...Gender equality has three aspects: equal opportunities, equal treatment and equal entitlements for both, men and women. It is directly linked with human development. The author says that patriarchy thrives on control of women’s sexuality, fertility and labour for male hegemony over economic resources. Economic institutions and policy can exacerbate existing gender inequalities instead of mitigating them. Laws and policies too play a significant role in determining the extent of gender inequality that exists in a society. They can serve to protect women’s rights or to reduce them. For example, in many countries, women still lack the legal right to inherit or own property and, in many others, violence against women is not considered a criminal offense. The paper argues that without transformations in economic relations or the implementation and enforcement of legal rights and protection, gender equality and the empowerment of women can remain an elusive goal. Women’s Studies have challenged the conventional indicators of development that focus on urbanization, higher education, mobility of labor, technological development, modernization, infra-structural development, industrialization etc. Through the lens of Gender Economics, the author contextualizes day to day survival struggles of women in the family, in the households, in the community and in the micro and macro economy with the perspective of power relations which control women and girl children's sexuality, fertility...
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...There will be three features of the labour market discussed within this assignment in order to highlight the inequalities. It aims discuss the inequalities amongst the gender factor, the concept of child labour and the links these factors have with unemployment. The argument which explains the gender inequalities within the labour market originates from the 1970s. However, it is fair to state that a lot has changed within society in particular the labour force since then. It is difficult to identify the particular factor that clarifies such segregation but many conclude on the basis of pay discrimination. Other factors to explain gender segregation could relate to comparative biological advantages, underinvestment in human capital, differential income role and entry barriers....(Bettio and Verashchagina (2009) Examples of gender inequality within the work place are common amongst contemporary society and this is because there are continued obvious biases in the labour market. There are hidden practices within the procedures of such institutions. According to Bettio and Verashchagina (2009) organisations lack to identify females’ skills and this inevitably leads to the ‘poor visibility of female skills’. These key thinkers argue that due to these female-dominated roles are often seen to lack such professionalism. This is further explained by justifying that due to this gender segregation...
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...economically, and socially. Although her intent is well-meant; her movement “HeForShe”, along with her address was flawed in many ways. Watson starts off her address by saying “We want to end gender inequality-and to do that we need everyone to be involved.” (Warren) but from there on she only talks about men. Watson patronizes men; unable to see the full spectrum of consequences that come with change, and the illogical statistics and statements that she presents, consequently these flaws have opened the doors to numerous media backlashes. The invitation to men “How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation? Men-I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation. Gender equality is your issue too.” (Warren) was patronizing to men as if being formally invited on a magnific stage such as the United Nations headquarters was just the thing us men were waiting for. Mia McKenzie reinforces my idea with her sarcastic remarks “It’s not because of the prevalence of misogyny the entire world over. It’s just that no one’s asked. OMG, why didn’t any of us think to ask?!” Now that we are formally invited let us see what could really happen with gender equality. Cathy Young gives an example of gender inequalities in favor of women but Watson’s “natural consequence” might not be what she had in mind. Young says when talking about child custody cases “…fathers began to fight against more covert anti-male...
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...Unequal Outcome of Gender Equality Introduction Gender equality is a sensitive issue that has raised concerns in the society. It is a human right as both genders remains entitled to experience a good living free from any fear. The concept tends to have a deep dwell on the women, who are thought to be less fortunate in society than men. The society has it in mind that empowering women and girls are similar to empowering a whole nation. The empowered section of women is popular since they contribute to an increase in health and productivity of the family and community in respective prospects of the next generation. The concept has been in the application, in the Millennium Development Goal, as an agenda, where the countries did aim at eliminating gender disparities in education before year 2015. The countries also did believe that achievement of this goal would lead to subsequent achievement of the rest of the goals. Contrary to all these concerns, the concept of gender equality has led to unequal issues in the society after extreme concentration on one gender. Some of the methods are in clear illustration in the two articles on the description. Article 1 summary The article is under the Bankrate.com Publishers. It title is Bridging the pay gap between the gender. In this article, the author is concerned of the pay gap that still exists among men and women. The gap is often in many times overlooked, or used as a factor of determining the success in women. Source of data from...
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...The notion of sexism is a very recent idea in our society. The idea that men were superior to and different from women was so deeply integrated into much thinking that most people never thought to question it. Throughout the history of ideas, female inferiority has been seen as the natural order of things. This is where feminism comes into place... feminism is the view which examines the world from the viewpoint of women, hence this 'traditional' view that men dominate women is challenged by feminists, as feminism believes that women are disadvantaged relative to men and that female interests are ignored or devalued by society. Feminism is therefore the movement which essentially campaigns for equality for women in society; examples of feminist groups which have campaigned for equal rights are the suffragettes and suffragists who protested for the right to vote for women in the 20th century. As Paula Trelchler herself put it... feminism is the radical notion that women are people. Liberal feminist Gavron suggested that women are trapped by the traditional roles within the family and that they should have more choice with regards to marriage and family life. Oakly further argued that the mother housewife role has been responsible for the subordination of women in the workforce. Female professional workers are three times less likely to be married than their fellow male workers. Oakly criticized Young and Wilmott, who in their 1972 study suggested that men were doing more in...
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...Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic...
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...The urban in fragile, uncertain, neoliberal times: towards new geographies of social justice? R. ALAN WALKS Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Cananda L5L 1C6 (e-mail: alan.walks@utoronto.ca) Canadian cities are at a crossroads. The neoliberalization of governance at multiple scales, inadequate re-investment in urban infrastructure, increasing reliance on continental and international trade, and the restructuring of the space economy have combined to weaken Canada’s cities just as the global economic system is undergoing transformation. Canadian urban geographic scholarship has much to offer under current conditions, and is already making significant contributions in key areas. In particular, research on what might be called the contours and impacts of urban restructuring and the neoliberal city, immigration and cities of difference, and urban environmental justice show much promise and are likely to define the core of Canadian urban geography into the future. Key words: cities, urban geography, Canada, economic restructuring, neoliberalism, social justice L’urbain ` une ´poque fragile, incertaine et a e n´olib´rale: vers de nouvelles g´ographies de la e e e justice sociale? ` Les villes canadiennes sont a la crois´e des chemins. e Alors que l’´conomie mondiale traverse une p´riode e e de transformation, la situation des villes au Canada se pr´carise avec les effets de la restructuration e ` n´olib´rale de la gouvernance a multiples...
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...of students taking this module in 2015/2016. Whilst the details contained in this handbook represent teaching staff intentions at the time of writing, it is in the nature of Higher Education that some module information may be subject to modifications during the teaching of a module. Teaching staff reserve the right to make such minor changes in the matters covered by this publication and will endeavour to publicise any such changes as widely and in as timely a manner as possible. PEOPLE, MANAGEMENT & ORGANISATIONS 2015/2016 TEACHING STAFF MODULE LEADER: Professor Susan Miller (SM) s.j.miller@durham.ac.uk tel: 0191 334 0223 TEACHING TEAM: Dr. Carole Elliott (CE) c.j.elliott@durham.ac.uk tel: 0191 334 5553 Mr. Peter Allen (PA) P.J.Allen@durham.ac.uk tel: 0191 334 5273 Miss. G. Huhn (GH) g.huhn@durham.ac.uk Contact details: We are very happy to deal with genuine, urgent enquiries by e-mail, and to give students all the help we can, but please do not ask us to do things that you yourself can do. We will be available during Consultation Hours which will be posted on DUO....
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...Introduction American culture, being traditionally perceived as quite liberal and democratic, is in fact paralyzed by the overwhelming power of stereotypes which shape the current image of culture at large and its industries, including music, in particular. Even the most innovative and advanced movements’ turn to be submitted to the canons of the ideology that dominates in American culture. Unfortunately, such a situation does not contribute to the development of really free, liberal and focused on spiritual, moral and intellectual progress of the consumers of the culture. Probably one of the most interesting, new and, unfortunately, typical example of the domination of stereotypes in American culture is the development of female black rap music, which has become particularly intensive in 1980s and is still quite dynamically developing. At first glance black female rap music should be free from traditional stereotypes, it should be innovative and contributing to black female emancipation and increasing the role of black females in the society at large but, in actuality, the situation is absolutely different. Despite the fact that many female rappers pretend to be unique at developing the new image of a free and independent black female, it turns to be that practically all of them, or at least the most popular of them, are ideologically dependent on the male dominance in proper and figurative sense of this word. It means that as a rule black female rappers tend to create an...
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...female subordinates, but power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender nonconformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to nonsupervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an equalizer against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. Interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender nonconformity and women’s authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings. Keywords inequality, gender, power, sexual harassment The term sexual harassment was not coined until the 1970s (Farley 1978), but formal organizational responses have since diffused rapidly (Dobbin and Kelly 2007; Schultz 2003). Today, sexual harassment workshops, policies, and grievance procedures are standard features of the human resources landscape, and a robust scholarly literature ties harassment to gender inequalities (Martin 2003) and other forms of workplace discrimination (Lopez, Hodson, and Roscigno 2009). Power,...
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...competitive instincts, the idea that women make better leaders than men is gaining ground. But many women in conjugal life do not feel comfortable to play dual role in family and children and career. Women have to face critical problem during cooperation with male workers. Developing field of the "psychology of work satisfaction” is a key determinant of effective career planning for organizations, and both for man and woman. Efficiency of women to succeed professionally has been acknowledged all over the world. Nevertheless gender discrimination in the workplace did exist and still continues in one form or the other. With better educational opportunities more and more women are opting for financial independence by working towards a stable career. Today almost every field that was earlier touted as being men only has been pervaded by women. If a woman qualifies on the basis of all the requirements of a profession, then there is no reason why there should be gender discrimination in the workplace. Although laws have been passed in most countries to provide equal opportunities at the workplace for both men and women, the fact is that 'women and glass ceiling’ still exist. (ref. article:1- M. Linehan and J. S. Walsh. Breaking the glass ceiling; British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, 85–95 (2001) In...
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...Papers Series When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley and Kathleen L. McGinn September 2002 RWP02-036 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. 1 When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 496-4717 Kathleen L. McGinn Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 (617) 495-6901 The authors thank Linda Babcock, Max Bazerman, Jim Sebenius and the reviewers of the 2002 Academy of Management meeting for their helpful comments on this paper. 2 3 Abstract We propose that two situational dimensions moderate gender effects in negotiation. Structural ambiguity refers to potential variation in a party’s perception of the bargaining range and appropriate standards for agreement. Gender triggers are situational factors that make gender salient and relevant to behavior or expectations. Based on a review of field and experimental data and social psychological theory on individual difference, we explain how structural ambiguity and gender triggers make negotiations ripe for gender effects. 4 Gender often appears to have economically...
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...The Arithmetic of Inequality Jimmy is a second grader. He pays attention in school, and he enjoys it. School records show that he is reading slightly above grade level and has a slightly better than average IQ. Bobby is a second grader across town. He also pays attention in class and enjoys school, and his test scores are similar to Jimmy's. Bobby is a safe bet to enter college (more than four times as likely as Jimmy) and a good bet to complete it -- at least twelve times as likely as Jimmy. Bobby will probably have at least four years more schooling than Jimmy. He is twenty seven times as likely as Jimmy to land a job which by his late forties will pay him an income in the top tenth of all incomes. Jimmy has about one chance in eight of earning a median income (Bassis, 1991:216). I. Basic Definitions A. Life Chances Life chances refer to one's access to resources. Life chances can refer to one's ability to get food and shelter. It also refers to access to social institution such as health care, education, the government, and the law (to mention a few). Social class affects one's life chances across a broad spectrum of social phenomenon from health care, to educational attainment, to participation in the political process, to contact with the criminal justice system. B. What is Social Stratification? Social stratification refers to the division of a society into layers (or strata) whose occupants have unequal access to social opportunities and rewards. People in the top strata...
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...at the expense of minority or marginalised groups. My setting has an ethos of equality of respect for all; a practice of inclusion that is grounded in an intercultural ethos. What does this mean in reality, well as a faith school we have at the heart of our vision the desire to nurture and love all children regardless of their background, ethnicity or faith. Striving all the time to reach out to all areas of our school community, this can be seen in the way we are building bridges of friendship with the families of our children encouraging them all to become engaged with the school in the development of their children. A passionate belief in the right to social justice and equality for all people, irrespective of social class, race, gender or ethnicity drives me to strive for equal opportunities in the area of educational provision. The rationale behind this aspiration is reflected by Russell (1932) and Dewey (1966) of the importance of education as a lifelong process that has the capacity to confer on participants’ libratory and life-enhancing experiences. Traveller children belong to an ethnic minority group who exist mainly on the margins of society. Dwyer (1974) describes how for generations they have lived in the fringe of society, tolerated by some,...
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...RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT [pic] [pic] • Volume 16: Issue 2 • Editorial • Keynote • Articles • Research Note • Reviews Highlight, copy & paste to cite: Pio, E. (2008). Threads of Constraint: Ethnic Minority Migrant Women and Employment, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 16(2), 25-40. Threads of Constraint: Ethnic Minority Migrant Women and Employment Edwina Pio Abstract Nations, organisations and ethnic minority migrants are compelled to deal with issues emerging from the perceptions and politicisation of ethnicity. Issues of ethnicity are often fore grounded in the zone of work where the complexities of migration, ethnicity, gender and employment intersect. This paper highlights the perceptions of university business students in a New Zealand university with reference to ethnic minority women and employment. Through a study of various databases and the construction of parables on ethnic minority women in New Zealand, the experiences of recruitment and selection, diversity management and career progression emerge as themes in the perceived employment experiences of ethnic minority migrant women. The paper argues for the need to highlight narratives of ethnic minority women through creative pedagogy in order to sensitise business students and future managers to the consequences of migration and a need for the intelligent utilisation of human resources in a world that...
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