...The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. There are 7 regions in the electromagnetic spectrum and they are gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves. All types of electromagnetic radiation are transverse waves and they all travel at the same speed in a vacuum. The regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are explained below in order of increasing wavelength and decreasing frequency. Gamma Rays (γ-rays) Gamma rays have the lowest wavelength but the highest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are produced by radioactive atoms in nuclear explosions. Gamma rays are highly penetrating rays and can kill living cells, which due to this it is used in medicine to kill cancerous cells. However, they can also kill healthy cells which could lead to cancer. Gamma rays are also used to kill bacteria in food and to sterilise surgical instruments. X-rays X-rays are used to produce photographs of bones to check if for any damages or fractures. They can also be used to check metal components and welds or any other damage. The earths atmosphere is too thick for x-rays to enter, so x-ray astronomy has to be done in space. X-rays come from fast electrons that decelerate after striking something. Advantages of x-rays are they can be used to check if anyone has any broken bones in their body. Disadvantages are that x-rays can cause mutations in the DNA, they can cause cancer and they...
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...gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=the+uses+of+electromagnetic+spectrum https://www...
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...BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Avalahalli, Doddabalapur Road, Bangalore-64 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Subject Title: Microwaves & Radar Name: Hamsini Poovamma B S USN: 1BY12EC014 Batch & Sem: V A Staff Incharge: Mrs Rashmi N, Asst.Professor Dept. of Electronics and Communication BMS Institute of Technology Signature of Student Signature of Faculty Signature of HOD TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Terahertz (THz) is Far-Infrared radiation located between microwaves and infrared in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is low-energy, non-ionizing radiation which can penetrate many non-polar, non-conducting materials such as clothing, paper, masonry or plastic. They can penetrate fog and clouds. Their wavelength corresponds revealingly with bio molecular vibrations. Terahertz radiation, also known as t-rays, has wavelength of 3-100 cm-1. Terahertz radiation was discovered in 1896. Unless they're at a temperature of absolute zero (−273.16°C), all objects, animate and inanimate, give off terahertz radiation (called T-rays), the heat from molecular vibrations. No one knew how to make T-rays bright enough to actually use in the everyday world. Attempts with semiconductors produced only wimpy T-rays, 1/2,000th of a watt at most. One way to make terahertz radiation...
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...electrical field. Michael Faraday demonstrated the first electromagnetic induction and built the first direct current generator in 1831. In 1865 and again in 1873, famed Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published multiple papers regarding electromagnetics. Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented the photophone in 1880. The photophone was a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams, which required a direct line of sight. In 1885 Thomas Edison used a vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In 1891 he filed a wireless patent for the signal system and method using inductance he applied to the Lehigh Valley Railroad system he established in 1888. In the meantime, Henrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves with an oscillator. Then came what is perhaps the most debated topic in wireless history, the invention of the radio. WiFi has easily been one of the most useful technologies of the past decade so many of our daily tasks and the devices we use rely on it, and it’s on the verge of getting a whole lot better. First, it's not as new as it might sound. This is not a new idea or proposal it’s about the availability and use of white space for unlicensed devices in the TV bands as part of the FCC’s incentive auction process. The promise of the 600 MHz band, post incentive auction, is that the guard bands would mean that spectrum for unlicensed use would be available nationwide – in all...
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...RESUME DIVAKAR.M Email: divakarnathan@gmail.com No.406 pillaiyar kovil st, Mobile: +91-7639244457 Pombur post, Villupuram. Objective To work in a globally competitive environment on challenging assignment that shall yield the twin benefits of the job satisfaction and a steady-paced professional growth. Summary * Acquainted with technologies like HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) MICROWAVE RANGES. * Done project by self learning by attend workshop in NIT Trichy. * Undergone detail training in understanding EMBEDDED SYSTEM trained at ACCEL IT academy, Adyar ,Chennai. * Experienced the different phases of a project execution under antenna approach. Professional & Academic Qualifications B.E. Electronics and communication Engineering., Periyar Maniammai University, THANJAVUR . CGPA : 8.54/10. Current GPA : 8.71. year of passing : 2013 Class : First class. * Higher Secondary Ramakrishna vidhayala matric Higher Secondary School, VILLUPURAM.(Tamil Nadu State Board) Percentage : 72.25% Year of Passing : 2009 Class : First Class. * SSLC Ramakrishna vidhayala matric Higher Secondary School, VILLUPURAM. (MATRICULATION) Percentage : 71.72% Year of Passing : 2007 Class :...
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... Sunbeds has got both men and women ‘dying’ for a tan. These indoor tanning machines have advantages as well as disadvantages, it’s ability to provide sufficient amounts of vitamin D can benefit so many people who are ‘indoors’, but many people often abuse the benefits of the sunbed and become addicted for the wrong reasons. Other than it’s efficiency to provide consumers with a long-lasting glorious tan, this extraordinary tanning invention leaves consumers feeling satisfied, attractive and most importantly, wanting more (Hutchison, 2010). Although sunbeds provide this great conviency, consumers must also realize that there are other ways to achieve that crisp goddess tan without sacrificing their health. Indoor tanning machines have been promoted in the past as a healthy alternative to frying out in the sun. While natural sunlight delivers a combination of UVA rays and UVB rays, which stimulates skin cells to produce the brown pigment menalin, sunbeds emits more potent UVB, known to cause skin damage and cancer. (Haughton, 1997) It is estimated that 128,000 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in Australia this year and 80% of the new cases is accounted for skin cancer due to overexposure of the sun or sunbeds (Cancer council Australia, 2014). Radiation causes mutation in gene products that regulate cell division. It is well known that sunbeds can damage the skin, but most people don’t understand the depth of damage that is caused by concentrated exposure to UV light. Ultraviolet...
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...3.3 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 3.3.1 INFRARED SENSORS IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold. Fig 3.3.1 Working of Infrared Sensors 3.3.2 USB DONGLE A dongle - also called an internet dongle - is a small USB device that is used to access the internet. It can be referred to as a dongle,...
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...Tan away with Melanotan II I always wanted a tan. But it is so hard to maintain it by just sunbathing and doing other synthetic processes. This is actually my first time to take Melanotan II. I conquered my fear of needles and tried the injectables. It was so effective using it. I got the tan I desired by just following the recommended dosage. I started from injecting Melanotan-II with 1 mg of melatonin only and then after that I only injected dosages from 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg only. This is actually my secret why I have not experienced any known side-effects of Melanotan II. Also, before trying any tanning agent consult your dermatologist for any skin allergies you may have. This is like the golden rule of the tanning world. Well, at least for Melanotan II. If you have none, then you are good to go. Maintaining my tan is actually really easy now because my tan through Melanotan II lasts longer than any tanning agent I have tried. My tan lasts for 3 months. That is actually times 2 the usual life of ordinary tan. Most tans only last for a month. This is why it makes injecting the needles bearable because I only had to do it every 3 months. The first few months after using Melanotan II, my friends keep asking me about my tan and so I recommended the same to them. It works out for them too. For those who cannot conquer their fears yet, you can try mixing Melanotan II with bacteriostatic water and spray it into your skin. If you are using this, it is best recommended to sunbathe to...
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...Cell Phones Do Not Cause Brain Cancer Abstract The effects of cellular phone use were examined with the attempt to find a correlation between increased brain cancer and increased cell phone use. Over the last 20 years, cellular phone use has become the primary form, and in many cases the only form, of communication. These devices use radio frequency technology to transmit and receive communications. There has been controversy around whether or not these radio frequency signals cause cancers in the brain when the devices are used and placed directly on the head. Multiple studies have not been able to prove a direct correlation between the use of cellular phones and brain cancer. Keywords: cellular phones, cancer, brain, radio frequency Cellular Phones Do Not Cause Brain Cancer Cellular phones became widely popular in the early 1990’s and have become a mainstream necessity to most people today. Many people now use cellular phones as their primary or only form of communication with most households abandoning traditional landline telephony. Technology has also evolved at such a tremendous pace that the majority now uses cellular devices as not only phones, but as computers as well. With the increased demand and the ability for manufacturers to reduce costs, these devices have also become more accessible and important to people of all ages, with the majority of users “in the age range of 18 to 49” (Anderson, 2015). As of 2014, “it is estimated that there are almost...
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...IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 54, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2006 3755 A New Compact Microstrip-Fed Dual-Band Coplanar Antenna for WLAN Applications Rohith K. Raj, Manoj Joseph, C. K. Aanandan, K. Vasudevan, Senior Member, IEEE, and P. Mohanan, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—A novel compact microstrip fed dual-band coplanar antenna for wireless local area network is presented. The antenna comprises of a rectangular center strip and two lateral strips miprinted on a dielectric substrate and excited using a 50 crostrip transmission line. The antenna generates two separate resonant modes to cover 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands. Lower resonant mode of the antenna has an impedance bandwidth (2:1 VSWR) of 330 MHz (2190–2520 MHz), which easily covers the required bandwidth of the 2.4 GHz WLAN, and the upper resonant mode has a bandwidth of 1.23 GHz (4849–6070 MHz), covering 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands. The proposed antenna occupy an area of 217 mm2 when printed on FR4 substrate . A rigorous experimental study has been conducted to confirm the characteristics of the antenna. Design equations for the proposed antenna are also developed. ( = 4 7) Index Terms—Coplanar waveguide, dual-band antennas, printed antennas, wireless local area networks (WLANs). I. INTRODUCTION IRELESS LOCAL area networks (WLAN) are being widely recognized as a viable, cost effective and high speed data connectivity solution, enabling user mobility. The rapid developments in WLAN technologies...
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...Name Instructor Course Date Antennas This report provides details of different types of antennas used in ships as well as maintenance procedures and precaution measures when dealing with antennas. An Antenna is a component capable of radiating and capturing radio waves. Thus, antennas are useful elements of a ship and together with radio equipment are a means of communication between the vessel and the control tower. The first type of antenna used on ships is the quarter wave vertical antenna widely used at all frequencies from MF to VHF. The quarter wave vertical antenna is simple to construct and erect in locations with limited space like a ship. For VHF and UHF, it is important to elevate the antenna above close obstacles. One advantage is that, the single element vertical antennas have a multi-directional radiation design meaning they do not require re-alignment in a mobile application and are thus suitable for ships. A quarter wave aerial with a quarter-wave radials exhibits 50-ohms impedance thus uses a 50-ohm coaxial cable (Stutzman and Thiele). In summary, the quarter wave antenna is popular for its convenience and simplicity. The second type of antenna is the dipole antenna that is one of the commonly used RF antenna types. Primarily, it consists of two poles into which radio frequency current flows and together with a voltage causes radiation of a radio signal. There are several types of dipole antennas that include, half wave dipole, multi-half wave...
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...When asked, most children would respond that light is colorless. But, in reality, the air around us contains every single color of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. “Electromagnetic waves are waves produced by a vibrating electrical charge that can travel through a vacuum, such as outer space, or through air on Earth. These waves come in different speeds, or frequencies. The faster a wave vibrates, the shorter its wavelength, which is the distance between two waves at the same point in their cycles” (Blackwell & Manar, 2015). The electromagnetic spectrum is a spectrum of all light, all the way from gamma rays to radio waves. Humans can only recognize visible light, which is a small portion of the spectrum. The visible light spectrum ranges from violet to red light....
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...Conduction, Convection, and Radiation By: Spencer Smith Physics 2010 – Online Dr. Stone 30 April 2014 Physics is a controlling factor in our vast universe. It literally controls how our reality operates and how our existence came to be in this universe, it actually it what made our universe. When you think about physics you probably think about friction and forces but it is a much broader idea. Physics is what controls how the atoms that make up everything work with each other to form the things we see, the things we use, and even ourselves. Physics is a fundamental basis of our idea of the universe; yes there could be another parallel universe that has a different set of laws of physics but if it exists and we discover it physics will be there to help us understand the cause of this great phenomenon. Conduction, convection, and radiation are a processes of heat transfer and we experience these processes every day, some people might not realize it but these studies of physics are happening right now, all around us. Heat transfer is really just the transfer of energy and to understand how energy is transferred one must understand the physics of heat. “Conduction is the process of heat transfer in solids. If one end of a solid is heated, the particles of the solid gain kinetic energy thus moving faster. In a solid the particles are held together by strong forces of attraction. The only way in which the particles can move is to vibrate forwards and backwards. The...
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...Electromagnetic waves At this point in the course we'll move into optics. This might seem like a separate topic from electricity and magnetism, but optics is really a sub-topic of electricity and magnetism. This is because optics deals with the behavior of light, and light is one example of an electromagnetic wave. Light and other electromagnetic waves Light is not the only example of an electromagnetic wave. Other electromagnetic waves include the microwaves you use to heat up leftovers for dinner, and the radio waves that are broadcast from radio stations. An electromagnetic wave can be created by accelerating charges; moving charges back and forth will produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and these travel at the speed of light. It would really be more accurate to call the speed "the speed of an electromagnetic wave", because light is just one example of an electromagnetic wave. speed of light in vacuum: c = 3.00 x 108 m/s As we'll go into later in the course when we get to relativity, c is the ultimate speed limit in the universe. Nothing can travel faster than light in a vacuum. There is a wonderful connection between c, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the constants that appeared in the electricity and magnetism equations, the permittivity of free space and the permeability of free space. James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that all of electricity and magnetism could be boiled down to four basic equations, also worked out that: This clearly shows...
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...lab http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/blackbody-spectrum/blackbody-spectrum_en.html t? How can you tell? 2. Does the light bulb produce X-rays? How can you tell? 3. In the spectrum made by the light bulb, which wavelength is most intense and what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is this? Wavelength _______________________ Type:_____________________ 4. Given your answer to #3 is an incandescent light bulb very good for its intended use? Explain. Click Save. (The curve will turn yellow) Part II Comparing spectra of different objects. Set the temperature to 615 K, this is comparable to the temperature in a very hot oven. Notice that the RED line is the radiation emitted by the oven. The line should appear flat, but it isn’t. Zoom the y axis in to read .001 and zoom the x-axis out to 12. 1. How is the curve produced by the oven similar to the line produced by the light bulb? 2. How is the curve produced by the oven different from the curve produced by the light bulb? 3. If the power goes out in your kitchen, could you see in the dark using light from the hot oven? Explain. Click Clear to clear the graphs. Set the temperature to 5800K. This is approximately the surface temperature of the sun. You’ll need to zoom in on the horizontal axis and zoom out on the vertical axis. 4. What is the most intense wavelength produced by the sun? What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is this? Wavelength _______________________...
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