...Endocrine System Functions: Help regulate: • Chemical composition and volume of internal environment • Metabolism and energy balance • Biological clock (circadian rhythm) • Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers Control growth and development Regulate operation of reproductive systems Nerve impulses Neurotransmitter Endocrine system Hormones Hormones : regulate physiological activities of target cells in the body Endocrine glands Secrete the products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells, rather than into ducts Exocrine glands Secrete their products into ducts ( ex. sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands) Major Endocrine organs of the body Target cell: organs regulated/affected by the hormones Role of Hormone Receptors Down-regulation • When a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease • Decreases the responsiveness of target cells to the hormone Up-regulation • When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. Makes a target tissue more sensitive to a hormone. Classification: (How far from their site of production they act) Circulating hormones (endocrine) Pass into the blood and act on distant target cells Local hormones Act locally without first entering the blood stream Chemical classes of Hormones Lipid-soluble Hormones • Steroid hormones • Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) • Nitric oxide Water - soluble Hormones • Amine...
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...Endocrine System Hormones Directions: Fill in the following table. |Hormone |Endocrine Gland/Source |Controls/Responsible for What? | |Estrogen |ovaries |Responsible for the growth and development of female sexual | | | |characteristics and reproduction. | |Oxytocin |Hypothalamus |Stimulates contraction of the myometrium in the uterus and contractions | | | |of the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands. | |Leptin |Adipose tissue |Regulates appetite and energy expenditure. | |LH |Anterior Pituitary Gland |Triggers ovulation in females, stimulates leydig cell production of | | | |testosterone in males. | |Testosterone |Testicles |Responsible for the growth and development of male sexual characteristics| | | |and the production of body hair. | |Dopamine |Sustania nigra |A neurotransmitter that brings...
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...elsewhere in the body, or in a body cavity. TWO KINDS OF GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS The secretion of the exocrine glands pass through a duct to the site where they take effect. Examples Salivary glands - Saliva Sweat glands - Perspiration Mammary glands - Milk ENDOCRINE GLANDS The gland known as ductless or endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the bloodstream. The term ductless indicates that no duct cones out from the glands. Their secretion are called hormones, also known as chemical messengers. They regulate and integrate body functions. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs. It is a system that controls body functions such as sleep, sexual behavior, digestion, metabolism, and physical development. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The communication begins at the base of the forebrain with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones into the bloodstream, affecting glands throughout the body. HYPOTHALAMUS The hypothalamus synthesizes...
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...1) Endocrine System- the endocrine system is a collection of glands in an organism that releases hormones into the circulatory system which are carried toward the organs. The endocrine system has many parts it for example the pancreas. 2) Steroid Hormones-enhances the growth of organisms. An example of steroid hormones is aldosterone. Steroid Hormones is important to the article because it’s the main cause for the endocrine system disruption. 3) Androgen- a synthetic steroid hormone, an example is trenbolone, it is important to the article because is one of the hormones that reverts at night and it causes scientist to experiment with it. 4) Fecundity-ability to produce an abundance of offspring, an example is an organism that has lots of offspring, it describes the reduction of the fish and the skew....
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...The Endocrine System BIO / 101 The Endocrine System The endocrine system is defined as any system within an animal that regulates the functioning of the organism or is used in the production of hormones. These systems can range anywhere from a simple center in the nervous system to a more intricate collection of glands that are in the human endocrine system. Qualified endocrinologists have been analyzing the advancement of the endocrine systems and the roles that they play in an animals’ adaptive behavior in an environment as well as their production of offspring. It is surprising to find that the research of endocrinology in mammals has been advanced by research in non-mammal animals. For example, the mechanisms in the body that control salt and water content were discovered in fishes first, this led to the discovery of comparable functions in mammals. The understanding in how the endocrine system is structured in non-mammals offers critical information into understanding how the human endocrine system functions. The most basic endocrine system deals with the secretion and storage of hormones within nervous tissue or neurohemal organs. These hormones can be secreted directly into circulation of the body or stored into organs that have direct contact with the blood vessels that allow the hormones to be put into circulation. There are cells located within the endocrine glands that stem from various nerve cells that have traveled during the evolutionary process to different...
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...The Endocrine System: Diseases and Age Related Changes Unit 10 assignment The Endocrine System: Diseases and Age Related Changes Unit 10 assignment CUSHING’S DISEASE: Cushing’s disease is when the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic. The pituitary gland is a part of the endocrine system. This is disease is caused by a tumor or hyperplasia of the pituitary gland. The most common cause of this disease is known as adenoma, a benign tumor. With this disease the pituitary gland begins to overproduce ACTH which then causes the body to respond by over producing cortisol. Too much cortisol in the system can interfere with the bodies way of handling inflammation. ADDISON’S DISEASE: Addison’s disease is a chronic endocrine system disease where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone. Cortisol is the body’s way of handling stress; it also helps break down all of your macronutrients. Aldosterone helps the kidneys regulate the amount of salt and water in the body. There are two types of Addison’s disease; primary adrenal insufficiency which is when the initial problem is with the adrenal glands themselves. The other form is known as secondary adrenal insufficiency which when the adrenal glands are affected by an outside problem. ACROMEGALY: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused when pituitary gland produces too much of a growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly is not a common disorder and is not usually noticed for...
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...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...
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...Breonna Mosely 7/17/2014 Dr. Ganser Endocrine system effects on Sleep Deprivation Deprived sleep is a universal widespread problem observed in both children and adults. It is a vital process that helps in the functioning of learning, memory processing, cellular repair, and brain development. Statistics show that the average total hours of sleep have decreased per person to less than 7 hours per night over the past 3 to 4 decades. Many people experience sleep loss due pressures at work, stress, and our day to day lifestyle. The reduced hours of nocturnal sleep have shown to lead to serious health problems such as depression, obesity, hypertension, along with many other diseases. It also affects cognitive performance and emotionality. (1) The Endocrine system is responsible for the body’s stress systems and the release of the stress hormones necessary for adaptation and survival in the environment. Sleep deprivation are associated with increases in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis, increased levels of cortisol and autonomic sympathetic activation and increased catecholamine levels during wakefulness. Increased sympathetic levels causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Just briefly waking up from sleep for only a few seconds is associated with autonomic reflex, causing a temporary rise in heart rate and BP to the level seen while awake. This is more related to disruption and discontinuity of sleep than to the duration of sleep deprivation or...
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...the Nervous and Endocrine system. The endocrine system and the nervous are basic systems in the body of animals that assist in the relaying of impulses or communication from one body part to another. They can both act together for these functions or separately. However, it will be prime for us to understand both functionalities. The nervous system constitutes of the foundation in which the body’s communication system is built. It constitutes of a group and network of neurons that assist in its function. The nervous system is divided into two: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord while the peripheral is made up of the nerves and their entire network throughout the body. On the other hand, the endocrine system is made up of glands that are positioned throughout the body. These glands secrete hormones that control or regulate such processes in the body such as growth, blood flow and pressure, digestion and metabolism. The nervous system deals with body needs that require a quick response such as breathing, while the endocrine system deals with the much slower but vital processes in the body, such as cell growth. As earlier explained, we are going to go further to explain both systems starting with the nervous system. The nervous system as indicated earlier constitutes of a network of neurons that develop much further into nerves. [pic]Nervous system It is made...
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...Consists of one or more cells that produce and secrete a product * Most are composed primarily of epithelium * Exocrine glands – secrete their product onto the outer surface or into a cavity (have a duct) * Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their product internally to be transported by the bloodstream * The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine Glands The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones. Endocrine Glands: * Are ductless; they secrete their hormones directly into tissue fluid * From there the hormones diffuse into the blood stream for distribution throughout the body Hormones: * Are chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands or tissues. * Hormones influence the metabolism of cells, the growth and development of body parts, and homeostasis. Hormones can be categorized into peptide hormones and steroid hormones: * Peptide hormones: (non-lipid soluble) * Include proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids. (non-lipid soluble) * The peptide hormones can not enter the cell * Peptide hormones bind to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane and activate a "second messenger" system. * Second messenger sets in motion an enzyme cascade that leads to a cellular response * The second messenger causes the cellular changes for which the hormone is credited. (the peptide hormone stays outside...
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...zone, and what causes one to form? (9) - an area in coastal waters where there’s no oxygen -- fertilizers from farmland end up in coastal waters; grow algae up which sucks up the oxygen when they die; areas are growing; Gulf of Mexico has one size of state of Massachusetts 2. What was the largest public demonstration in American history? -- Earth Day; ~10% of country’s population participated (20 million) 3. When was the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed? What events prompted its formation? -- 1970; in response to concerns raised at Earth Day and congressional pressure. (skip to 23:00)-- industrial waste flowing into the Chesapeake Bay (could be pig farms in NC) 4. Why does the investigator say “these rivers are delivery systems” to the bay? -- waste seeps into ground or routed by pipes into local streams/rivers and goes right into the bay 5. How do Perdue and other large chicken producers arrange to grow chickens for consumers? (~33) Why don't they raise the chickens themselves? -- contract with farmers; Purdue owns the chickens and feed and everything EXCEPT the waste 6. What is the difference in opinion about chicken manure between Perdue and other large chicken producers and the chicken farmers (represented in the film by Carole Morison)? -- Carole Morison = "a mess" -- it’s a negative, purdue should take responsibility; Purdue = “a resource” -- farmers should consider it a valuable resource 7. Do you agree with Perdue or Carole Morison? Why? 8. What’s the...
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...The glands in human body are of two types. One is exocrine glands and the other is endocrine glands. Endocrine glands These are ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood and which influence metabolism, body growth, development, activity, repair and other bodily functions. The endocrine glands are the glands of internal secretion. Below are the major endocrine glands in the endocrine system; Pituitary gland – The Pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system, because it controls the functions of the other endocrine glands. The Pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that affects the pituitary gland) by nerve fibres. The Pituitary gland itself consists of three sections: • the anterior lobe • the intermediate lobe • the posterior lobe The anterior lobe produces hormones stimulating the Thyroid gland, the Adrenal glands, ovarian follicles, Ovaries and Testes. It also produces hormones to stimulate milk production in females after giving birth. The intermediate lobe produces hormones that control the skins pigmentation. The posterior lobe produces hormones to increase absorption of water into the blood by the kidneys and hormones to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate milk production. Pineal gland – The Pineal gland is about the size of a pea, and is in the centre of the brain in a tiny cave...
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...How do hormones function in our bodies? What are hormones? Do you know anything about genetics? These questions and more will be discussed in detail in the following essay. Hormones and heredity are two very different things; the only thing they have in common is that they both start with the letter “H”. Let’s break them down individually for a better understanding of what they are and how they are related to our bodies. The endocrine system plays a key role in helping to coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions. The endocrine glands release chemical substances called hormones that are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream to help regulate bodily activities. Hormones organize the nervous system and body tissues; for example, during puberty hormones trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics like breasts in females or a deeper voice in males. Hormones activate behaviors; they affect such things as alertness or sleepiness, excitability, sexual behavior, ability to concentrate, aggressiveness, reactions to stress, and even desire for companionship. They can also have a dramatic effect on mood, emotional reactivity, ability to learn, and ability to resist disease. There are various glands located in the body which help secrete hormones into our bodies; pituitary glands are located on the underside of the brain; it produces the largest number of the body’s hormones and has the widest range of effects on the body’s functions. The pineal gland...
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...an important person in our lives we can produce a powerful love hormone in our body. Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. With only five percent of mammalian species having long lasting relationships and raising their young, I’d say this chemical is desperately needed. Many behaviors such as parental behaviors are associated with three peptides such as, oxytocin, vasopressin, and prolactin. The oxytocin is created by the hypothalamus that is located below the thalamus. The pituitary gland releases it into the circulatory system. The pituitary gland can do so because it can produce many different hormones that can control functions of other glands in the body. It is located just below the hypothalamus and is a part of the endocrine system. The circulatory system is responsible for moving water, oxygen, and many other items through the enter body. The circulatory system involves the heart, blood, and blood vessels to do so. A simple purpose that oxytocin helps with is breast feeding. Nursing creates spinal nerve stimulation that causes the hypothalamus to make oxytocin. The pituitary glands then secrete the oxytocin as well...
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...breast milk to feed a baby. Other glands release hormones (say: hor-mones), which are substances inside your body that tell it how to work and how to grow. Glands that do this are part of the endocrine (say: en-doh-krin) system. Puberty — body changes that turn a kid into an adult — depend on the endocrine system. Still other things that we call "glands" are part of your immune (say: ih-myoon) system. They release substances that help you fight off illnesses and, if you are sick, help you get better. When you have a bad cold and your neck glands are swollen, that is your immune system in action. Exocrine glands are a type of ductal glands that secrete their products (including digestive enzymes, and some hormone chemical messengers) into ducts that lead directly into the external environment. They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό = under and θάλαμος = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located under the thalamus, one of the most evolutionarily ancient parts of the human brain, which is located directly at its...
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