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Elevator

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CASO: Una empresa japonesa está pensando lanzar al mercado un negocio de ascensores. La estrategia planteada es la siguiente: “Todos los ascensores son iguales pero el nuestro es 25% más barato”.

Premisas:
• Ascensores de pasajeros
• Japón no se analiza como país
• Ventas globales

¿Cómo estructuraría el análisis bajo el Pensamiento Estratégico?

Primer paso:
La empresa debe definir cuáles van a ser sus objetivos generales.
Para ello lo primero que debe hacer es definir el mercado objetivo al cual la empresa pretende dirigirse para vender sus productos (ascensores para pasajeros).

Para poder cumplir con la estrategia que los ascensores de la empresa sean 25% más baratos que los de la competencia, la empresa debe buscar un segmento de mercado donde no interese el lujo ni la comodidad del producto, sin descuidar la seguridad del transporte de pasajeros que es lo más importante. Por lo tanto, en el rubro en el cual la empresa no debe restringir costos en la seguridad que deben tener sus productos.

Promover una adecuada infraestructura para brindar una amplia conectividad y optimización en el uso de los recursos y condiciones habitacionales tendientes a mejorar la calidad de vida y las condiciones ambientales.

Segundo paso:
Una vez que la empresa ya estableció el mercado objetivo, debe realizar investigaciones de mercado que cubran los siguientes aspectos:
¿Cuál es el tamaño del segmento escogido?
En un marco de creciente competencia, nuestra concentración en productos modulares se orienta a segmentos como centros comerciales, instituciones públicas y privadas.
¿Cuál es la oferta existente en dicho mercado? A nivel de calidad de producto, precios.

¿Cuáles son las exigencias de los clientes y que no deben perderse?
Garantizar la movilidad del usuario, la máxima seguridad y la disponibilidad permanente de su inversión. De cara a la competencia, son decisivos el servicio de mantenimiento y la facilidad de reparación del producto en el menor tiempo comprometido con nuestros clientes.

¿Qué características adicionales busca un cliente para comprar ascensores en ese mercado específico?
Debido a que ascensores pasan años en funcionamiento, a efectos de determinar el impacto sobre el medio ambiente la fase de explotación de la instalación, en comparación con otros sectores es de suma importancia. Utilizando como guía las recomendaciones del Consejo Económico Mundial para el Desarrollo Sostenible, se pueden analizar y valorar los siguientes ejemplos atendiendo a sus efectos positivos sobre los factores gasto de materiales, consumo de energía, emisión de contaminantes, revalorización, recursos renovables y durabilidad.

¿Estarían dispuestos a sacrificar la comodidad o lujo por una mayor seguridad?

Tercer paso:
Se debe definir cómo va a ser el proceso productivo.
Para ello, hay que tener claro los elementos constitutivos de un ascensor que son los siguientes:

1. Cabina
La cabina es el elemento portante del sistema de ascensores. Está formada por dos partes: el bastidor o chasis y la caja o cabina. En sus extremos inferior o superior, según necesidades; se encuentra el sistema de paracaídas, ya sea instantáneo o progresivo. Este sistema libera unas cuñas contra las guías para frenar la cabina en caso de que baje a más velocidad de la permitida por el limitador de velocidad, impidiendo que la cabina pueda caer libremente incluso en el caso de que se partieran todos los cables que sujetan la cabina. En los ascensores de la actualidad y según normativa de cada país o región también frena en subida, es decir cuando la cabina sube.

2. Grupo tractor en los ascensores electro-dinámicos
Los grupos tractores para ascensores están formados normalmente por un motor acoplado a un reductor de velocidad, en cuyo eje de salida va montada la polea acanalada que arrastra los cables por adherencia.
3. Maniobras de control
El control de los sistemas de ascensores funciona mediante sistemas electrónicos, encargados de hacer funcionar la dirección de movimiento de la cabina y de seleccionar los pisos en los que esta deba detenerse.
Actualmente, los controles de ascensores funcionan con microprocesadores electrónicos que mediante algoritmos de inteligencia artificial determinan la forma de administrar la respuesta a los pedidos de llamadas coordinando los distintos equipos

Con esto la empresa puede determinar el flujo del proceso productivo de estos componentes principales, así como de todas las partes que intervienen en dichos componentes.

Preguntas por hacer:
¿Que tecnología va a usar la empresa en la producción de los ascensores?
Utilizar tecnología con alto reducción del consumo de energía, en aproximadamente un 25%.
Además de la reducción directa del consumo de energía, la recuperación de energía permite una reducción indirecta en forma de menor disipación de calor, lo que, a su vez, reduce las necesidades de enfriamiento del cuarto de máquinas.

¿Determinar de toda la cadena de valor, cuales son las fases en las que la empresa debe tercerizar para disminuir sus costos de producción?
En este punto es importante que la empresa determine cuáles son sus ventajas comparativas.
Esto permitirá saber si por ejemplo decide tercerizar la producción de los componentes de las maniobras de control, es decir, los microchips en países como India o del sudeste asiático, donde la mano de obra es barata y especializada, y enfocarse en aquellos componentes donde sí tiene marcada ventaja como puede ser los sistemas de seguridad.

Los dispositivos de seguridad principales son:
• Enclavamiento electromecánico de las puertas
• Paracaídas de rotura o desequilibrio de cables de tracción (a. electrodinámicos)
• Limitador de velocidad (a. electro-dinámicos) (Gobernador de velocidad)
• Finales de carrera
• Dispositivo de parada de emergencia
• Timbre de alarma
• Luz de emergencia

También se puede fabricar cabinas cuyo interior tengo los elementos necesarios que garanticen la seguridad de los ocupantes, pero descartando todo aquello que no impacte directamente en la seguridad, como pantallas LDC, control de temperatura, espejos, entre otros.
La empresa debe asegurar ante todo que los componentes externos de la cabina, tipo sistema hidráulico, poleas, etc. deben estar hechos con los mayores estándares de calidad

Cuarto paso: Determinar la estructura de costos que permita lograr la eficiencia del 25% menos en costos. Esta estructura de costos estará determinada por la calidad de insumos a emplear, la mano de obra y otros gastos.
Un tema crítico es de la mano de obra.
Una vez que la empresa defina la cantidad de mano de obra requerida por ascensor, debe definir el país donde producir los ascensores, en función a las leyes si son flexibles en el aspecto laboral y tributario o dichos costos son menores con la finalidad de no encarecer el producto.

Debe aplicar tecnología de punta, que permita reducir el número de operarios por máquina, lo que también se traduce en ahorro en costos.
Los otros gastos tales como depreciación, mantenimiento, energía eléctrica, suministros y otros se evaluarán en la medida que sean importantes dentro del proceso productivo.

Quinto Paso:
¿Es la propuesta de la empresa sostenible en el tiempo?
El promedio de vida útil de un ascensor es de 15-20 años si no presenta problemas.
Por lo tanto, la empresa debe invertir en investigación y desarrollo con la finalidad de que sus productos sigan vigentes en el mercado tanto por la calidad como por precio.

Asimismo debe seguir buscando y fidelizando a proveedores que provean los insumos a bajo costo y en los plazos establecidos.

¿Cómo lograr que se cumpla con este plazo de vida útil entre 15 y 20 años?
¿Qué tipo de mantenimiento y cada cuanto tiempo se debe aplicar en los ascensores?

También se puede fabricar cabinas cuyo interior tengo los elementos necesarios que garanticen la seguridad de los ocupantes, pero descartando todo aquello que no impacte directamente en la seguridad, como pantallas LDC, control de temperatura, espejos, entre otros.
La empresa debe asegurar ante todo que los componentes externos de la cabina, tipo sistema hidráulico, poleas, etc deben estar hechos con los mayores estándares de calidad

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