...Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 557–740 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Associate Editors Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Ermias Belay, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USA Mary Brandt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Corrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Paul V. Effler, Perth, Australia David Freedman, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Hadler, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Nina Marano, Nairobi, Kenya Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA Patrice Nordmann, Fribourg, Switzerland Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ronald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Senior Associate Editor, Emeritus Brian W.J. Mahy, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, UK Managing Editor Byron Breedlove, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Copy Editors Claudia Chesley, Laurie Dietrich, Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Jean Michaels Jones, Shannon O’Connor, P. Lynne Stockton Production William Hale, Barbara Segal, Reginald Tucker Editorial Assistant Jared Friedberg Communications/Social Media Sarah Logan Gregory Founding Editor Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly...
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...Emerging and Remerging Infectious Disease: A Global Challenge Liberty University Emerging and Remerging Infectious Disease: A Global Challenge Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is a danger to the stability of nations and the world. Governments, international organizations and individual health professions have renewed their focus on current health care policies in an effort to reduce the threat of emerging infectious diseases (Simmerman, 2012). The basic definition of an emerging or re-emerging infectious disease is a disease whose incidence has increased in a defined time period and location. If the disease was unknown in the location before, the disease is considered to be emerging. However, if the disease had been present at the location in the past and was considered eradicated or controlled, the disease is considered to be re-emerging ("Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases," n.d.). Some of the diseases identified as emerging and re-emerging are the Avian influenza (H5N1), West Nile virus, Monkey pox, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which an increase in outbreaks was noted in early 2003 (Simmerman, 2012). Emerging infections are caused by pathogens that are present in the environment and when these opportunistic pathogens are given the right conditions, they are able infect new host populations. Another major factor is infections that are antimicrobial drug resistant. In order to meet the challenge of these infections healthcare providers...
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...Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Outbreaks can occur following excessive rainfall or flooding. Etiology Virtually all wild and domestic mammals can harbour the bacteria that cause leptospirosis in their kidneys and genital tracts and act as source of infection to humans and other animals. • Rodents were the first recognized carriers of leptospirosis and are considered the primary source of infection to human beings. • Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat, pigs and dogs are also considered common reservoirs of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis. Pathophysiology • Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters. • Leptospirosis can occasionally also be transmitted through the drinking of water or ingestion of food contaminated with urine of infected animals, often rats. • Human-to-human transmission occurs only very rarely. Risk Factors Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported following natural...
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...Cheung Kong MBA Thesis Oral Defense Jul 30/31, 2011 Takeda’s Vaccine Business Strategy CKMBA0621 Jenny Jie PENG 彭洁 Agenda 1. 2. 3. Why Vaccines? – – Key Trends – – – – Maximize value of current assets Major Drivers for Growth Why Takeda? Why Vaccines Create Opportunity for Takeda Current pipeline opportunities Short and long term growth potential Capability mapping for future growth How? Roadmap to Establish Takeda’s Global Vaccines Business – – – Opportunities and barriers to entry Strategic roadmap to enter global vaccines market and address capability gaps Proposed action plan Why Vaccine? Vaccine Has Become an Attractive Market • • • Vaccine is the most cost-effective tool for disease prevention and reduction of healthcare costs Investment in partnerships and other deals to develop and manufacture vaccines has been on a tear: dollars in government and non-government grants are bringing – Billionways to develop and manufacture new and improved vaccines better, faster worldwide emphasis on – Rising are purchasing a broader preventive health care: Government and private sector set of modern vaccines – Acceleration of vaccine development since the birth flu, SARS, swine flu – The advent of the first multibillion-dollar vaccines, have further boosted their appeal Vaccines now are viewed as a crucial path to growth, as drug makers look for ways to bolster slowing prescription medicine sales amid intensifying generic competition and government pressure to cut...
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...Pharmaceutical industry outlook: The pharmaceutical industry in India, once considered a defensive player has emerged into one of the highest growth providers for Indian economy. With a growth of more than 17% on year-on-year basis since 2010, the healthcare industry is contributing to about 10% of GDP. During last decade, large global pharmaceutical companies have merged or formulated joint ventures with many Indian companies to tap into emerging markets and take advantage of economical resources as well as higher growth prospects. This led Indian pharmaceutical companies to shift their focus from generics to R&D based business model. Current spending on research and development (R&D) is about 12-15% of revenue - an increase from 5-8% of revenue for the industry a decade earlier. The expanding on R&D is justified with growing aging, newly emerged areas of medical need and the diseases now common across the developing and developed countries due to global warming. Global warming has brought diseases like malaria, cholera, diphtheria and dengue to more developed regions, existing in warmer areas. Similarly, respiratory illnesses like asthma and bronchitis in cooler regions. The number of people with diabetes in developing countries has risen from 84m in 1995 to 228m in 2025. 338m of the people living in the E7 countries (China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and Turkey) are at least 65 years of age, compared with 155m of the people living in the G7...
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...Disruptive Innovation in Emerging Markets: Strategies Used in India and China Ruan Y., Hang C.C., Subramanian A.M. No. 01/12 Division of Engineering & Technology Management (D-ETM) Institute of Engineering Leadership (IEL) Faculty of Engineering 1 Disruptive Innovation in Emerging Markets: Strategies Used in India and China Ruan Y., Hang C.C., Annapoornima M.S. Abstract The appropriate type of innovation which can meet the needs of the mass population in the bottom of pyramid (BOP) has not been studied much in the literature. Based on the theory of disruptive innovation, we offer 11 cases from India and China – the two biggest emerging markets to show that disruptive innovation could be an appropriate, feasible, and powerful innovation force to the companies and the economies involved. We also examined the R&D strategies used in these cases based on the framework proposed by Yu & Hang (2011) and found that 3 out of the 4 strategies commonly used in the cases from developed markets were also applied in the cases from emerging markets. In addition, we have identified 3 unique strategies which emerged from the cases from India and China, namely frugal engineering, modularization, and drastic manufacturing cost reduction. Based on the frequency of the usage of these strategies, we drew practical implications for local companies and multinational companies. Our study also provides critical insights to policy makers in emerging markets on the appropriate...
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...companies will have to introduce reference in pricing and to deal with increasing pressure on pricing. Economic: Due to the context of global economic crisis, the main threat for the industry stands in the reluctance of consumers to spend on healthcare. Like most of the sectors, pharmaceutical industry copes with a reduction in its growth, even if the market perspectives are positive. To emphasize: pharmaceutical growth is following the GDP growth. Social: As the over-65’s consume 4 time more than other citizens, the aged population represents an opportunity for the pharmaceutical companies which will have to respond to increasing demand from this part of the population. Moreover, patients are more and more aware of treatments and diseases and are expecting more transparency about drugs and price policy. Thus, the companies will have to face with pressure on customer service. Eventually, the market is likely to grow with increasing health concerns like the obesity issue which has become crucial in Western countries...
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...July-December, 2013 Business Perspectives and Research Reverse Innovation: A Gift from Developing Economy to Developed Economy Ritu Sinha 1 Abstract In the era of globalization, emerging market economies are surfacing into centers of innovation. These innovations associate with low-cost products like healthcare devices, wind power, micro finance, electric cars and many more. The success of these frugal innovated products enable developed countries to adopt well. Hence, reverse innovation refers to those innovations which are adopted by developing countries first and then by developed countries. These innovative products are a result of cutting edge technology, common sense and ingenious use of local commodities with the price range that is affordable to a huge mass of consumers like Tata's one lakh ($ 1677) car Nano, Nokia's sturdy mobile phones, the Chottu Cool' refrigerator and many more. These products might be conceptualized for the customers at the bottom of the pyramid still not limited by scaled down versions meant for the lower end. This paper is an attempt to evaluate how reverse innovations are possible in emerging markets and how it can unlock business opportunities at a global scale. Keywords Emerging market, frugal, innovation, product reverse, technology 1. Introduction In today's changing and competitive environment, innovation is must for the survival of any kind of business in the marketplace. The primary objective of any business firm is to understand...
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...Introduction The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is mainly known as the global association that provides financing to member countries which are either developing countries that are in extreme poverty or countries that are faced with severe economic crisis who are no longer able to seek financing from other sources. Along with these loans, training and technical assistance on bettering economic management is offered. The IMF also provides policy advice to governments and central banks based on analysis of economic trends and cross-country experiences as well as research, statistics, forecasts, and analysis based on tracking of global, regional, and individual economies and markets. (About the IMF, n.d.) Currently there are 188 member countries of the IMF which makes the organization extremely important to virtually the whole world. Upon its creation at the Bretton Woods Conference there were 29 member countries who signed the Articles of Agreement in 1945. Between its creation and present day the IMF has helped countries deal with economic crises, and funded growth for many poverty stricken countries. As the IMF has grown into a major global economic body the role of the IMF has shifted from its first purpose of ensuring currency exchange rate stabilization and overseeing of the international monetary system to a major global lending organization and global economic stabilization force. (About IMF, n.d.) “Two years ago the world’s main international economic institution...
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...Annual Report 2010 Our objective is to be the recognised leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness and the industry reference for financial performance Table of contents 2 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 26 27 28 38 40 42 44 46 48 Letter to our shareholders Board of Directors of Nestlé S.A. Executive Board of Nestlé S.A. Creating value for society UN Global Compact – Communication on Progress The Nestlé Roadmap to Good Food, Good Life Competitive advantages Growth drivers Operational pillars Financial review Principal key figures (illustrative) Overview Management responsibilities: Food and Beverages Leading positions in dynamic categories Geographic data: people, factories and sales Corporate Governance and Compliance Creating Shared Value Key Performance Indicators Shareholder information Accompanying reports Creating Shared Value and Rural Development Summary Report 2010 Corporate Governance Report 2010; 2010 Financial Statements The brands in italics are registered trademarks of the Nestlé Group. Key figures (consolidated) E I 1 1 1 In millions of CHF (except per share data) Sales EBIT (Group) Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, restructuring and impairments as % of sales EBIT (Continuing operations) Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, restructuring and impairments as % of sales (Continuing operations) Profit for the year attributable to shareholders of the parent Net profit (a) as % of sales as % of average equity attributable to shareholders of the parent...
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...with brands that help people look good, feel good, and get more out of life”. Value Chain Analysis Porter’s value chain analysis gives insight on how Unilever creates competitive advantage. It provides deeper understanding to establish a SWOT analysis in order to arrive at the applicable Ansoff theory. It describes Unilever’s primary and support activities’ characteristics (Figure 1). Figure [ 1 ] Primary Activities Inbound & Outbound Logistics: Unilever had put a five-year strategy plan, called the “path to growth” to transform its inbound logistics in way that increases efficiency and saves money to be invested elsewhere outside the business. This plan started in North America by integrating six operating business and emerging 3 supply chains. The philosophy of this change was to create one single set of distribution centers that attain the 24hour delivery plan to the customer. Transportation companies were reorganized and chosen by Unilever for their suppliers (Harp, 2002). The whole transportation process was developed on a web-based structure. Transportation leadership team was formed to tackle more ways to reduce cost and time. Operations: During 2011, Unilever has invested in ERP systems from SAP which resulted in $1 billion savings of procurement expenses. In the aim to...
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...Contents Executive Summary 3 Report On Globalization Of P&G 4 1) How did the company initiate its first global business? 4 2) Its Global business activity during the last 5-10 years ………………………………...6 3) What global initiatives the company has taken up currently and in the immediate future? 8 4) Can you suggest any alternative to its given future plan of expansion abroad? 10 5) Due to recent financial meltdown and the continuing recession/ slowdown in some developed countries , have some of the recently introduced expansion plans of your company become vulnerable? 12 6) What remedial measure / plan can you suggest? 14 7) Your suggestions for taking the company’s global businesses to the next level? 15 8) References…………………………………………………………………………….17 Executive Summary Procter and Gamble (P&G) was founded by William Procter and James Gamble on October 31, 1837. The company is now the largest company and brand in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry. The company, today, deals with personal care product, pet food and cleaning agents. The company scored $83.86 billion sales in 2012 and ranks 1st in the Fortune magazine’s “Global Top Companies for Leaders.” The company as on February 19, 2013 has a market capitalization of $ 211.38 bn (Source: Yahoo Finance). The company has simple expansion plan. They have, since early days, have believed in both organic and inorganic growth. The company cultivated and grew in house...
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...Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) A look into an emerging rare genetic disorder: A Case Study Rebecca Nelson MLS 465 *The patient history, results, and diagnosis in this case study are real. Patient consent was obtained. Overview: A healthy female adult made a new patient appointment to be seen who was experiencing joint pain in her right knee, having trouble walking as result, and felt slightly ill (malaise). Patient arrived to physician’s office limping with limited mobility of right knee, the use of crutches was needed for patient to move. Upon examination, the physician noticed raised hives (urticarial rash) on back, stomach, and arms as well as extreme redness in the left eye similar to conjunctivitis. Patient wanted instant relief for joint pain and indicated other symptoms are ‘normal’ and have been consistent symptoms since birth. Patient temperature was 99.0 degrees Fahrenheit. Full Patient History: Patient was born in a dry desert environment but had spent 8 years in a mountainous city with cold winters. Patient had been back in dry desert environment for 4 months when this appointment was made. Patient has travelled to Nicaragua for two months in 2007 and Costa Rica for 5 weeks in 2009. First indication of symptoms was a full case of urticarial, extreme joint pain, and what the patient described as partial paralysis due to joint pain around the ages of 3-4. Patient did not have medical records but reports tests were completed upon admission...
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...happening. When companies invade employee’s privacy they have violated the federal government’s guidelines of what is ethical and not ethical. The genetic testing for Huntington’s disease is a new emerging field of science that allows for individuals to know what medical conditions they are predisposed to however the federal government has established laws that state clearly the individual has to give consent and without consent these medical tests violates their medical privacy’s rights. “There are three major types of genetic tests: biochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular.” (Beery, 2014, p. 71) In this case study, the two types of genetic tests were biochemical and molecular. Biochemical test uses enzymes in the blood to see if the enzyme reacts to a certain subject and if does shows what the genetic dispose for that disease. The molecular genetic testing is looking more at the DNA of the person and having to see which DNA sequence leads to the medical disorder. The benefits for Reiger is knowing that what in his body are the cause of the newly discovered condition of Huntington’s disease (HD) and having the correct medical advice on his condition. However, there are more drawbacks for Reiger knowing about his condition from the genetic testing. Scuffham and MacMillan (2014) researched this disease and stated that once patients found out their results mental distress happened because they the knowledge of their children’s risk of getting this condition and having to find more...
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...Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its effects may be observed not...
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