...‘Third Movement From Electric Counterpoint’ by Steve Reich Background to Minimalism La Monte Young and Terry Riley were experimental composers who made the most of minimal musical resources to create a piece, using drones and repetition. Young wrote ‘The well Tuned Piano’ which includes improvisation and lasts for 6 hours. Riley experimented with tape loops combined with delay and instrumental sounds. Reich was part of the ensemble for the first performance of Riley’s composition ‘In C’, which repeats short musical fragments along with a constantly repeating quaver C keeping the pulse. Features of Minimalism Drones - a long continuous note or constantly repeated note Ostinato / loops - repeated musical ideas. Cells - the shortest musical ideas Phasing - two almost identical parts which go out of sync with each other and gradually, after a number of repetitions, come back into sync again Metamorphosis - gradually changing from one musical idea to another, often by changing one note at a time Layering - adding new musical parts, usually one at a time Note Addition - beginning with a simple, sparse ostinato, after a number of repetitions notes are gradually added Note Subtraction - beginning with a more complex ostinato, notes are gradually taken away Rhythmic Displacement - varying the notes to be accented in a musical phrase, or starting the same phrase in a different part of the bar [as Reich does with ‘ostinato 1’] Augmentation - Increasing the lengths of notes in...
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...Handel's music career for the first time been hampered by his parents, but his talent to make them change their mind. Bach is a musician's family and his voice is nurturing from a very young age. These people are like classical music, they also have a rough patch, became a famous music credibility. Both in different countries to teach music, although it was later stopped teaching. Handel is a violinist in London, and concentrated in opera, oratorio than the end of his career. The other hand, Bach's music director in Leipzig. Bach in his death became known as Handel than Bach's reputation. Handel wrote operas, the last cantata, Bach wrote orchestral 亨德尔的音乐生涯中第一次受到阻碍由他的父母，但他的才华，使他们改变主意。巴赫是一个音乐家的家庭和他的歌声是从小小年纪培育。这些人都喜欢古典音乐，他们也有一个粗略的补丁，才成为著名的音乐，有信誉的。两人都在不同的国家教音乐，虽然后来就停止了教学。韩德尔是一个小提琴手在伦敦工作，并集中在比对他的职业生涯结束的歌剧清唱剧。另一方面巴赫在莱比锡的音乐总监。虽然巴赫在他死后成为著名的亨德尔有超过巴赫的声誉。亨德尔写歌剧，最后清唱剧，巴赫写管弦乐 Unlike Renaissance Baroque music is a slight refinement of the continuity and the taste of it. There are too many instruments. On the other hand, the Baroque Music is designed to evoke emotional responses from the audience. An example is the music of the Renaissance, "Nuper rosarum Flores" Guillaume Dufay, Handel's "Messiah," This is a link to it so many emotions and fewer instrument examples of Baroque Music is very different. What is a clearer distinction between the words, all the instruments in the music, and put to music the emotional needs must be the development of the baroque music of that era. Music, shortly...
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...Topic: Glenn Gould plays J.S. Bach’s Fugue in E major, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 2 J.S. Bach’s renowned composition, The Well-Tempered Clavier, depicts a wide variety of color, technique, and style from a musical perspective. The piece “is a kind of encyclopedia of fugue composition, in which the greatest master of the genre tried out almost ever technique and style available to it,” (Kerman 133) and many pianists and modern composers still look back to perform and analyze the varying forms, textures, and devices Bach used to reinterpret his work. One particular pianist, Glenn Gould, established his career performing Bach’s compositions from the 1950s onward. In performing Bach’s The Well-Tempered Clavier, Gould was able to clearly redefine the musical personality in each subject by mirroring it after his own. Indeed, by articulating Bach’s contrapuntal textures, maintaining the tempo in an imitative manner, and playing with precise finger technique, Glenn Gould demonstrates in Bach’s Fugue in E Major, The Well-Tempered Clavier, his personal demeanor as eccentric, obsessive, and obstinate. Gould’s articulation of Bach’s contrapuntal textures is characterized by his stark entrances of each subject of the fugue, as well as his paralleling of the voices in the same dynamics by both hands; these distinct characteristics exemplify Gould’s eccentric personality as he similarly had almost two minds – one for his musical career and one for his personal life. As the piece begins...
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...Dowland’s ‘Flow My Tears’ was published in 1600 as an Ayre in a book of songs. The harmony is typical of the early Baroque period, employing many of the commonly used techniques at the time. The chords used are mostly in root or first inversion, as the influence of sacred music on secular music was heavy, and simple accompaniment was commonly used so as not to distract from the melody and the lyrical content. There are a few examples of phyrgian cadences (IVb-V)within the piece (first instance at Bar 2). Another common feature of Baroque music that appears in Flow My Tears is the use of false relation, as it was from the influence of sacred music from the time, which relied heavily on closely voiced parts. There is use of the Tierce de Picardi, a hugely common feature of Baroque music, again with the influence of sacred music. In Summertime, the use of jazz inspired chords (the dominant 11th and 13th, added 6th) are very different to the simple voiced chords of Flow My Tears, with complex dissonances and intervals. In Bar 2, the use of the F natural is the flattened fifth, creating a blue note, common of African-American folk music originating in slave-song. The references to the pentatonic and whole tone scales are the result of Gershwin’s classical background but his interest in jazz, they are also prevalent in African-American folk music. Gershwin’s classical influence can be seen with his use of the augmented 6th chord, also known as the french chord, a common feature of...
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...The three Renaissance music pieces on Hunter's humanities website have many similarities in the way they sounded and were sung. All three musical works are examples of polyphonic structure. This means they had many sounds or voices that were sung simultaneously, traditionally in parts. They were the Ave Maria by composer Josquin des Prez, a poem “Fair Phyllis” by John Farmer, and The Sweet White Swan by Jacob Arcadelt. First, Josquin des Prez was considered a master of writing motets (Humanities). The motets are cappella pieces based on sacred Latin text, these are mostly associated with the Renaissance period sung without instruments (Sayre p.519). Josquin's Ave Maria is just one of his 100 cappella works; he has also written some 70 songs...
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...architectural construction techniques. The paradigm of this new attitude is Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance essentially personality, who dominated various divisions of knowledge, but just as Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael Sanzio, Sandro Botticelli and Bramante artists were touched by the image of antiquity and concerned about developing new techniques of sculpture, painting and architecture, as well as music, poetry and the new humanistic sensibility. All this was part of the renaissance in the arts in Italy. Renaissance music is characterized by a gentle sound that comes from the acceptance of the third as consonant harmony interval and the progressive increase in the number of voices, all equally important and governed by the rules of counterpoint, independence of voices, preparation and resolution of the dissonances, using parallel thirds and sixths, excluding parallel fifths and octaves, and others. The prototype is a musical renaissance that is a piece of vocals polyphonic texture, often imitative, written for three to six sing able character voices, each melodic line or voice could be interpreted either with real voices or instruments. The genres and forms of music in these times was the religious music during this period the religious music had a growing spread. The most important liturgical forms during the Renaissance were the Misa and the Motet. Misa of cantus firmus: the author takes a preexisting melody, either from the plainsong or some secular song, or even popular...
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...by a lute. It could also be accompanied by more than one instrument in what was known as a ‘mixed’ or ‘broken’ consort. This performance uses a bass viol. This can be seen as reminiscent of the development of the bass line in defining the harmonic structure of music that was occurring at the time (assuming even greater significance during the baroque era). The texture is melody and accompaniment, however often with enough separate movement in the parts to be contrapuntal. An example of this is a four-part chord in the lute part which creates five parts with the voice in Bar 1 and playing six notes in Bar 16. This is indicative of the period because much of Renaissance music (including Lute songs) employed both homophony and counterpoint. Counterpoint itself developed strongly throughout the Renaissance and Baroque era, featuring heavily in the works of well known composers of the time such as Orlando Gibbons and William Byrd. The tripartite structure of the song relates to the structure of the stanzas - verses 1 and 2 are sung to the same notes whereas verses 3 and 4 are sung to a different melody as is the 5th verse. Whilst the structure itself is not greatly indicative of the period, the through-composed nature of the piece is a prominent stylistic feature of the Renaissance period and that be found in most Madrigals (a type of secular song from the same period). Both the tonal and harmonic features of Flow My Tears are highly Renaissance in style. The piece is in A...
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...The Misattributions of Josquin 10/16/2015 Ashley Sullivan There are many reasons to account for Josquin’s reputation as the finest composer of his time. He was one of the first composers to benefit from print culture. Printing gave Josquin the ability to achieve recognition that was previously denied from composers whose work was distributed only in manuscript, which was really expensive. In addition, Josquin’s unique style, which would have been considered arrogant in the era before his time, was instead praised due to the evolving movements of the Renaissance. These movements, including humanism and Protestantism both valued individualism which allowed Josquin to flourish with his distinctive and innovative style. Although he is so greatly admired, many of his works have been proven not to be authentic and misattributed. In the New Grove catalogue of Josquin’s works, out of 315 compositions 136 are thought to be misattributed to him. This has been a central problem in the authenticity and chronology of Josquin’s output and career. In this paper, I will try to bring light to certain errors in the documentation of Josquin’s career that have been assumed to be a part of his life which have caused confusion not only in his biography but also in his career. In order to accomplish this I will 1) Discuss Josquin’s background of his life and career; 2) Examine why Josquin is so popular and widely revered and how that affected the documentation of his life; 3) Explore one of...
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...estions to Consider: Europe 1. How is the history of European and Arabic cultural contact reveal through musical characteristics in places such as Spain and Bulgaria? In Spain, the authentic flamenco had just a singer. It had a strained type of timbre and melisma was used a lot. It shows that there was Arabic influence because they also had that type of style. And because they also used a guitar as accompaniment, it showed there was European influence because they liked harmony. Bulgarian music also had harmonies but with voices. This was a European characteristic. Their music is very colorful and lively and I think that was Arabic influence. 2. What defines a music as "classical" as opposed to "folk" in the European context? How has "classical" music influenced "folk" music style and performance and vice versa? In the European context, classical music is the highest class of music. Folk is a position relative to classical music. Folk music was meant for the common people. It was the opposite of classical music. Folk played classical music and folk music started to interest higher class people. They wanted to become part of a tradition. Classical music started using some folk themes. 3. Drone is especially prominent in many European music traditions. What are some specific manifestations and how does drone relate to the overall sound? Drone is used in many countries in Europe. For example: Scotland, Ireland, and Hungary. In Scotland and Ireland they use bagpipes...
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...Electric Counterpoint, by an American composer named Steve Reich, is a Minimalist piece which was written in the 1980s. It is the last in a series of three compositions for soloists playing along with pre-recorded multi-track tape loops. These loops being repeated leaves the note addition and resultant melody to the performer and the performing of it has been compared to playing in an ensemble with yourself. The piece is in binary form (AB) with 4 sections within the A and B sections and it ends with a Coda. At the start of the piece there is tonal ambiguity with hints at the key of E minor but this does not become clear until the bass guitar is introduced in part two of the A section. The three chord progressions used in A-3 are C Bm E5, C D Em and C D Bm. These chords make it clearer that the piece’s tonality is modal, specifically the E aeolian mode, because there is no F# in Em (as in the D chord) but there is in the aeolian mode. The most obvious indicator that the B section has begun is the change in key from E minor to C minor- and the piece switches between these keys frequently as the B section develops. The texture of the piece begins monophonically with a single guitar which starts as a one bar ostinato and then is full by bar six by using the note addition technique. Then layers are added and it becomes a four part guitar canon where the live guitar plays the resultant melody and it becomes polyphonic overall. In A-2 the bass guitar is introduced using the...
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...Electrical Engineering 101 Third Edition Electrical Engineering 101 Everything You Should Have Learned in School… but Probably Didn’t Third Edition Darren Ashby AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating...
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...alone because of the money that it generates for oil companies. During the last decade hybrid automobiles have begun to take a more prominent role in the automobile industry. “Historically, many in the automobile and oil industries have fought progress on electric cars. It's the same story we've seen before with seat belts and catalytic converters: The automakers leave the technology on the shelf until policymakers require them to do what is in the best interests of the American people.” (Anair & Shahan, 20011). Policy will dictate how the industry will be impacted over the next five years. Lawmakers are constantly changing the rules and regulations that automakers have to produce cars by. In the following essay we will use a macro trend analysis to determine the path of the hybrid vehicle. Issues Legislation has evolved over recent years requiring automakers to adhere to a minimum fuel economy standard. As gas prices continue to rise, people have started to trend toward more energy efficient means of transportation. Hybrid vehicles have an electric motor along with rechargeable batteries and have an increased efficiency of up to 50 percent. There is an onboard computer that switches between gas and electric power. The hybrid car runs on the energy of the battery when it is cruising, using less energy. When it needs additional power, the fuel engine is used for energy purposes. The market for hybrids can be analyzed by looking at the macro-environmental...
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...In August 1980, I was named general manager of the newly created Westinghouse Synthetic Fuels Division (SFD). The division’s nucleus was a department engaged in coal gasification research and development and supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy The technology was highly regarded, and the outlook for synthetic fuels was promising. Oil prices were continuing to rise; worldwide oil shortages were forecast, as were crude oil prices of $100 per barrel; and the Carter administration had just created the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to stimulate the production of synfuels from domestic resources and reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil. Before my assignment at SFD, I had been general manager of a division that marketed turbine generators and related services worldwide. My 16 years with Westinghouse had been spent selling complex, high-technology systems to sophisticated customers. My charge from the president of Westinghouse’s Power Systems Company (then my boss’s boss)was straightforward: “ We think we have a very promising coal gasification technology—maybe one of the best in the world. See what you can do to make it into a good business. You may conclude that we can’t, and that’s an okay answer. See what you can do. I’m always available to consult and help. Keep me informed.” When I first arrived at SFD, I had mixed feelings. The Waltz Mill site, located 35 miles south east of Pittsburgh and set in rolling hills dotted with small farms and houses, was (and is)...
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...Music Performance Experience Paper On April 27th 2012 I went to the Stagecoach festival and saw the band Alabama to which I am going to be comparing to what I have learned in class as well as the experience I had during the concert. Alabama is an older country band that is from Fort Payne, Alabama and was founded in 1969. Alabama is known for bringing the country music “band” to the mainstream music scene. In addition Alabama crossed old time traditional country music with southern rock and created a new sound in the early 70s. Alabama uses 2 lead guitars, a rhythm guitar, the fiddle and drums to create their own unique country sound. Alabama sticks to the older country sounds as well as bringing a newer style of music that melds almost seamlessly together, in their song “Mountain Music” they sing about the old country music from the mountains of the east where country music was started and the Carter family pioneered. “Play me some mountain music like grandma and grandpa used to play, then ill float down on the river to a Cajun hideaway,” this opening line from “mountain music” speaks of the old times of country music where Alabama got their sound from. This song sings about the music the artists were brought up listening to with their parents and also gives a little foresight into the Cajun type of country music that came later on after country began spreading from the mountains of the Virginias. “Play some back-home come-on music that comes from the heart, play...
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