...Week Six Sleeping and Dreaming PSY/240 Sleeping and Dreaming Sleep is considered a natural state in which there is reduced consciousness, reduced sensory activity, and inactivity of all muscles. Sleep is needed for the body to recharge, grow, and is essential for health and well-being. There are three standard psychophysiological measures of sleep and they define the stages of sleep. They are the electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrooculogram (EOG), and the neck electromyogram (EMG). There are four different stages of EEG sleep. Stage 1 EEG is a low-voltage, high-frequency signal slower than being awake. When going from stage to stage the EEG voltage increases and the EEG frequency decreases. Once a person goes from stage 1 to stage 4, the cycles of sleep go back and forth throughout the stages while a person is sleeping. Each cycle is about 90 minutes long. REM sleep is associated with stage 1 EEG while NREM sleep is a combination of all other stages. Stages 3 and 4 are considered slow-wave sleep or SWS due to the delta waves. During REM sleep people have rapid eye movements. Dreaming occurs during the REM stage of sleep. Some people believe that external stimuli can affect their dreams. Some people believe dreams are quick and only last a few minutes, while research suggests they last as long as the person is dreaming. Some people say they do not have any dreams, but more than likely they just do not remember their dreams. Penile erections...
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...scientists (4). The next scientist was Hans Berger. (Epilepsy 5). He was known for developing the Electroencephalogram, also known as the EEG, however he did not develop it to its full potential (Hans Berger 1). Hans developed the diagnostic tool on July 6th, 1924 (4). The EEG became one of the most valuable diagnosing tools in neurological diseases such as epilepsy and brain tumors (1) There have been many different thoughts of what epilepsy was and how it has been diagnosed. epilepsy means the same thing as “seizure disorders” due to the seizures that take place (Sirven 1). The seizures take place in the brain; it has been considered the main source of the disease (4) and it is also a chronic disorder (2). Epilepsy may occur when there are disruptions to normal connection between nerve cells in the brain (Frequently Asked Questions 5). Some refer to the seizures as neurons ‘firing’ and causing an abrupt force of energy in the brain which then causes the seizure to occur (Anderson 1). There have only been a few ways discovered to diagnose epilepsy, which mostly includes many different tests. Some of the tests include, EEG monitoring, brain scans, blood tests, and neurological tests (Seizures and Epilepsy 47). An almost immediate diagnosis occurs when a person has had at least 2 seizures that had an unknown cause (Sirven 6). The EEG, or the Electroencephalogram, is a brain wave test (EEG 18). Using this test they measure the electrical activity of the brain by measuring the electrical...
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...Cory Bertelsen 10.1.2012 Psychology 100 Scott Cohn One of the methods for studying the brain is called EEG. EEG stands for Electroencephalogram and it is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain. Special sensors are attached to your head and hooked by wires to a computer. While the test is in progress, the computer records your brain’s electrical activity, and the results will either be posted on a screen or on paper. You might be wondering why someone would get an EEG. Some reasons are epilepsy, dementia, sleep disorders, and to help find out if a person has a physical problem. The good news is that the test isn't painful and you don't have to remove any hair from your scalp. The bad news is that the adhesive used to attach the electrodes to your scalp will take a day or two to scrub out. An EEG may be done in a hospital or by doctor’s office by an EEG technologist. Another method for studying the brain is called an MRI. The abbreviation MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. Its a test that uses a magnetic field to pulse radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. MRI’s can show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods such as, X-ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging is used for several reasons. Its used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases, or infection. This test can be done by an MRI technologist, yet the pictures are...
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...INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Imaging: Function, Pros and Cons Submit To: Prof. Dr. Christian Wallraven Cognitive Systems Lab Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering wallraven@korea.ac.kr Done by: Dk Norhaziratulbillah Pg Hj Hashim 2015951229 Visiting Student Program (VSP) Spring 2015 One of the most complex systems that researchers are continuously demand to understand is the human brain. The human brain consists of billions of nerve cells or neurons connected via electrical and chemical activities (NeuroPro). In the early 20th century, German physiologist and psychiatrist named Hans Berger was the first to record these electrical activities in the brain and this was the birth of the electroencephalography (EEG) (Collura, 1993). The EEG is a brain imaging technique used to evaluate and diagnose brain disorders that affect brain activity for example, epilepsy, brain’s lesions, Alzheimer's disease, certain psychoses and a sleep disorder (Johns Hopkins Medicine). Berger’s first application of EEG was on the 6th July 1924 in a neurosurgical operation of the 17 years old boy who suffered from brain tumor (Collura, 1993). Since then, this technique had been increasingly practiced in many research as it can be seen that the EEG was mentioned in 3,950 research papers in 2000, 5,330 and 10,600 in 2005 and 2010 respectively. The basic components of the EEG machine include electrodes with conductive media, amplifiers with...
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... Intracellular unit recording – technique where a microelectrode is placed inside a cell to register membrane potential as a neuron fires. b. Extracellular unit recording – technique where a microelectrode is planted in the fluid next to a neuron to measure electrical activity coming from the firing of a neuron next to it. c. Multiple unit recording – method where a small electrode is used to record the electrical activity of many nearby neurons. d. Invasive EEG recording – method where intracranial electrodes are placed surgically and used to measure general changes in electrical activity in the brain. 2. Describe and compare these three techniques commonly used for obtaining information about the living human brain: fMRI, EEG and CT. CT (Computed Tomography) – A computerized tomography scan of the head which is a...
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...AN INTERVIEW WITH A HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL 1 Health Care Interview Sylvia Taylor HCS/310 July 9, 2012 Jennifer Hitt AN INTERVIEW WITH A HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL 2 Health Care Interview Health care interview is quite an experience for the first timers. For some it is an opportunity to learn the adventures of questioning and interviewing someone and the curiousness of a person’s answers to the questions asked. It is a new learning experience to ask someone about a person’s career and definitely learn something from it. The interviewee has an amazing learning milestones, achievements, and the vast knowledge of her entire career. The neurologist is the interviewee who is a medical doctor treating the brain and the nervous system disorders. Below are some of the findings, informations, and the discussions about her strong career in neurology. A Description of the Targeted Department or Facility This targeted department or facility is an outpatient clinic in neurology, getting referrals on patients with complaints of headaches, seizures, falls, neck, and low back pains, dizziness, memory loss, strokes, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and many more. Guerrero et al. (2011) “Headache is a common cause of medical consultation, both in primary care and...
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...thinking. Here, very strong mental associations are maintained which upon activation come to a single conclusion that can only be either right or wrong , with a clear connection between the mental representation and the original stimulus (Molle et al., 1999). Thus, two opposite modes of thinking seem to exist, each serving a different function and each having tests that tap into this function. What is of interest, however is the fact that little physical evidence has been collected to support these models. Finding an actual physical correlate for these theories is the purpose if this exploratory research. If creativity exists, then it should have some biological foundation. One way to study this is with the use of the electroencephalogram (EEG). The...
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...Broken Mirror: The Mirror Neuron System and the Salience Landscape Dysfunction Pamela H. Crittenden University of Maryland University College The Mirror Neuron System and the Salience Landscape Dysfunction This paper will summarized and critique the important points discussed by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Lindsay M. Oberman in the article “The Theory of Autism”. Support and expansion of the ideas presented will be discussed. Several points in the article will be evaluated. Two theories that were prevalent during their studies to help explain and or determine the cause of Autism were the Mirror Neuron Dysfunctions and Disrupted Salience Landscape Theory. To begin it is important to define what is meant by Autism. It is a genetic disorder that plagues a small portion of Americans. Children diagnosed with Autism are unable to carry on normal conversations and tend to remove themselves from any chance of social contact. Although they may experience different types of emotions such as fear and pleasure they also experience poor language, lack of eye contact and social isolation. As stated by the author (Ramachandran and Oberman, 2006) Patricia M. Rodier believes that “susceptibility to autism is inherited” and her theory is based on a “newly discovered class of nerve cells in the brain called Mirror Neurons” (Ramachandran and Oberman, 2006, p.64). These nerve cells take on the same characteristics of an Autistic...
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...BRAIN CHAIR MAYANK SRIVASTAVA(1020018) BIVEK RATH(1020038) KUMAR HARSH(1020014) KUNAL MEHROTRA(1020015) SOUMYAJIT ROY(1020034) SWAPNIL AGARWAL(1020035) Engineering Project Report Supervisor: A.Samui School of Electronics Engineering Prof. A. samui Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology BHUBANESWAR-751024 DECLARATION I hereby declare that I carried out the work reported in this report in the School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, under the supervision of Prof. A. Samui . All sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged. MAYANK SRIVASTAVA ...
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...After passing through the head, the beam is sampled by one of the many detectors that line the machine’s circumference. Images made using x-rays depend on the absorption of the beam by the tissue it passes through. Bone and hard tissue absorb x-rays well, air and water absorb very little and soft tissue is somewhere in between. Thus, CT scans reveal the gross features of the brain but do not resolve its structure well. PET Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain. When the material undergoes radioactive decay a positron is emitted, which can be picked up be the detector. Areas of high radioactivity are associated with brain activity. EEG Electroencephalography (EEG)...
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...Many people wonder how psychologists know that a particular part of the brain is associated with a certain function. Researchers have used different techniques to study the brain. Researching the brain is not new. Back in the 1800s, phrenology was a popular technique. Phrenology was a procedure that used bumps on an individual’s head to determine and predict personality characteristics. Unfortunately, it is not very accurate. We have found more reliable information from lesions in the brain. A lesion is the natural or intentional destruction of brain tissue. Knowing what happens when a part of the brain is damaged or destroyed is a key to knowing its function when it works correctly. In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage FIGURE 3- 10 suffered an accident when an explosion drove a 1-pound steel rod straight through his head, destroying much of the front part of his brain. Some of the reports after the accident suggested that his personality was altered. Gage’s case underscores the fact that examining lesions is an important way to study the functions of various parts of the nervous system. Today, more sophisticated technologies are employed to study and treat the brain. For example, electrical stimulation of the brain is a technique used to stimulate neural FIGURE 3- 10 Phineas Gage suffered an accident that damaged his frontal lobe. Phrenology A procedure that uses bumps on an individual’s head to determine and predict personality characteristics...
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...seizures usually: • Do not cause physical injuries. • Start slowly. • Include crying or shrieking. • Last longer than 2 minutes. DIAGNOSIS Your health care provider can usually diagnose non-epileptic seizures after taking your medical history and giving you a physical exam. Your health care provider may want to talk to your friends or relatives who have seen you have a seizure. If possible, it is helpful to write down your seizure activity, including what led up to the seizure, and share that information with your health care provider. You may also need to have tests to look for causes of physiologic non-epileptic seizures. This may include an electroencephalogram (EEG), which is a test that measures electrical activity in your brain. If you have had an epileptic seizure, the results of your EEG will likely be abnormal. If your health care provider thinks you have had a psychogenic non-epileptic seizure, you may need to see a mental health specialist for an evaluation. TREATMENT The treatment for your seizures will depend on what is causing them. When the underlying condition is treated, your seizures should stop. If your seizures are being caused by emotional trauma or stress, your health care provider may recommend that you see a mental health professional. HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS Home care will depend on the type of non-epileptic seizures you have. In general: • Follow all of your health care provider’s instructions. • Keep all follow-up visits...
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...Patient history Doctors often begin their examination of a patient suspected of having dementia by asking questions about the patient's history. For example, they may ask how and when symptoms developed and about the patient's overall medical condition. They also may try to evaluate the patient's emotional state, although patients with dementia often may be unaware of or in denial about how their disease is affecting them. Family members also may deny the existence of the disease because they do not want to accept the diagnosis and because, at least in the beginning, AD and other forms of dementia can resemble normal aging. Therefore additional steps are necessary to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of dementia. Physical examination A physical examination can help rule out treatable causes of dementia and identify signs of stroke or other disorders that can contribute to dementia. It can also identify signs of other illnesses, such as heart disease or kidney failure, that can overlap with dementia. If a patient is taking medications that may be causing or contributing to his or her symptoms, the doctor may suggest stopping or replacing some medications to see if the symptoms go away. Neurological evaluations Doctors will perform a neurological examination, looking at balance, sensory function, reflexes, and other functions, to identify signs of conditions - for example movement disorders or stroke - that may affect the patient's diagnosis or are treatable with drugs. Cognitive...
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...Within the skull lies the most complex organ known to mankind -- the human brain. With a mass of only 6 kilograms, the brain contains over 100 billion living cells and 1 million kilometers of interconnecting fibers; but, exactly how does it function? Marketing and sales managers would love to know why consumers are attracted to certain advertising, packaging and brands. Martin Lindstrom, author of Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy, explains the marketing challenge, “When we walk down an aisle in a grocery store, our purchasing decisions are made in less than four seconds…there is no way we can think about that in a complete way. Those decisions take place in the subconscious part of the brain” (2008). The drive behind neuromarketing is to discover how consumers are actually responding to marketing messages, not how they report they are responding, or will respond. Neuromarketing studies consumers' response to marketing stimuli and matches that response to different areas of the brain. This research will explore neuromarketing history, levels of the brain, neuroimaging techniques used, advertising effectiveness of neuromarketing and some challenges facing this new field. History In 1991, Dr. David Lewis-Hodgson, Minilab chairman and director of research, began Neuromarketing research in the United States, after stumbling upon it when he was researching treatments for phobic anxiety and stress (Lewis, 2010). Shortly after, marketers from large companies such as Coca-Cola...
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...Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Aviation All living beings possess a built-in, biological alarm clock. This clock is responsible for innumerable bodily functions that are performed during various stages of a day/week/month/year. Examples include bowel movement, digestion, hormone production, menstrual cycle and migration (among birds/animals), to name a few. All these functions follow a particular cyclical pattern. When this process recurs annually, it is known as a circannual rhythm. Similarly, when this process recurs on a daily basis, it is known as a circadian rhythm. The word circadian comes from the Latin words ‘circa diem’, meaning about a day. Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock within our brain. This section of brain is called the 'suprachiasmatic nucleus' (SCN). Signals produced by the SCN travel to different sections of the brain, thus stimulating various functions, such as body temperature, hormone secretion, changes in blood pressure, etc. There are numerous external factors as well, that regulate a circadian rhythm among human beings. These external factors are called zeitgebers (Hawkins & Orlady, 1993). Most common zeitgebers are light and temperature. Others include meal times, various social and physical activities. The most common circadian rhythm known to mankind is the sleep cycle. Sleep is an extremely important physiological phenomenon, during which our body heals and recuperates. Let us begin with understanding what sleep...
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