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Elephant Dung Paper

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NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

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“Green economy and My responsibility”
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Elephant dung paper Class: Advanced Program 51 Name: Le Dieu Linh Chi Le Minh Phuong Nguyen Thu Thao Tran Huong Tra Tran Hai Yen

Hanoi, October 21, 2012

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NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY A PROJECT OF ELEPHANT DUNG PAPER Presented to:
The English Competition “Experience and Enjoy” – “Green economy and My responsibility” Prepared by: Lê Diệu Linh Chi Chiledieulinh@gmail.com Nguyễn Thu Thảo ngthuthao91@gmail.com Trần Hải Yến tranhaiyen152@yahoo.com Lê Minh Phương lephuong1230@yahoo.com Trần Hương Trà thtra279@gmail.com

October 21th, 2012
Contents

I. Introduction 1 II. Content 2 1. Current situation in Vietnam 2 2. Business project 4 a. Background 4 b. Challenges and Opportunities 4 c. Process 5 d. Product 6 3. Impact evaluation 6 a. Impact on environment and ecology: 6 b. Impact on the local economy: 7 III. Conclusion 7

Abstract

Green economy is the economic model that aims at sustainable development of the economy while improving social equity and reducing environmental risks. Developing a green economy is the responsibility as well as the benefit of each individual. The role of each citizen is becoming more significant than ever as the theme of World Environment Day on June 5th, 2012 is “Green economy: Does it include you?” The report’s purpose is to discover a solution to animal waste management, more specifically elephant dung management, in Vietnam. Within the scope of this report, an idea of using elephant dung to produce paper and other products such as cards, notebooks, picture frames, etc. is introduced. The report consists of three main parts. The first part of this study, Introduction, provides an overview of the topic, and thence the inspiration for the researchers to set up this project. In the Body of the report, the readers come across current issues on elephant protection and elephant dung management in Vietnam. Then details of elephant dung paper project are presented. The Conclusion will be shown in the last section, which includes the summary of the main findings and necessity for further research.

* *
Introduction
In recent years, the world has experienced a significant crisis in economy, which is considered the second biggest crisis, only after the Great Depression in the 30s of the previous century. This financial crisis has triggered a great deal of difficulties for many countries. It is the responsibility of economists now to carry out researches to investigate the reasons and to come up with the most effective solutions to the problem. After a considerable amount of analyses, many experts see that “the prevailing economic growth model is focused on increasing GDP above all other goals. While this system has improved incomes and reduced poverty for hundreds of millions, it comes with significant and potentially irreversible social, environmental and economic costs”. The result of these analyses have shown that manifestations of unsustainable development.
Sustainable development is the goal of many countries because it aims at not only the development of all aspects in present but also the continuous development in the future. In order to ensure the achievement on the sustainable development; the current economy model needs to be replaced by green economy, which can help solve problems of modern economy and enhance today’s economy.
The green economy is defined as “one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities”. The green economy is the combination of three components: economy- society- environment. The interaction of these three elements promotes the economy’s sustainability by conducting eco-friendly economic activities that create benefits, improving living standard. After this economic and ecological crisis, green economy would be the most suitable model for our development.
According to Karl Burkart, a green economy is based on six main factors: * Renewable resources * Green buildings * Clean transportation * Waste management * Water management * Land management
Each of these six factors has great impacts on the efficiency of the green economy. Within the scope of this report, the author would like to focus on waste management - the process of collection, transportation, supervision and handles waste materials. To be specific, elephant waste management is the main concern of this report.
An idea of using elephant dung to produce paper and other products such as cards, notebooks, picture frames, etc. is presented. The report will first discuss the current issues regarding elephant protection and elephant dung management in Vietnam. Then, useful knowledge of elephant dung management acquired from other countries will be mentioned so that the project of making paper from elephant dung is formed. If applied, the project is expected to bring more jobs to unemployed residents and low-income households and to expand tourism in Tay Nguyen area. The profits attained from the production will be invested in reservation and growth of Tay Nguyen elephants. After report on the actual situation in Vietnam, the authors come up with the idea of establishing elephant farm and produce recycled paper from elephant dung.
Content
Current situation in Vietnam The Vietnamese elephant is on the edge of extinction. In recent years, the number of elephant left in Vietnam has been decreasing at an increasing speed. Mr. Duong Trung Quoc, a Vietnamese historian, claimed that back to the year of 1985, the elephant population was estimated to consist of 500 wild individuals (“Elephant locations in Vietnam,” 2012), and 502 domestic ones ( Cao Thi Ly, 2011, p.7). In 2011, the statistics from The Vietnam Administration of Forestry (VNS, 2012) showed that there was only about 75-130 wild elephants. Regarding domestic elephant, there were approximately 82 individuals left, including the 54 ones living in Dak Lak (Cao Thi Ly, 2011, p.7-8). This fact demonstrates that during 26 years from 1985 to 2011, elephant in Vietnam has a dramatic decrease of 80% in number. This has rung warning bell on the elephant conservation in Vietnam. Over the past few years, the illegal elephant hunt has been a big threat for the existence of this species. The enormous profit from selling elephant’s body parts is driving many people crazy. They keep on killing these big creatures for their ivory, tails, skins, etc. Since the end of 2009, there were about 19 elephant dead bodies found in Dak Lak, whose precious body parts had been cut off (Quang Huy, 2012). Most recently, in August 2012, a couple of elephants were killed in Yok Don National Park (H.Vy & K.Uyên, 2012). The New York Time referred this situation in Vietnam to “an elephant massacre” and implied that the extinction of Vietnamese elephant was coming very close (Minh Long, 2011). According to Mr. Scott Roberton, the national director in Vietnam of the Wildlife Conservation Society, if nothing was to be done to stop the elephant killing, in about 10 years from now, no individual of elephant would be found living in the territory of Vietnam (Huong Thu, 2012). In addition, uncontrolled deforestation is also a prevention of elephant conservation. It is taking away the living habitat of elephant, driving them to go to the neighborhood for food. The problem is that to find their food, elephants may potentially cause some damages to the crop, worsening the human-elephant conflict of interest. This is the point that the illegal hunters can take advantage of to approach and kill elephants (Quang Huy, 2012). For the reasons mentioned, the demand for setting up a safe living place for elephant is now of great importance. On the other hand, rearing and developing these big creatures can lead to some side effects, one of which is the negative impact of elephant dung on the air as well as the beauty of the place where the elephant lives. The smell from elephant dung as well as its appearance will make it uncomfortable for people, preventing the development of eco-tourism service in some regions such as the central highland. Therefore, applying an appropriate method to process the waste from elephant is necessary in completing a model of elephant conservation.
Business project
Background
From the desire of protecting the environment while developing the economy, promoting social welfare and improving living standard of not only local residents but also of elephants, a new idea of transforming elephant dung into paper and other products is developed. This idea of producing elephant dung paper has been applied to practice in many countries such as Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. Especially, in Thailand, tourists are allowed to come and visit elephant dung paper factory. Profits are earned from not only selling products derived from elephant dung but also from touring fees. Tourists will have a chance to observe the process of making elephant dung paper and may directly join hands with local people to produce beautiful pieces of paper. The profits from these activities will be contributed to the elephants’ benefits: enhancing the quality of food, medicine and habitat of elephants.
According to Thai elephant conservation center, due to its inefficient digest system, only approximately 50% of the food an elephant consumes can be assimilated while the rest will come straight out. This fact suggests that the main component in the dung of this herbivorous animal is fiber, which is the main raw material in the process of paper making. As a result, by using the fiber available in elephant dung, the first step in manufacturing paper is completed. On average, an elephant consumes from 200 to 250 kilogram of food and gives out nearly 50 kilogram of dung a day. The amount of elephant dung obtained can then be used to make about 115 pieces of paper. Although made from elephant dung, the paper produced does not smell at all.
Challenges and Opportunities
The project using elephant dung to produce paper might face some challenges. Firstly, the number of elephants in Vietnam has been declined dramatically in the past few years. As mentioned above, elephants are on the verge of extinction in Vietnam in 10 years. Dak Lak is the province with the highest number of living elephants. Although the current number is about 160 elephants, in accordance with Vietnam Environment Administration (2012). This can be a huge disadvantage when it comes to producing paper in large scale. The second challenge is that there have not been many significant and effective actions to protect the elephants. Recently Dak Lak province has invested 60 billion VND in Dak Lak Elephant Conservation Center in order to promote nutrition care and to support reproduction for elephants (Quang Huy, 2012). Nevertheless, this project has met many difficulties and obstacles. Another issue is that Vietnamese customers are unfamiliar with this new kind of product so elephant dung paper may encounter consumer concerns about hygiene and quality.
Despite all the challenges, there are many favourable opportunities for producing elephant dung paper to raise fund for elephant protection in Vietnam. First, we can manage to get support from the people and authorities of provinces such as Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Kon Tum, Lam Dong, as well as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The idea will not only contribute to biodiversity conservation but also ensure the sustainable economic development. In addition, after customers are educated about the quality and hygiene of paper made from elephant dung, the products will certainly be welcomed and accepted. Process
Some references regarding elephant dung paper production from countries like Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, it can be seen that the production process is not extremely complicated and the products are bacteria free. The project could be carried out and developed at the Elephant Conservation Center in the future. Below is the process of making paper from elephant dung (Mehra & Shekhawat, 2007) * Step 1 – Collecting the elephant dung: Elephant dung is collected and gathered up at the paper production workshop. The color of dung varies seasonally and depends on the kind of food that elephants eat. * Step 2 – Cleaning the dung: Rinse the dung with water to break up the mixture, leaving only the fiber materials which are similar to what elephants eat (leaf, root, grass, fruit, etc.). Then, let them dry under the sun. This step is of great importance. It is recommended that this step should be done near cultivated land since the waste water can be used as fertilizer for the plants. * Step 3 – Cooking the fiber: Those fiber materials now are cooked in water for about 5-6 hours. Salt and hydrogen peroxide are added during the cooking process to kill bacteria and disinfect. After cooking, the fiber materials will be soft enough to make the pulp. * Step 4 - Making paper: From this point, the process is quite similar to the normal paper making process. Fiber materials are beaten into pulp. Then the smooth pulp mixture is poured into a large bath and float evenly to form a big sheet of paper. It is pressed and squeezed out excess water. Finally, the sheet of paper is let to dry and cut into smaller pieces.
Product
Elephant dung paper can be made into various products such as: stationery, notebooks, cards, picture frames, paper bags and many other products. Tourists could buy these products as souvenirs after visiting the Elephant Conservation Center and the elephant dung paper workshop. Profits gained from the sale are contributed to the Elephant Conservation Fund. The main purpose of this fund is to support elephant reproduction and improve their nutrition care. Therefore, it can be seen that this project is not only a profitable but also a sustainable one, which will protect the environment, recycle animal waste as well as create jobs for local residents. Impact evaluation a. Impact on environment and ecology:
Once being applied in Vietnam, this project will potentially bring great contributions to environmental protection and conservation of Central Highlands elephant. As mentioned in the previous parts of this study, animal waste in general and elephant dung in particular is known as a cause of pollution. Through this project, elephant dung after being collected, processed, and made into papers will no longer be a threat of environmental pollution or cause any harm to health and lives of local residents.
In fact, elephant dung is a perfect substitute material for the paper industry. By using elephant dung to produce papers, we can save a large volume of precious woods, avoid cutting down trees and the problem of deforestation. In America, it is estimated that by decreasing 10% of paper output made from natural wood, we can prevent the release of 1.6 tons of greenhouse gases. This is also equivalent to eliminating the emission of 280,000 vehicles on roads (IndikaT, 2012). What is more, reduction in cutting down trees for timber helps secure the natural habitats of wild elephants, which may eventually improve the number of wild elephant population.
More importantly, profits from selling elephant dung papers will be rolled over to invest in reservation and growth of Central Highlands elephant. The proceeds will be used to buy food, to hire elephant keepers and to pay for periodical health care fees. In the future, as the project is developed, profits from elephant dung paper may even be sufficient to build a large, standard reserve area for wild elephants in this area.
Impact on the local economy:
To assess the possible impacts of this project, we cannot forget its role in establishing a green economic model. The business provides necessary jobs for local people, especially the unemployed and low-income households. Now, their major task is growing, collecting grass, feeding the elephant and taking care of the elephants’ health conditions. Thus, the business model creates a good income source for local people.
With the orientation to develop tourism alongside with paper production, this project unquestionably opens up a brand new path for eco-tourism in Central Highlands. Besides the income source earned from selling high-quality paper, part of the entire profit comes from the ability to attract a vast number of tourists, who wish to visit production site and learn about this exclusive paper making method. Needless to say, a good combination between tourism and manufacturing will contribute to the flourish of a long-term and sustainable economy. This is definitely the main, also the ultimate goal in building a green economy.
Conclusion
As the prevailing economic growth model have been showing noticeable signs of being ineffective, the world is now paying more attention to a modern economic model: green economy. Green economy enhances sustainable development in economy while promotes social justice and environment care. Contributing to the growth of a green economy requires responsibility and efforts of not only the government alone but also of the whole society and of each individual.
Waste management in general and animal waste management in specific is one of the stinging issues in the world and in Vietnam. With the purpose of processing animal waste and protecting Central Highland elephants while creating a new source of income for local people, an idea of making paper and similar products from elephant dung is developed. By applying production process from other countries such as Thailand, India, etc., the project is expected to bring more jobs to local residents and profits to improve living environment of this species. It is also a good chance to promote tourism and raise the awareness of people of these endangered animals. More detailed report on this idea will need to be done in order to bring the project into practice in Vietnam. Still, at the very beginning, the report has brought about a new idea of environment protection coming along with economic development.

REFERENCES

Bapna, M., & Talberth, J. (2011, April 05). Q&A: What is a “green economy?” Retrieve from http://www.wri.org/stories/2011/04/qa-what-green-economy
Brand, & Ulrich, (2012, March). Green Economy - the Next Oxymoron? No Lessons Learned from Failures of Implementing Sustainable Development. Volume 21, Number 1, pp. 28-32(5)
Cao Thi Ly, (2011) The current situation of elephant in Vietnam, Department of Forest Resources Environment Management, Tay Nguyen University
Elephants location in Vietnam. Elephant. Retrieve from http://www.elephant.se/country.php?name=Vietnam
Goater, Y.L, (2010). Reconciling Environment and Trade in Picture: Three Sri Lankan Case Studies Valuing Biodiversity, Investor Services Asia private Limited.
Honey Rose Product Limited, (2007) Elephant Poo Poo Paper. Nature’s world. Retrieve from http://www.natures-world.co.uk/elephant_poo_poo_paper.htm
Hương Thu, (2011, April 24). Voi ở Việt Nam sẽ tuyệt chủng trong 10 năm tới. Vnexpress. Retrieve from http://www.baomoi.com/Home/KhoaHoc-TuNhien/vnexpress.net/Voi-o-Viet-Nam-se-tuyet-chung-trong-10-nam-toi/6150975.epi
H.Vy, K.Uyên, (2012, August 27). Cặp voi bị giết trong vườn quốc gia Yok Đôn. Vnexpress. Retrieved from http://vnexpress.net/gl/xa-hoi/2012/08/cap-voi-bi-giet-trong-vuon-quoc-gia-yok-don/
IndikaT, (2012, September 11). Hand Made Paper from Elephant Dung. Hubpages. Retrieve from http://indikat.hubpages.com/hub/lephant-Paper
Minh Long, (2011, September 07). Cuộc tàn sát voi ở Việt Nam sắp xong. Vnexpress. Retrieve from http://vnexpress.net/gl/khoa-hoc/2012/09/cuoc-tan-sat-voi-o-viet-nam-sap-xong/
Pooper Making. Haathi Chaap – The place for Elephant Poo Paper and Products. Retrieve from http://elephantpoopaper.com/making.html
Quang Huy, (2012, September 22). Đăk Lăk đầu tư 60 tỷ đồng quản lý bảo tồn đàn voi. Vietnamplus. Retrieve from http://www.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Dak-Lak-dau-tu-60-ty-dong-quan-ly-bao-ton-dan-voi/20129/160221.vnplus
Thai Elephant Conservation Center. Dung facts. Elephant dung papers. Retrieve from http://www.elephantdungpaper.com/fact.html
VNS, ( 2012, September 03). Wild elephant deaths investigation ordered. Vietnamnet. Retrieve from http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/environment/26443/wild-elephant-deaths-investigation-ordered.html

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