... Russia recent years has become the world’s top gas exporter, mainly to Europe. At the time of fast growing electricity demand, when consumption significantly rise with development of new technologies, gas as a source of electricity become more and more important issue. Topic will discuss natural gas industry in Russia and Russian Company Gazprom. Gazprom is a peculiar corporate giant in gas industry. It is most internationally oriented company in Russia. 2. The role of geography Sitting astride the Eurasian landmass and occupying a territory of 17,098.2 thousand square kilometers, and spanning 11 time zones from Kaliningrad in the west to Kamchatka in the east, Russia is the largest state in the world in terms of territorial extent. Its northern shores wash against the Artic Ocean, while the southern resort region of Krasnodar enjoys a Mediterranean climate. Today Russia’s population is 142.2 million, and the average population density is 8.3 persons per square kilometers (1). However, this hides considerable regional variation: the average population density in the Central Federal District, which includes Moscow, is 57.7 persons per square kilometer, while in the Far Eastern Federal District it is only 1.1 persons. The Central Federal District occupies 3.8 per cent of Russia’s territory and was home to 26.2 per cent of Russia’s population at the beginning of 2006. By contrast, the Far Eastern Federal District occupies 36.1 per cent of Russia’s territory, was home to...
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...How Did International Relations in Eastern Europe Serve to Cause the Soviet Union’s Collapse? The Soviet Union also known as the USSR was a major world power during its existence. Which began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and went on until its collapse in 1991. The United States and the Soviet Union were ultimately large rivals since the commencement of World War 2, which created conflict known as the “Cold War”. While we are so grateful that a nuclear war did not break out, some believe that billions could have been killed if nuclear war broke out between the two countries. (“What is The Soviet Union”) The ultimate start of the Soviet Union was in 1917, with the frustration and annoyance from the Russians with the monarchy, which was presided by Czar Nicholas II. With this new idea of communism, it was surprisingly embraced by some of Russia’s top intellectuals. Communism, which is the socialist philosophy, which was encouraged and promoted by a philosopher by the name of Karl Marx in his 1848 political campaign. Communism was set in place to hopefully institute a classless, stateless society where, the people owned all means of production. With constant change and improvements, which can be ultimately argued, the intellectuals eventually got their way. While looking and reading about communism on paper alone seemed like a great idea on paper, unfortunately the implementation of communism in the USSR was profoundly corrupt and inevitably deadly to many. After...
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...In a recent article about the natural gas market in Europe, printed on “The Economist”, political and business influences were discussed in the change in gas prices and policies with Russian gas giant, Gazprom. In 2009, Gazprom, a state controlled Russian gas company cut supplies to Ukraine in a dispute over unpaid bills and accusations of theft. At that time, Eastern and Western Europe suffered a sharp spike in gas prices, as it is a main supplier to many countries in the EU. After this incident, European utilities and regulatory committees have been intent on reducing the influence held by the company and long standing contracts between countries. Smaller competitors in varying regions are beginning to compete with the company, which has decades-long contracts with many EU members to sell and purchase gas and oil products. Gazprom ships its oil and gas through many miles of territory from the gas producing regions of Siberia to various European nations. They, Gazprom, are able to produce and transport natural gas cheaply to neighboring countries. Gazprom controls the supply and is able to sell at a high price as they are the main producer of gas and oil, though with up and coming nations like Azerbaijan beginning to take small pieces of the market share. Europe has an increasing demand for oil and natural gas with many technologies depending on it for home heating and electricity production. In the graph shown below, the supply amount of Russian originated gas along...
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...Foreign Investment Opportunities in Cyprus Author: <Student> Report Date: 10/4/2013 Executive Overview: Foreword: New business investment recommendations in this report are based on medium - longer term opportunities (2 – 10 years) on the assumption that the current economic and political crisis affecting the general business and banking environment with restrictions on the free flow of capital funds into and out of Cyprus, make it impractical to execute any short term investments in this country. The short term economic outlook looks uncertain and highly volatile. Cyprus faces an extremely challenging period requiring a major restructuring of its financial services industry. Whilst in theory, the Cypriot Banking industry’s exposure to Greek government debt has been factored into the existing EU bailout calculations, any further crisis in the Greek economy and potential for foreign deposits with drawls once the current capital transfer controls (blocks) are lifted, could lead to a new crisis in the Cypriot Banking sector which could require additional EU intervention and a further period of uncertainty and economic instability. The overall effect on its economy of the current Troika ((EU, ECB, IMF) bailout conditions is yet to be felt. Future GDP short term projections vary; the IMF and EU is talking optimistically of a fall of between 5 -10% , other analysts predicts falls as great as 15% this year and another 5% in 2014 with unemployment ranging from 13.7% this...
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...God, so they rejected modern innovations and technology, such as cars, electronics devices, and electricity (Amishnews). This lifestyle enabled an Amish member to focus on education, family, and most importantly, their faith. The Amish were originally called Anabaptists. Anabaptists believed that only adults should be baptized. In Europe, adult baptism, zero tolerance for violence, and separation of the church and state were radical ideas that caused many to be killed. Over...
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...death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state. Stalin was born in Gori in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire, to Besarion Jughashvili, a Georgian cobbler who owned his own workshop, and Ketevan Geladze, a Georgian who was born a serf. He was the youngest of their three boys; their two previous sons died in infancy. Stalin's chief aim was to expand industrial production. For this, he developed three Five-year Plans between 1928 and 1938. Gosplan, the state planning agency, drew up targets for production for each factory. The first two plans concentrated on improving heavy industry - coal, oil, steel and electricity. Some keen young Communists, called Pioneers, went into barren areas and set up new towns and industries from nothing. There were champion workers called Stakhanovites, named after a coal miner who broke the record for the amount of coal dug up in a single shift. Education schemes were introduced to train skilled, literate workers. The Soviet Union also gave opportunities to women - crèches were set up so they could also work. Women became doctors and scientists, as well as canal diggers and steel workers. At the same time, many of the workers were slave workers and kulaks from the gulag. Strikers were shot, and wreckers (slow workers) could be executed or imprisoned. Thousands died from accidents, starvation or cold. Housing and wages...
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...central and eastern Europe Does Europe exist? Where should be the borders? Russia and Turkey had a big influence on Europe as well. They dispatched parts of Europe for a long time. Of course the path dependency is present in these regions. The process of European integration started later there. European identity is difficult to describe. Distinction between east and west means post-communism (eastern). Central Europe: Czechs feel like being central Europeans (since they don’t want to be part of eastern Europe.) → idea of central Europe is based on Austrian-Hungarian-Empire + parts of Germany eg Bavaria. The link is also the way of making decisions, working, doing things, tradition, waking up early (Franz Josef) → many similarities. Lot of conflicts in Europe are still connected to events that happened hundreds of years ago. Poland (republic) Linguistic Group: Western Slavic Religion: Catholic (important part of national identity) Ethnical Minorities: German, Ukraine, Belorussian (small and not important) Often divided (Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary) Is called state of wheels → always moving We are Poles because we are not Russian, not German → religion became very important for their identification. Day 2 Post-Yugoslavia states Tito managed to unify Yugoslavia after WWII and to keep it independent from Russia. → self-managed socialism (market orientation). More contact to the west. Authoritarian system but not as closed as the other eastern states. Before...
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...Why retail electricity competition is bad for small consumers: British experience Presentation to the international conference Restoring Just and Reasonable Electricity Rates Washington DC: 28-29 September 2002 Steve Thomas Senior Research Fellow Public Service International Research Unit (PSIRU) School of Computing and Mathematics University of Greenwich 30 Park Row London SE10 9LS UK Tel: 44 208 331 9056 Fax: 44 208 331 8665 Email: Stephen.thomas@gre.ac.uk Why retail electricity competition is bad for small consumers: British experience 1. Introduction For most products, to suggest consumers would be better off served by a regulated monopoly than by a competitive market would be a heresy, but for electricity, experience in Britain suggests that this would indeed be the case. There are four main reasons for this: • Competition is not a ‘free good’. Introducing competition imposes a range of additional costs that must be paid by consumers. In the case of electricity, these costs are very high and it is far from clear that the benefits will outweigh them; • Retail electricity competition will result in a transfer of costs from large to small consumers because large consumers have the incentive, negotiating skill and resources to get the best deal from the market; • Within small consumers, it will be the poorest consumers that do worst because competing retail suppliers will target rich consumers...
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...World Energy Outlook 2012 Presentation to the press London, 12 November 2012 © OECD/IEA 2012 The context Foundations of global energy system shifting Resurgence in oil & gas production in some countries Retreat from nuclear in some others Signs of increasing policy focus on energy efficiency All-time high oil prices acting as brake on global economy Divergence in natural gas prices affecting Europe (with prices 5-times US levels) and Asia (8-times) Symptoms of an unsustainable energy system persist Fossil fuel subsidies up almost 30% to $523 billion in 2011, led by MENA CO2 emissions at record high, while renewables industry under strain Despite new international efforts, 1.3 billion people still lack electricity © OECD/IEA 2012 Emerging economies steer energy markets Share of global energy demand 6 030 Mtoe 100% 12 380 Mtoe 16 730 Mtoe Rest of non-OECD Non-OECD Middle East India China 80% 60% 40% 20% OECD 1975 2010 2035 Global energy demand rises by over one-third in the period to 2035, underpinned by rising living standards in China, India & the Middle East © OECD/IEA 2012 A United States oil & gas transformation US oil and gas production mboe/d 25 20 Unconventional gas 15 10 5 Conventional gas Unconventional oil Conventional oil 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2035 The surge in unconventional oil & gas production has implications well beyond the United States © OECD/IEA 2012 ...
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...agreement over the use of water is Indus Water Treaty. At the time of separation, the line of partition was drawn right across the River Indus, which meant that the source of the rivers allocated to Pakistan, belonged to India. This posed a threat to Pakistan that India might, at any time, divert the flow of water leaving Pakistan’s water dependent economy in a serious drought. The Indus water treaty, signed in Karachi on September 19th, 1960, by India’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s President Muhammad Ayub Khan, adjudicated by Mr. W.A.B. Illif of the World Bank, defines the allocation of the waters of Indus River between the two countries. It allocates three western rivers; Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan, while the three Eastern rivers; Ravi, Beas and Sutlej to India. Most of the conflicts that have risen between Pakistan and India after the Indus Water Treaty were based on the creation of new infrastructure; dams and reservoirs. The countries have been involved in two legal water fights. The first in 2002 Pakistan opted for arbitration over India’s 450-megawatt Baglihar dam and lost the case. Later Pakistan approached the international court of arbitration ICA, for the 45 MV Nimoo Bazgo hydro power project on Indus River by...
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...most profitable industries in the market today, stocks fluctuate on a daily basis. The history, current leaders, and financial statistics of the industry all play factors in how the business operates. The history of oil and gas plays a factor in today’s society. Petroleum has always had great demand around the country. By the twentieth century, petroleum lead the world in the product for trade market. Countries such as America, Canada, and Russia began to establish oil fields in the early 1900’s and by mid century, these countries produced up to 3,500 tons of petroleum. The first modernized oil refinery was built in Poland. This oil refinery exported petroleum to counties in Europe and in northern Africa. Competition in eastern Europe for oil was getting competitive. The U.S. took over Europe as world leaders of producing oil in the 1920’s. Factories and refineries began popping up all over the country. The hotspots in the U.S. for oil and gas are Charles 2 Texas, Oklahoma, California, and Alaska. These states to this day lead the country with the most oil and gas produced and their economies are based around the booming economy of oil and gas. Offshore oil welling in the Gulf of Mexico also contributes to the industry. Sherwood Boehlert states that, “About 60 percent of the oil consumed daily by Americans is used for transportation, and about 45 percent is used for passenger cars and light trucks.” (Boehlert). Therefore, the history of oil and gas plays a role in...
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...Vietnam Population Mix: * The population is surpassed only by Indonesia as Southeast Asia's most heavily populated country. However, Vietnam is the region's most ethnically homogenous country with the Vietnamese making up about 90% of the population. * 85% of Vietnam's ethnic-minority population belongs to indigenous groups - the largest of which are Thai and Hmong - who have been settled in the mountainous regions of the country for many centuries. * About 3% of the population is ethnic Chinese living in the urban centers of the South. * With an estimate 2014 population of 90,493,352, it is the 13th largest populated country in the world with a growth rate of 1%. * Population density is 272.4/kmsqr. * Vietnam's median age increased from 18.2 years (1980) to 28.5 years (2010). Its life expectancy increased from 58.9 years in 1980-1985 to74.3 years in 2005-2010. China and Thailand have the highest old-age dependency ratio (11 in 2010) while that of Vietnam is around 9. Current median age is 29.2 years. * Vietnam’s population is rapid aging and is going to be a new challenge.44.8% of the population lies in the 25-54 years age category. * 31% of the total population is urbanized with a rate of change of 3.03%. Ratio Percentage: Total dependency ratio: 41.3% Youth dependency ratio : 31.9% Elderly dependency ratio: 9.4% Potential dependency ratio: 10.6(2014 EST.) Provinces of Vietnam: * Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces and 5 municipalities existing...
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...Development of oil Oil has developed over millions of years. According to the biogenetic theory oil was earned through the dead sea-organisms that sank on the seabed and were covered by sediments. Through the sinking sediments these organic materials were put out to high pressure and high temperature. Under these conditions they converted themselves into “Kerogen”. The well-distributed “Kerogen” is moving upwards because it is lighter than water and is edged out by this. With the moving ("migration" of the oil) of the Kerogen it will fuse to more compact masses, which is the oil. The “migration” runs in general upward. If the oil gets under impervious layers of earth (oil traps), an oil bed will result. An oil bed exists of a memory rock, which in his pores located oil and more or less bed water, provided that available - also considers in the pores of the memory rock. Importance of oil In our today’s society many people do not understand the significance of oil and natural gas. The only thing people associate with oil is petrol and diesel that we use as source of energy in order to move cars. However, the value of oil to our world goes far beyond our personal transportation choices as many of the everyday items we use are either made from oil or are dependent upon oil for their production. Let’s take a closer look on the everyday products, which are used; the exotic fruits such as bananas or vegetables that is available in almost every supermarket or highly dependent...
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...seat in Karachi, which is the national carrier of Pakistan. The main hub is Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad, while their side blocks. The airline was founded on 23 October 1946, Eastern Airlines, originally based in Calcutta for the division of British India. And later he earned four Douglas DC-3s. The airline was nationalized January 10, 1955 and changed its name to Pakistan International Airlines. Its first international flight...
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...the manufacture of iron, calcium carbide and other industrial thereof. Fuel for power generation and chemicals. construction materials fuel for power stations and cement factories (3/4 of the demand for coal) Chemical Industry Getting paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, etc.. Pharmaceutical industry. Domestic heating fuel Synthetic Fuel Coal Liquefaction Evaluation of coal resources: 1913 - International Geological Congress in Turin (7100 billion tons) - North America 68% - Asia 17% - Europe 10% - Africa 3%...
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