...Social Behaviour: Bullying & Aggression Bullying: What, Where & How? Bullying is aggressive behaviour with the intent of intimidating and wounding one either physically or emotionally, and has a tendency to be deliberate and recurring. Bullying is demonstrated by various forms of aggressive behaviour such as verbal, psychological, physical, racial, and in cyber-space (internet & social media). Fundamentally, aggression is developed from social behaviour and maintained by conditions such as operant conditioning. Positive reinforcement after an aggressive act causes repetition of the act to again gain a reward. Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment revealed children who were exposed to aggressive models were more likely to show imitative aggressive behaviour. Bullying can occur anywhere where social interaction is prevalent. The social learning theory suggests bullying starts with anyone at anytime (generally bullies are aggressive, angry and coercive). Bullies are made not born- lack of empathy is a large component of what makes a bully. Those who experience bullying may consequently develop psychological issues, which then influence their society in being responsible for providing aid such as counselling and social repercussions. Solutions and prevention strategies Various strategies exist in attempt to rule out bullying and aggression, and range from advice to help short term bullying to counseling and mentoring for long-term effects. Prevention of becoming a...
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...This study into observational learning of social reasoning from narrative characters tested the effects of interactivity on cognitive empathy. The study took place in three fourth grade classrooms, using convenience sampling and cluster assignment. The study compared print and hypertext versions of two illustrated stories using between-subjects, posttest-only control group design. Perspective taking and fantasy identification were measured through questionnaires, and two intrapersonal empathy outcomes were measured through writing prompts. Interactivity was found to negatively affect fantasy identification and intrapersonal empathy. Thus for a reader positioned outside of a story, perceived agency may reduce identification with characters and therefore reduce their effectiveness as social models. These findings may inform the design of media to support observational learning of social reasoning. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and gender on cyber bullying among adolescents. Participants were 396 adolescents from Singapore with age ranging from 12 to 18 years. Adolescents responded to a survey with scales measuring both affective and cognitive empathy, and cyber bullying behavior. A three-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used with cyber bullying scores as the dependent variable. Gender was dummy coded and both affective and cognitive empathy were centered using the sample mean prior to creating...
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...Altruism can be described as a form of pro-social behavior in which an individual seeks to voluntarily satisfy the welfare of others at their own costs. It is an unselfish concern of a person to achieve the good of others and this tends to be the primary motivation and the ultimate goal of an altruistic behavior. Genuine altruism is guided by the desire to improve the state and welfare of other people without expecting a reward or indicating some degree of self interest (Ricard, 2011). A number of historical figures and other individuals have been implicated in the demonstration of altruism. Below are five examples of altruistic behaviors. Example 1- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Activism) One example of altruistic behavior was demonstrated by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He emphasized on the need of equality and basic civil rights for all. He labored hard and was committed to ensuring that democracy and justice was practiced irrespective of an individual’s race and social status. King did not mind facing the dangers that were associated with his fight against injustice. His ultimate sacrifice was demonstrated through his death, since he was killed for trying to improve the welfare and lives of others (Myers, 2014). Martin Luther’s altruistic behavior was a product of modeling. For instance, Kail and Cavanaugh (2015) explain that King’s pursuit of civil rights and equality for African Americans was significantly influenced by Mohandas Gandhi, a political leader, Henry David Thoreau...
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...boys who were raised by a lioness in Cairo, Egypt. Dave and Chip were described as “lionfish” in appearance and behaviour. This shows that even if they were not raise by a human(s), what they see is what they learn. If biology is so strong in influencing our behaviour, then these children must be acting normal like others even if they did not grow in a normal family, but that didn’t happen. There are many stories of feral children but all have come to one important point. That is the important role of education. All the things a child must know, or can do, must be learned. For example a child must learn how to walk, use fork and knife to eat, to ride a bicycle and many more, all of which will help for them to survive longer. Similarly, learning to be friendly, thankful, honest, truthful, unselfish, and respect to authority are learned from school, peers and parents, which could help them have a successful and happy future. The concept is similar to adults to some extent; although they have innate ability to learn, to...
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...The Application of Empathy to Professions in Psychology The following report discusses the importance of communicating effectively within a health-related context – more specifically, in a psychological environment – and will critically explore the effective application of empathy as a key communication skill utilised in the practice of a professional psychologist. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the relevance of empathy across a broad range of clientele, the ways in which empathy is communicated effectively to clients, its purpose in the context of client-practitioner trust, factors which may inhibit the conveyance of empathy, and the influence empathy plays in day-to-day social interactions, which will be examined through a personal account. Within the role of a practising psychologist, and indeed across all areas of health professions which incorporate the need for interpersonal communication, empathy is an invaluable skill which helps the practitioner to garner an understanding of their client’s emotions and thoughts, and is essential to a successful clinical environment (Gerdes, Segal, Jackson, & Mullins, 2011). Unlike sympathy, empathy does not necessarily require the acceptance of an individual’s behaviour in order to grasp and empathise with the feelings they may be experiencing; rather, it requires the process of emotionally engaging with the client in an unbiased attempt to understand their thoughts and emotions, and in order to do so, a psychologist...
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...Stacy Skariot | | 9/15/2014 11:49 AM | | [Hide comments] | Stacy SkariotPsychologySeptember 15th, 2014AssignmentDistinguish between operant conditioning, observational learning and social learning. How are these kind of learnings utilized in the workplace? Give specific examples of each.Operant Conditioning – Is a type of learning in which an individual’s behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences. It is the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant responses.Example:Your boss giving you a raise for displaying good behavior. Or a demotion for displaying bad behavior.Observational Learning- learning that occurs through the observation behavior of others. The learning of new behavior through the actions of a model.Example:Observational learning has 4 elements.Attention: To learn anything through observational learning the employee must 1st pay attention.Memory: The learner (employee) must also retain the memory of what was modeled.Imitation: The learner (employee) must be capable of imitating the actions of the model.Motivation: The learner (employee) must have the desire to perform the action modeled. Social Learning- is a process in which individuals observe the behavior of others and its consequences and modify their own behavior accordingly.Example:Social Learning in the workplace would be watching your co-workers have good behavior and get rewards accordingly, aspiring the other employee to have good behavior and receive rewards...
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...universally but is supported by the idea that EQ can be developed by time. EQ can be developed by the following terms; self awareness self management social awareness relationshipmanagement. these four sectors are developed by Goleman. emotional intelligence can be developed by the following sectors which is divided into two branches 1. personal competence 2.social competence. PERSONAL COMPETENCE: IT Mainly deals with understanding selfness or being consious about self individual emotions without understanidng self one cannot develop emotional intelligence of others, it also helps in contolling situations regardless of the emotions and helping in acheiving the goal. selfawareness usaully deals with understanding the followin a.self awareness of emotions b.accurate self assesment c.self confidence. DANIEL GOLEMAN STATED THE FOLLIWNG TERMS TO develop EQ they are; 1. knowing the stengths and weakness of individual 2. learning from experience 3. open for feedback on there actions whether it is negative or positive 4.learning and developing more of EQ 5 havign a good sense of humor. the above explanation states the self awareness development for personal competence. SOCIAL COMPETENCE; SOCIAL COMPETENCE USALLY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN DEVELOPING other employess as a manager. the manager need to be storng in personal competence. social competence usally deals with the ability to understand the employees view or ideas or there emotional state. it mainly deals with understanding the...
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...Crisp (2010) defines prosocial behaviour as ay voluntary act which benefits another, although such acts can also benefit the helper. Prosocial behaviour (PB) is, like most human behaviour, influenced by a set of two factors that are, dispositional and situational. Dispositional factors are unique and internal, whereas situational factors are external to people. This essay will consider the interaction between these forces in explaining PB. Evolutionary theorists presume PB to be egotistically or selfishly motivated. They focus on principles of kin selectivity, sfafdf and reciprocal altruism in explaining such behaviour. Characteristics such as empathy have been observed in a varity of animals such as primates (De Waal, 2009). Social learning theorists argue that prosocial behaviour too is endorsed through observational learning and reinforcement. Wuzas (2011) for example has shown that the prosocial disposition of children is influenced by their parents. In contrast, cognitive theorists, such as Latane and Darly (1970) have proposed a situational model of behaviour in emergencies. According to these theorists, a person must make a series of correct decisions in order to intervene in emergencies. If any decision is not made correctly, intervention does not occur. So, in order for PB to occur, people must notice the happening, decide that it is an emergency and that help is required, decide that they are responsible, decide that they can help appropriately, and lastly, decide...
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...When Do We Learn Empathy 2 Discussion What is the role of empathy within a school culture? Is it learned by being taught? Is there social empathy in adolescence? Answers to these questions were sought by conducting a search in at various online databases such as PscyINFO and ProQuest using search input of empathy; social integration; peer relations; adolescents; social network analysis; school culture; affective empathy; cognitive empathy; sympathy. The article being reviewed is “The teaching of empathy for high school and college students: Testing Rogerian methods with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index” (Hatcher, Nadeau, Walsh, Reynolds, Galea, Marz, 1994). This particular article focused on the teachability of...
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...EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nagtahan St. Sampaloc, Manila REPORTER: SYLVESTER MCGRAY S. VILLARUEL PROFESSOR: DR. CESAR H. GARCIA SUBJECT: CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT – MAED AS / SAT. 2:00 – 5:00 TOPIC: LEARNING THEORIES FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DATE: JULY 13, 2013 A. Multiple Intelligence This theory of human intelligence, developed by psychologist Howard Gardner and known as Gardners' Multiple Intelligences Theory, suggests there are at least nine ways that people have of perceiving and understanding the world. Gardner labels each of these ways a distinct 'intelligence' -- in other words, a set of skills allowing individuals to find and resolve genuine problems they face. Garners Multiple Intelligence Theory Verbal-Linguistic -- The ability to use words and language Logical-Mathematical -- The capacity for inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning, as well as the use of numbers and the recognition of abstract patterns Visual-Spatial -- The ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create internal images and pictures Body-Kinesthetic -- The wisdom of the body and the ability to control physical motion Musical-Rhythmic -- The ability to recognize tonal patterns and sounds, as well as a sensitivity to rhythms and beats Interpersonal -- The capacity for person-to-person communications and relationships Intrapersonal -- The spiritual, inner states of being, self-reflection, and awareness Existential...
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...Human Development 270 22JAN13 understanding human development wendy dunn the power of habit http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx character strength love caring temperance addiction power point 24JAN13 1859 origin of the species Darwin gene frequency modification generation by generation creates change species- groups reproductive members are compatible freud 1856-1939 psychoanalysis human nature motivated by innate biological inner dynamics id-primative hedonistic component ego- the conscious reality oriented component super-ego the ego ideal conscious plus morality principle death instinct- destructive aggressive impulses life insticts- impulses having to do with survival food water sex psychological stages oral stages- birth to 1.5 oral gratification anal stage- 1-3 stinginess and stubbornness fixation hung up in stage phallic stage 3-6 erogenous zone shifts to gentiles Oedipus electra complexes latency 5-12 sexual impulses are dormant genital 12 onward primacy of sexual impulses erik erikson 1902-1994 trust vs mistrust the world is safe autonomy vs shame 1-3 dress toilet move outside family initiative vs guilt 3-6 learn to cope with wider world industry vs inferiority 6-12 goes to school intimacy vs isolation development of sexual intimacy character learn to be good person choices from habit inhibitions satisfaction kagan standards for behavior formed in childhood. Guilt anger shame beauty by...
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...Bringing creativity and literacy together can be a powerful tool in teaching, writes Tonya Meers Creativity is characterised by originality and expressiveness, so it can mean making something or it can be something new and innovative. Sir Ken Robinson has said that “Creativity is about working in a highly focused way on ideas and projects, crafting them into their best forms and making critical judgements along the way.” Bringing creativity and literacy together can be a powerful tool in teaching. It allows children to be active in literacy, from acting out plays through characters that they’ve made themselves or through making props. It allows children to explore their imaginations. Getting involved in a story re-enforces the learning and can also teach practical skills, for example, working with templates or basic sewing. Children are naturally creative, if you stop and listen to them they often are natural storytellers. They love to make things up and will very often have imaginary worlds they will refer to. They also love to get involved in making things, giving them a sense of achievement. If they are engaged they will learn more, so it’s about harnessing their ability to soak up information and to capture their imaginations, which can make teaching more fulfilling. Benefits of creative literacy The benefits are numerous and wide-ranging. It encourages greater pupil engagement, brings a subject to life – therefore capturing pupils interest, and...
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...my position without a clue of how to effectively supervise others. I’m learning that becoming a great leader takes time and clearly doesn’t happen overnight, especially if you are not a “born” leader. However, I believe that continuous training and education will improve my leadership skills. This paper will consist of several things to include: four different surveys and tallying up the scores to reflect my degree of emotional intelligence, assessments and scores that identify my strengths and weaknesses, and skills that I could use to improve my emotional intelligence to be an effective leader. I believe that there are different types of leadership styles in the workplace. Some people were assigned to be leaders from their mother’s womb and others require training. The style of a leader depends on three things: beliefs, values and skills. The characteristics of a good leader should consist of honesty, respectfulness, sense of humor, the ability to inspire and encourage, good communication skills, flexibility, confidence and commitment. I participated in several emotional skills assessments presented in the book entitle “Emotional Intelligence: Achieving Academic and Career Excellence” to tap into my emotional intelligence and to define the areas of growth that I need to become an effective leader. The first emotional skill assessment in the book that I decided to take was the social awareness assessment. Darwin Nelson and...
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...Running head: CONFLICT RESOLUTION Conflict Resolution XXXXXXX University of Phoenix Social Psychology 400 XXXXX February 11, 2015 Conflict Resolution According to Merriam-Webster, conflict is defined as “a difference that prevents agreement: disagreement between ideas, feelings, etc.” (“Conflict“, n.d., definition 3). At one point or another everyone will experience conflict, and for some people it is more common than for others. It is very common for people to have a difficult time trying to find a reasonable resolution to conflicts that people face. Developing a good conflict resolution strategy can be much easier if one understands how to really find a solution. What this means is that if a person has a strong understanding of the basic steps to conflict resolution he or she is likely to reach a solution to any type of problem rather than letting the problem lead to an increasingly bad situation or environment. However, most societies do not have a standard way of teaching adults or children about conflict and peacemaking in relevance to societal dissimilarities (Rossi, 2003). In his article Teaching about International conflict and Peacemaking at the Grassroots Level, John Allan Rossi (2003) points out that choosing to teach the nation’s youth based upon not only individual identity, but also social identities in international environments, can help produce a better understanding through societies as well as teach peacemaking skills based on a national identity...
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...order to motivate yourself and others you will be able to work cooperatively with others in a way that is beneficial to everyone. By increasing your emotional intelligence you will be able to read the signals of others and use the appropriate emotions when reacting to them. Regardless of the personality type that you are dealing with, you can respond in a way that will provide the best outcome once you understand the key factors to emotional intelligence. By developing these skills you will have the ability to understand, empathize and negotiate with others successfully. In order to improve your emotional intelligence you must understand that self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills all play a role in your emotional intelligence. Learning self-awareness is crucial in developing your emotional intelligence and will allow you to recognize emotions as they happen; and in turn dealing with these emotions right away. In order to develop your level of self-awareness you will need to tune into and evaluate your own emotions so that you can effectively manage them in a productive way. Once you understand how your emotions can effect a situation you will be able to improve your ability to deal with these emotions as they happen. While you cannot control what emotions you have; you can control the way in which you are able to...
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