and religious histories in the world. The level of advancement of the ancient Egyptian culture was higher than that of its neighbors. The Egyptian culture helped in the advancement of various aspects of humanity. The significance of the Egyptian culture in the modern day world makes it one of the most studied cultures in the world. Contemporary mathematics has its roots in the ancient Egyptian culture. Ancient Egyptians used various form to express their culture. Of all the forms used to express Ancient Egyptian culture, none is more significant than the Egyptian art. Ancient Egyptian art give insights into the ancient Egyptian culture. In ancient Egypt, sculpture had a significant religious and political importance. Art symbolized various seasons and religious practices. Sculpture continues to have a significant political and religious importance in the contemporary world, just as it did in the ancient Egyptian culture. The giant stone head of King Amenhotep III is one of the sculptures that symbolize ancient Egyptian culture. The giant stone head of King Amenhotep III is 2.5 meters high and is a portrait of the king with very youthful features. The head has double crowns, which represent the unification of the Upper and Lower Egypt. The upper crown of ancient Egyptian kings was white with the lower crown being red. In essence, the king was the symbol of the unification of the ‘two lands’ (Kuhrt 125). Egyptian art for kings was usually slightly...
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...Religion guided every aspect of Egyptian life. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, which means the worship of many deities, except for during the reign of Akenaton. During the reign of Akenaton, more than 3,000 years of development, Egyptian religion underwent significant changes of emphasis and practice, but in all periods religion had a clear consistency in character and style. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Some, such as Amun, Isis, Osiris, and Horus, were worshipped throughout the whole country, while others had only a local following. There were two essential foci of public religion: the king and the gods. Both are among the most characteristic features of Egyptian civilization. The king had a unique status between humanity and the gods, partook in the world of the gods, and constructed great, religiously motivated funerary monuments for his afterlife. The Egyptian "Book of the Dead" contains the major ideas and beliefs in the ancient Egyptian religion. Because their religion stressed an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. Tombs were placed if possible in the desert. Vast resources were expended on creating prestigious burial places for absolute rulers or wealthy officials. Tombs contained elaborate grave goods (mostly plundered soon after deposition), representations of “daily life,” or less commonly of religious subjects, and some texts that were intended to help the deceased attain...
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...Mummification Mummification started back around 2600 B.C., during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties. The Ancient Egyptians believed that the body was the house for the soul. And that even after death, the spirit could only live if the body was preserved forever. If the body was lost, so was the spirit. “In Egyptian religion, the spirit was made up of three parts: the ka, the ba, and the akh. The ka remained in the burial tomb, using the offerings and objects placed within it. The ba was considered the soul of the person, and it was free to fly outside of the confines of the tomb. And it was the akh that traveled to the Underworld for judgment, and to gain entrance into the Afterlife” (Writer873.) mummification most likely started when bodies were buried in the sand on the outside of the villages. The heat and sand would draw the moisture from the bodies thus naturally preserving them. It was only after ancient Egyptians started building tombs did they have to find a way of preserving the bodies themselves. In the beginning only pharos and high priests were allowed to be mummified. It was believed that the Pharaoh would go into the heavens and join his father, the sun god. His family and high ranking officers could also attain...
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...of history, it is found that various speculations have been produced to clarify the nearness of such a critical authentic milestone. Speculations differ from a tomb for a lord, to an uncommon synthetic plant, a reference point for extraterrestrial aircraft's, a stone type of the Bible, a conceivable approach to contact a Higher Being and a stone declaration of the second happening to Christ. Such case of shifting questionable hypotheses has started various theories to the riddle of the Great Pyramid of Giza. As indicated by customary Egyptology, the Great Pyramid of Giza was worked by Egyptian pharaoh Khufu amid the Fourth Dynasty around .the year 2560 BCE Schillings, M. : 1999 : Sheet . It has been proposed that the Egyptian civilization succeeded in setting up an unpredictable and sorted out work power of individuals to make and manufacture an astounding entombment tomb for the pharaoh in help of his voyage to the great beyond. Be that as it may, in opposition to this recommendation, one must inquire as to why the present day Egyptians keep on relying on customary convictions and mentalities to clarify the nearness of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Might this be able to be the official case of nationalistic perspectives? It could be contended that as an aftereffect of the ceaseless spread of Egyptian noise, the Egyptians got the understanding that the whole civilization - at various times - is by one means or another...
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...and wars. There would be a god of rain who would bring good crops which kept a society functioning. The ritual of religion is an important part of these societies, it gave people a purpose and made sense of the world even if it was really just a functional way to build an prosperous kingdom for the elite rulers. I am going to explain the rituals & religions of five ancient civilizations; Mespotamia, Egypt,...
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...Ancient Egyptian history encompasses the beliefs and rituals followed in Egypt for over three thousand years until the establishment of Coptic Christianity and Islam. The ancient Egyptians had a highly developed view of the afterlife. They considered death to be a stage to the next life. They followed elaborate set of burial rituals for preparing the body and soul for an eternal life after death. These beliefs about the afterlife were heavily focused on the preservation of the body, and this is why embalming and mummification was practiced, to preserve one’s identity in afterlife. The Egyptians celebrated a very sound relationship with the faith, and gods. All kings (pharaohs) were considered to be divine, a belief that had its roots in the myths that gods had ruled Egypt in prehistoric times and that the earliest human rulers were the actual offspring of these divine beings. The king (pharaoh) was an incarnation of Horus, son of Osiris (Mojsov, 2002 ). Therefore, when a pharaoh died, he could be prepared for death and become an "Osiris," the god of resurrection. The gods Osiris and Isis were exalted as the ideal father and mother, and Set (god of chaos) became the personification of evil. Thus they believed that one inherit many other elements from their divine progenitors than physical bodies. In their cosmology, each person was consisting of many elements. They had very complex concept of a soul: The precise meaning of ka, ba, ach (akh), `shm (sekhem), and so on is no...
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...Mesopotamia; the comparison and contrast of the ancient societies As we take a look at the Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies, there are several similarities. Although, each of the societies had some differences within them, they both borrowed technologies from other societies and were successful during their period in history. Evolving from the Paleolithic times where the people were in small tribes, they lived in whatever shelter that was found. There became a transition to a more stable style of living, known as the Neolithic time or New Stone age. It was a period of history where agriculture started to take hold. Both Egypt and Mesopotamia began to farm the land and settle into an area. Neolithic people began to settle around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; as well as, the Nile River roughly 8,000 B.C. River water provided the necessary irrigation needed to grow crops and a fertile land for farming. These people started to develop science of agriculture. By using agriculture, the Neolithic people move away from the traditional life as a nomad. These people were not always on the move to hunt or gather the food needed to survive. This was the first time for people to enjoy the benefits of not moving around all the time and to develop a large society in one area. Around 4000 B.C., the Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures began to develop and flourish. With large groups of people within one area, they were forced to develop different systems to support them; these systems...
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...more than 4000 miles * Because the river flows from south to north, the Egyptians called the southern part of the country “Upper Egypt” and the northern part the “Lower Egypt” * Each year, the river will overflow, spreading water into the bordering basins and irrigation channels carried water farther out into the valley to increase the area suitable for planting – brought moisture to the dry land and left behind a layer of rich black soil that was excellent for crop. * Farmers planted their crops as soon as the floodwaters receded * 4000 B.C.E. * Egypt consisted of valley of farmers living along the Nile * 3300 B.C.E. * first walled towns were erected at Naqada and Hierakonpolis * 3100 B.C.E. * ruler of Upper Egypt unified the country * Menes, first ruler, conquered Lower Egypt and brought all of Egypt under his rule. He built the city of Memphis as his capital. * Kings of Egypt * “Ruler of the Two Lands” * wore two crowns – symbolizing the unification of the country * There were at least 30 dynasties in Egypt’s history * Scholars divided the early history of Egypt according to the three periods when strong dynasties united the country * Old Kingdom (2686 – 2150 B.C.E.) * Middle Kingdom (2040 – 1786 B.C.E.) * New Kingdom (1570 – 1090 B.C.E.) Old Kingdom * 2649 B.C.E. * Old Kingdom was inaugurated under the rulers of the third dynasty * Egypt first began...
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...which prove it. Although Egyptian temples were destroyed, manuscripts were burned and the statues of Gods were broken, Egyptian religion is still alive and the Gods rise repeatedly but in different forms. Regeneration There were a lot of solemn rites in Egypt due to death and resurrection of Osiris, for example: funerary ceremony where the main symbol of deceased was grain, planted in wet ground in clay jar .The appearance of plant meant revival with Osiris`s protection. The underground world in Egyptian culture was pledge of plants` regeneration through fat land containing moisture, it meant that those people whose bodies were buried into the ground, had an opportunity to regenerate, although in another form. The idea of dying and revival God was an essential discovery. Many nations took over the concept. Most historians are sure that The Bible stories about Christ`s life, death and resurrection are renewed version of Egyptian myth. Osiris, among all Gods, was more familiar and understandable for the nation: as a man and God, virtuous and suffered without any guilt and then awarded with eternity, in one time. U.Budge said:” The main reason why the Osiris cult existed was promise of timeless life for his followers.” Even after acceptance of Christianity Egyptians continued to mummify deceased people and combine attributes of their God and “Gods” with Jesus Crist`s ceremonies for a long time. They perceive Jesus as a prototype of Osiris, so Egyptians’` were the most prepared...
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...human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well-defined geologic record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies: the Stone Age, Bronze age and iron age.. "Paleolithic" means "Old Stone...
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...Long Count calendar. 2600 B.C. Maya civilization begins. Olmec figurine 2000 B.C. The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions. 700 B.C. Writing is developed in Mesoamerica. 400 B.C. The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya, although the solar calendar may have been known and used by the Maya before this date. Mayan Calendar 300 B.C. The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings. 100 B.C. The city of Teotihuacan is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading center of Mesoamerica. 50 B.C. The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming. Teotihuacan 100 A.D. The decline of the Olmecs. 400 The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands. 500 The Maya city of Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way to Tikal, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices and human sacrifice. Palenque 600 An unknown event destroys the civilization at Teotihuacan, along with the empire it supported. Tikal becomes the largest city-state in...
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...vary widely in the summer. They can range from 7°C at nighttime to 43° in the day. In the winter the temperatures range from 0°C at night to 18°C in the daytime. Winter lasts from November to April, and the summers are from May to October. There aren’t many variations between the two seasons besides the temperature in the daytime and the day-to-day winds. The country barely receives and rain on a yearly basis. In fact, Egypt’s wettest area is the Alexandria, which only receives a maximum of 200 millimeters of rain each year. Egypt receives winds, known as the sirocco and the khamsin, around April that pick up tremendous speeds causing great sandstorms that may lasts for days at a time and damage homes, fields, and even kill animals and people. Neighboring Countries Sudan is closely related to Egypt due to the fact that they have had ties together for long periods of time. The two countries were each other’s closest allies. They are also connected socially, and...
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...The Egyptian Religion and the Pharaoh Religion is a worldwide phenomenon which dominates the way people go about living their lives. It dictates how the world came to be, how people should act, what people should believe in, and even what happens after death. Today, there are a countless number of religions which influence society, including Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Although times are changing, religion has played essential roles in the creation of civilizations since the beginning of time, even before the existence of the religions we have today. In ancient civilizations, it was believed that rulers were the key to the gods and Ancient Egyptian history is an example of this. Egypt, although primarily known for their pyramids, has...
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