...Mystica Dilallo Principles of Pharmacology Due: May 16, 2014 The Endocrine System The Endocrine system The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, especially the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. Each gland of the endocrine system releases specific hormones into your bloodstream. These hormones travel through your blood to other cells and help control or coordinate many body processes. Even the slightest hiccup with the function of one or more of these glands can throw off the delicate balance of hormones in your body and lead to an endocrine disorder, or disease. Adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol and sometimes, aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration, and skin changes. Addison's disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency. All treatment for Addison's disease involves hormone replacement therapy to correct the levels of steroid hormones your body isn't producing. Some options for treatment include Oral corticosteroids, Corticosteroid injections, and Androgen replacement therapy...
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...The Endocrine System Dirty Sanchez BEH/225 Introduction to Behavioral Science 19 March 2014 Mrs. Piggy The Endocrine System Human behavior can be affected by several factors; a person’s upbringing, the surrounding environment, and one’s personality. These are all examples of what one sees on the outside of the body. Inside the body, there is a system that can have several effects on human behavior. This system is called the endocrine system. This system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the lymph system, also known as the bloodstream. Glands such as the thyroid and adrenal secrete hormones that affect human behavior. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate the human body’s metabolism. The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as, adrenalin and noradrenalin which can be related to fear and anger. The endocrine system’s secretions of hormones throughout the human body plays a large role on how a human behavior. The Role of the Endocrine System Like the nervous system, the endocrine system goes hand-in-hand in controlling and coordinating the reflexes and reactions of the human body. The endocrine glands create and execute communications throughout the body that are just as important as the nervous system (Coon & Mitterer, p. 74, 2012). Through secretion of chemicals, also known as hormones, the endocrine system secretes these...
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...Endocrine System Functions: Help regulate: • Chemical composition and volume of internal environment • Metabolism and energy balance • Biological clock (circadian rhythm) • Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers Control growth and development Regulate operation of reproductive systems Nerve impulses Neurotransmitter Endocrine system Hormones Hormones : regulate physiological activities of target cells in the body Endocrine glands Secrete the products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells, rather than into ducts Exocrine glands Secrete their products into ducts ( ex. sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands) Major Endocrine organs of the body Target cell: organs regulated/affected by the hormones Role of Hormone Receptors Down-regulation • When a hormone is present in excess, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease • Decreases the responsiveness of target cells to the hormone Up-regulation • When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. Makes a target tissue more sensitive to a hormone. Classification: (How far from their site of production they act) Circulating hormones (endocrine) Pass into the blood and act on distant target cells Local hormones Act locally without first entering the blood stream Chemical classes of Hormones Lipid-soluble Hormones • Steroid hormones • Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) • Nitric oxide Water - soluble Hormones • Amine...
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...The Endocrine System BIO / 101 The Endocrine System The endocrine system is defined as any system within an animal that regulates the functioning of the organism or is used in the production of hormones. These systems can range anywhere from a simple center in the nervous system to a more intricate collection of glands that are in the human endocrine system. Qualified endocrinologists have been analyzing the advancement of the endocrine systems and the roles that they play in an animals’ adaptive behavior in an environment as well as their production of offspring. It is surprising to find that the research of endocrinology in mammals has been advanced by research in non-mammal animals. For example, the mechanisms in the body that control salt and water content were discovered in fishes first, this led to the discovery of comparable functions in mammals. The understanding in how the endocrine system is structured in non-mammals offers critical information into understanding how the human endocrine system functions. The most basic endocrine system deals with the secretion and storage of hormones within nervous tissue or neurohemal organs. These hormones can be secreted directly into circulation of the body or stored into organs that have direct contact with the blood vessels that allow the hormones to be put into circulation. There are cells located within the endocrine glands that stem from various nerve cells that have traveled during the evolutionary process to different...
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...make breast milk to feed a baby. Other glands release hormones (say: hor-mones), which are substances inside your body that tell it how to work and how to grow. Glands that do this are part of the endocrine (say: en-doh-krin) system. Puberty — body changes that turn a kid into an adult — depend on the endocrine system. Still other things that we call "glands" are part of your immune (say: ih-myoon) system. They release substances that help you fight off illnesses and, if you are sick, help you get better. When you have a bad cold and your neck glands are swollen, that is your immune system in action. Exocrine glands are a type of ductal glands that secrete their products (including digestive enzymes, and some hormone chemical messengers) into ducts that lead directly into the external environment. They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό = under and θάλαμος = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located under the thalamus, one of the most evolutionarily ancient parts of the human brain, which is located directly at its...
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...Endocrine disruptors Max Powers Describe endocrine disrupters. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with the hormonal system in humans, and other species of animals. (Endocrine Disruptors , 2016) Even at low levels of dosage, endocrine disruptors can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders. Endocrine disruptors can severely harm to any system in the body controlled by hormones by interfering with the natural behavior of those hormones. Commonly, endocrine disruptors are associated with the development of learning disabilities, cognitive and brain development problems; deformity of the body (including limbs); certain cancers; and sexual development problems such as feminizing of males or masculinizing effects on females. Exposure to endocrine disruptors can be found in inhaling of household products, additives added to products such as plastics, and exposure to contaminated food treated with man-made chemicals. Because of endocrine disrupters, why did Congress amend the Food Quality Protection Act and the Safe Water Drinking Act in 1996? Congress amended the FQPA and safe water drinking act in 1996 to provide a directive for more testing to the chemicals that were being put in the water and food sources. Making information more transparent about the pesticides and substances used and providing a standard of using chemicals that caused little to no harm to the consumer. The amending of the directives especially addressed...
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...A variety of chemicals have been shown to disrupt female reproductive function throughout the lifespan in laboratory animals and humans (e.g., diethylstilbestrol). These effects include the disruption of normal sexual differentiation, ovarian function (i.e., follicular growth, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance), fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy. Only a few agents are associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant...
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...1) Endocrine System- the endocrine system is a collection of glands in an organism that releases hormones into the circulatory system which are carried toward the organs. The endocrine system has many parts it for example the pancreas. 2) Steroid Hormones-enhances the growth of organisms. An example of steroid hormones is aldosterone. Steroid Hormones is important to the article because it’s the main cause for the endocrine system disruption. 3) Androgen- a synthetic steroid hormone, an example is trenbolone, it is important to the article because is one of the hormones that reverts at night and it causes scientist to experiment with it. 4) Fecundity-ability to produce an abundance of offspring, an example is an organism that has lots of offspring, it describes the reduction of the fish and the skew....
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...Endocrine glands hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a part of the brain located superior and anterior to the brain stem and inferior to the thalamus. It helps many different functions in the nervous system, and is also responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains special cells called neurosecretory cells—neurons that secrete Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain. Many blood vessels surround the pituitary gland to carry the hormones it releases throughout the body. Situated in a small depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica, the pituitary gland is actually made of 2 completely separate structures: the posterior and anterior pituitary Anterior Pituitary: the true glandular part of the pituitary gland. The function of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces 6 important hormones: Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of the trachea. The thyroid gland produces 3 major hormones: Parathyroid gland: are 4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH), which...
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...Endocrine System Hormones Directions: Fill in the following table. |Hormone |Endocrine Gland/Source |Controls/Responsible for What? | |Estrogen |ovaries |Responsible for the growth and development of female sexual | | | |characteristics and reproduction. | |Oxytocin |Hypothalamus |Stimulates contraction of the myometrium in the uterus and contractions | | | |of the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands. | |Leptin |Adipose tissue |Regulates appetite and energy expenditure. | |LH |Anterior Pituitary Gland |Triggers ovulation in females, stimulates leydig cell production of | | | |testosterone in males. | |Testosterone |Testicles |Responsible for the growth and development of male sexual characteristics| | | |and the production of body hair. | |Dopamine |Sustania nigra |A neurotransmitter that brings...
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...elsewhere in the body, or in a body cavity. TWO KINDS OF GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS The secretion of the exocrine glands pass through a duct to the site where they take effect. Examples Salivary glands - Saliva Sweat glands - Perspiration Mammary glands - Milk ENDOCRINE GLANDS The gland known as ductless or endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the bloodstream. The term ductless indicates that no duct cones out from the glands. Their secretion are called hormones, also known as chemical messengers. They regulate and integrate body functions. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs. It is a system that controls body functions such as sleep, sexual behavior, digestion, metabolism, and physical development. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The communication begins at the base of the forebrain with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones into the bloodstream, affecting glands throughout the body. HYPOTHALAMUS The hypothalamus synthesizes...
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...Breonna Mosely 7/17/2014 Dr. Ganser Endocrine system effects on Sleep Deprivation Deprived sleep is a universal widespread problem observed in both children and adults. It is a vital process that helps in the functioning of learning, memory processing, cellular repair, and brain development. Statistics show that the average total hours of sleep have decreased per person to less than 7 hours per night over the past 3 to 4 decades. Many people experience sleep loss due pressures at work, stress, and our day to day lifestyle. The reduced hours of nocturnal sleep have shown to lead to serious health problems such as depression, obesity, hypertension, along with many other diseases. It also affects cognitive performance and emotionality. (1) The Endocrine system is responsible for the body’s stress systems and the release of the stress hormones necessary for adaptation and survival in the environment. Sleep deprivation are associated with increases in the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis, increased levels of cortisol and autonomic sympathetic activation and increased catecholamine levels during wakefulness. Increased sympathetic levels causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Just briefly waking up from sleep for only a few seconds is associated with autonomic reflex, causing a temporary rise in heart rate and BP to the level seen while awake. This is more related to disruption and discontinuity of sleep than to the duration of sleep deprivation or...
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...The Endocrine System: Diseases and Age Related Changes Unit 10 assignment The Endocrine System: Diseases and Age Related Changes Unit 10 assignment CUSHING’S DISEASE: Cushing’s disease is when the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic. The pituitary gland is a part of the endocrine system. This is disease is caused by a tumor or hyperplasia of the pituitary gland. The most common cause of this disease is known as adenoma, a benign tumor. With this disease the pituitary gland begins to overproduce ACTH which then causes the body to respond by over producing cortisol. Too much cortisol in the system can interfere with the bodies way of handling inflammation. ADDISON’S DISEASE: Addison’s disease is a chronic endocrine system disease where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone. Cortisol is the body’s way of handling stress; it also helps break down all of your macronutrients. Aldosterone helps the kidneys regulate the amount of salt and water in the body. There are two types of Addison’s disease; primary adrenal insufficiency which is when the initial problem is with the adrenal glands themselves. The other form is known as secondary adrenal insufficiency which when the adrenal glands are affected by an outside problem. ACROMEGALY: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused when pituitary gland produces too much of a growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly is not a common disorder and is not usually noticed for...
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...* Describe the stress response in terms of hormones release and their effects over time? Stress is one of inevitable happening of our lives, it may be a physical, emotional stress, stress from our environment. Hans Selye says that our body is able to adopt this changes in 3 stages called the stress response or general adaptation syndrome: 1ST stage: fight or flight response- Rapid response and don’t last very long. Classic example is being chase by a bear. Heart rate and blood pressure goes up, adrenalin rush happen. 2nd stage: when the bear is still chasing us after 10 minutes of running! Hypothalamic releasing hormones is a longer lasting hormones, these hormones are the CRH, GHRH and TRH. CRH stimulate pituitary gland to secrete ACTH that will stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase release of cortisol. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, reduce inflammation. Catabolism of proteins into amino acid. Hgh- lipolysis, glyconenolysis, breaking down of glycogen into glucose! More atp for energy! TSH- increase the use of for glucose for atp production, Over all 2nd stages help the body to fight longer! 3rd stage is the exhaustion- No energy left. Everything is spent! Long exposure to high levels of cortisol and other hormones involved in the resistance reason can cause Pathological changes because stress continue to occur and our body is so depleted that we cannot sustain the resistance stage anymore. * If you know the normal role of a hormone, you...
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...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...
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