...College of Business, McNeese State University Kayla Gradney College of Business, McNeese State University Kochakan Rattanametangkul McNeese State University katekochakan@yahoo.com Received: September 14, 2010 Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between organizational justice and the factors that characterize cultural differences. This paper begins by briefly summarizing the nature of organizational justice and by identifying how justice is perceived. Hofstede’s five factors of cultural dimension model, which he developed in his seminal 1980 research on national cultures, is utilized to present characteristics of cultural differences. Ten propositions are then offered which relate to organizational justice and differences in cultural perspectives. These propositions suggest specific management approaches that organizational leaders can adopt to be more effective in dealing with employees from respective cultures. This paper concludes by identifying the importance of understanding the relationship between organizational justice and national culture and suggests research opportunities of benefit to both scholars and practitioners. Keywords: Organizational justice, Cultural differences, Organizational fairness 1. Introduction In a business world that has become both increasingly complex and globally competitive (Cameron, 2003; Dowling, Festing & Engle, 2009), a...
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...Introduction: In this paper, I will argue that Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection, that justice is no more than a compromise is not a valid statement in the following three points. First, I will briefly explain the objection of Glaucon, that justice is no more than a compromise. Secondly, I will explain Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection. Next, I will show the weaknesses on Plato’s claim based on one of the three parts of soul that he stands, desire. Thirdly, I will convince that Plato’s view of justice is indeed too narrow since his definition of justice is only limited to human beings. Finally, I will argue on Plato’s idea of rule of reason would lead to result of no more internal conflict. In this paragraph, I am going to state about Glaucon’s objection that justice is no more than a compromise and briefly explain Plato’s reply on Glaucon’s objection. The statement of “justice is no more than a compromise” comes from Glaucon’s second class of good: good that “are onerous but beneficial to us, and we wouldn’t choose them for their own sakes, but for the sake of the rewards and other things that come from them” [357C]. This illustrates the idea that people might do “just” things (according to the mainstream of that time, law, conventions) while they have outweigh the consequence of doing the “unjust” thing. Which Glaucon concludes that it is just a compromise of being just instead of its initial goal was to be just. People could act unjustly if they could...
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...Utilitarian perspective：By conducting the project, there were a far greater number of people got benefits from the projects. Rights perspective: 权利角度 Justice Perspective: The justice in ethics is ensuring that all are treated fairly and equally. Unocal position can be examined from the three types of justice. i) Distributive justice: It is concerned with the fair distribution of benefits in the society. ii) Retributive Justice: Punishment is morally accepted for breaking a law or rule. iii)Compensatory Justice: the just way to compensate people for what they have lost when they were wrong by other. Caring Perspective Ethics from caring point of view means the care to relations or care of people near to us. @In ethics moral responsibility depends on 3 components. Knowledge, freedom and involvement. Each factor contributes maximum in the moral responsibilities. Let’s see how Unocal was morally responsible.1.Knowledge:2. Freedom:3.Involvement: Religious Accommodation: An employer is required to reasonably accommodate the religious belief of an employee or prospective employee, unless doing so would impose an undue hardship. Sex Discrimination: 1.Sexual Harassment - This includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. (The "hostile environment" standard also applies to harassment on the bases of race, color, national origin, religion, age...
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...individualism approach, moral rights approach, justice approach virtue ethics approach and the practical approach. The utilitarian approach began in the nineteenth century by two philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. They believed that moral behavior produced the greatest good for the greatest number of people possible. The decision maker of the organization is expected to consider the effect the decision will have on all parties. The manger is then to take the path that will improve the benefits for the greatest number of people. This approach is the basis of companies’ ethics regarding employee Internet usage and also personal habits such as alcohol and tobacco consumption since these habits and behaviors affect the entire work place. The individualism approach states that acts are moral when they encourage long-term interest with everyone within the organization learning to accommodate the long-term interests of the organization. The approach is noted to lead to honest and integrity. The individualism approach is not popular within highly organization groups of society because it is easily misinterpreted to support self-gain. The moral rights approach notes that fundamental rights and liberties cannot be taken away from human beings by an individual decision. The justice approach focuses on standards of equity, fairness and impartiality and has three types of concern to managers. The first is distributive justice that requires different treatment of...
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...individual. METHODOLOGY Business ethics Utilitarian – terminating Henry Darger will send a strong message to the employees, as well as to the managers, the importance of keeping the company’s cultural values. Fairness – a high ranking officer should be penalized not lower than that of a rank-and-file employee committing the same nature of violation. Justice – Henry Darger immediately admitted his mistake which should merit a consideration. Another thing, the rank-and-file’s violation is far different from what he did, as the fired employee not only violated a company policy but also the right to privacy of her co-employee. Duties- it is also Jasper’s duty to his company’s interest by maintaining a valuable employee. Ethics of Care – Jasper should show consideration for his ranking officer, giving merit to Henry’s admittance of his violation. Henry has shown one of the company values which is honesty. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Keep the conversation between Jasper and Henry within themselves and ask for Henry’s commitment to change. 2. Suspend Henry, this way he will be penalized for his violation but he could also be kept being a valuable employee. 3. Ask for Henry’s resignation, giving merit for his admittance but also maintaining a high standard of keeping the firm’s corporate culture. 4. Terminate Henry, sending a strong message not only to rank-and-files but also to officers, the importance of the company’s values. RECOMMENDATION/DECISION ...
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...comes to utilitarian, moral rights, justice and practical rules. We strive to govern our organization by following all the laws and regulations set forth by antitrust, consumer protection, environmental and public interest laws. This ethical code of conduct should be followed as a reference guide by all Better Day’s employees and affiliates to insure the best customer service and patient satisfaction we can offer. Our employees and affiliates should define the following ethical rules as follows. Also to be used as an explanation on what our main principles and goals are here at Better Days. Utilitarian: The proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "good" of the society and for our customers/patients. Moral rights: The preserving of the integrity of the work from alteration, distortion, or mutilation. Moral rights are distinct from any economic rights tied to copyrights. Justice: A concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, fairness, or equity. Practical rules: Leighton's Ten Golden Rules of Business. * 1) Keep it simple * 2) Focus on execution * 3) Listen to your operators * 4) Think small. Small is big * 5) Less often is more * 6) Your people come first * 7) Think like a customer * 8) If in doubt, do the right thing.... * 9) ....but then do things right * 10) Remember, EGO stands for "edging good out" If for any reason any employee, affiliate, vender, customer/patient...
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...An airline pilot goes for his regular medical checkup. The doctor discovers that he has developed a heart murmur. The pilot only has a month to go before he is eligible for retirement. The doctor knows this and wonders whether, under these unusual circumstances, she is justified in withholding the information about the pilot's condition. After reviewing the airline pilot’s story the first thing that came to mind being a health care professional is H.I.P.A.A. (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). That’s the main reason for the physician and patient confidentiality regarding his heart murmur. The pilot should be advised of his condition and his decision to continue working. However, if the airline company is requesting the physical then she does have an obligation to the employer, but if it’s just a routine yearly check up then there isn’t a reason disclosure of his diagnosis. Having a proper treatment plan for the patient is imperative for him to follow; however; question lies how long has he had this murmur without any symptoms? There is a co pilot and some airlines still have flight engineers so the plane and passengers would still safe to fly his particular airline. People work with chronic illnesses in different fields every day so rather than jeopardizing his retirement ought/should be vs. what is comes into play with this scenario. Augustine and Aquinas, in my opinion would have the same answer since their ethics are religious driven. Aquinas...
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...Crime load and head of Mafia member Vito Rizzuto did not make the best possible choices in his decisions. Once Rizzuto was to be released from prison in October 2012, he will revenge the death of his family members that were killed while he was in prison. The Mafia family that killed his father, son, and other family members will be killed after he is released from prison for the murders of his family. Given the circumstances the mafia crime load Rizzuto should let law enforcement do their jobs but some have higher people on their payroll and the law will not touch some of them, so the death of Rizzuto family’s means the death of that mafia family. I do not see myself acting similar in similar circumstances. I would rather the law handle the situation instead of me murdering someone and risk going to prison for taking another person life. The thief that was stripped and tied to a lamppost with cling wrap film by a mob of vigilantism. The thief was attempting to rob a pensioner with a knife at his throat and was disarmed by the mob, he was stripped of his clothes, and wrapped in plastic wrap and then cling wrapped to a pole until the police arrived. I believe the mob made a good decision given the circumstances because had the mob not stopped the thief the situation could had result in the pensioner getting badly hurt. To find myself in a similar situation where a mob got together to help someone I may find myself acting on impulse to help that individual...
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...individualism approach, moral rights approach, justice approach virtue ethics approach and the practical approach. The utilitarian approach began in the nineteenth century by two philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. They believed that moral behavior produced the greatest good for the greatest number of people possible. The decision maker of the organization is expected to consider the effect the decision will have on all parties. The manger is then to take the path that will improve the benefits for the greatest number of people. This approach is the basis of companies’ ethics regarding employee Internet usage and also personal habits such as alcohol and tobacco consumption since these habits and behaviors affect the entire work place. The individualism approach states that acts are moral when they encourage long-term interest with everyone within the organization learning to accommodate the long-term interests of the organization. The approach is noted to lead to honest and integrity. The individualism approach is not popular within highly organization groups of society because it is easily misinterpreted to support self-gain. The moral rights approach notes that fundamental rights and liberties cannot be taken away from human beings by an individual decision. The justice approach focuses on standards of equity, fairness and impartiality and has three types of concern to managers. The first is distributive justice that requires different treatment of people...
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...Personal Views on Justice and Ethics What influences the decisions we make? What foundation do we set to govern our choices? These questions surface when looking at the impact personal views have on the decisions made in our society. Many people find that their personal views are formed at an early age and shaped by environment. Views of justice and injustice are individualized across the human population, however there is usually a common, shared idea of justice at a community setting. For example, cultural groups may share a common view towards criminal punishment. It is through these shared ideas that our personal views start to develop with a base. It then becomes a personal journey to expand on this base and to form individualized and critical views on what is believed to be justice, injustice, right, or wrong. My views have been shaped mainly on environmental aspects, which include: family, upbringing, social class, religious affiliation, education, social norms of my generation, and taking bits and pieces of other views from those who I respect. As with many others, my personal views of justice started to develop at an early age with my family and environment. Family plays such a vital role in forming an individual in numerous aspects, especially from a psychological point of view. In fact, psychologist Erik Erikson formulated his psychosocial theory and stages on the conflicts a person experiences in his or her environment and its influences on human development. Keeping...
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...all have this knowledge prior to birth, we can agree on one known fact; by the time children reach the age in which they can reason, they are full of ideas within their minds. Some of these ideas may be correct, while others are not. This idea is exemplified in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. Think about, for example, our lecture in Professor Davis’s class when he discussed his daughter’s idea of justice. His daughter reached a certain age where she could decide what justice meant to her, and when she could apply it - so she therefore was able to argue that her father was being unjust in not allowing her to do a certain something. If Professor Davis’s daughter’s idea of what is just and what is not was incorrect, she would have to realize that at some point due to this argument. This therefore shows that before enlightenment comes the realization that one’s beliefs do not match reality. Now, seeing that Plato’s allegory of the cave can adequately fit into the modern day world, it will be much easier to understand this idea of preexisting knowledge. Where did that child’s idea of justice come from? How was she able to...
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...1. A co-worker is having an affair with a married colleague. Having an affair in the work place can cause a hostile environment. With the drama involved, the workers will be focusing more on hiding the affair rather than using their time efficiently. I would use the justice ethical approach because it's guided by respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity. They shouldn't be discriminated for their personal life but their personal life should not be involved with work. 2.You know that your teammate is using the company computer for E-bay transactions on company time. The issue is that the teammate is minimizing the production labor hours. I would use the individual ethical approach because it benefits the teammate which then benefits everyone. This is because the teammate will be more productive and improve their work ethics. If I used the moral-rights approach, the teammate would believe he has the right to do whatever he pleases at work. 3.Your former college roommate works for a competitor, and while you’re out one night, asks you what the deal is regarding marketing plans for a new product your company is releasing next month. There is an issue because the former roommate is taking advantage of their personal relationship. With this I'd use the moral-rights approach because it includes the right to the truth and the right of privacy. If I used the utilitarian approach, it would make the roommate assume that I will give them the information because...
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...Ethics Reflection Paper STR 581 Ethics Reflection Paper A company is defined by its mission; the mission in turn is a company’s approach to social responsibility. Serving several groups of stakeholder is never easy, each group has its own set of interests and expectations of a company. Through several steps a company can identify, understand, reconcile and coordinate the demands to define its social responsibility. Ethics and Social Responsibility “Corporate social responsibility is the idea that a business has a duty to serve society in general as well as the financial interests of its stakeholders.”(Pearce, 2013, p. 52) Dividing the stakeholders into two distinct groups, internal and external, despite its numerous situations a company can determine how to meet its social responsibility. There are four types of social commitment that strategic managers must consider: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary social responsibility (Text) Maximizing profits is at the core of economic considerations while ensuring compliance with laws and regulations are taken into account under legal commitments. “Ethical obligations are the obligations that transcend legal requirements” (Pearce, 2013, p. 54). All other voluntarily assumed duties comprise the discretionary responsibilities of a firm. While the demands of stakeholders may overlap these responsibilities only some are required in the mind of the general public. Not only does social responsibility comes with both costs...
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...Henderson Printing June 12 2012 Case Study Henderson Printing As a component of the structural variables in the organization of Henderson Printing the reward system is archaic and ineffective at best, it is therefore important to understand the contextual variables affecting Henderson that will determine the most appropriate managerial strategy for this organization. Of the five contextual variables, Environment is the most critical. Henderson Printing is operating in an environment that is stable, their technology is not changing rapidly, they do not have an unpredictable regulatory environment, the life cycles of their products are long term, and demand for the their products is not volatile. Henderson operates a defender corporate strategy as they are the manufacturers of high quality business products catering to a relatively narrow client segment where they excel in both product quality and price, although recently high production costs and prices have become an issue. Although there is currently no system for scheduling production runs at Henderson, the firm operates between a routine technology and a unit/small batch technology. Routine where there are moderately few exceptions to the standard work processes for the majority of their customer orders and unit / small batch technology when they are producing small runs of customized products that need considerable additional time. Henderson Printings organization size is classified as small to medium which would...
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...Square is one of the wealthiest and most successful companies in Bangladesh. Even more important, from a human resource perspective, is the fact that Square is an employee-driven organization. While other organizations base their success on better manufacturing techniques, or better technology, Square success is based on the effectiveness of their employees. Essentially, Square value their staff and realize the importance of their staff. This focus on employees may, in the future, expand to all organizations. Square then, is worth studying as an example of best practice in human resource management. Square Textile Ltd. started its operation in 1997. It was enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange & Chittagong Stock Exchange in 2002. The business lines of Square Textile Ltd. are manufacturing and marketing of yarn. Its factory is located in Gazipur, Dhaka. The manufactures 100% Cotton Ring Span Yarn or Hosiery, 100% Cotton OE Rotor for Hosiery and Knit Fabrics for 100% export oriented readymade Garments Industry. The strategic Goals and Objectives of the Company are to strive hard to optimize profit though conduction and transparent business operations and to create more competitive in the internal and external market. In home, customer of Square Textile Limited is export oriented readymade Garments Industry. The Company also exports its products to the market of Europe & USA. The export sells increased by 19% in 2003 over the previous year. Competition level is increasing...
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