...Household energy consumption is examined in the specific context of home heating expenditures. Analysis of home heat costs across stages of the family life cycle reveals a distinctly different pattern than previously found when total household energy costs were examined. In contrast to the curvilinear pattern where expenditures peak during middle stages of the life cycle, these data show a positive linear relationship where higher costs are associated with elderly consumers. The research focus is expanded to include heat-related conservation behavior as well as expenditures in an effort to better understand implications for policy makers and-marketers. INTRODUCTION According to reports from the Department of Energy, energy consumption in the average home could be slashed by 60% through the use of conservation methods and investment in new products to improve the efficiency of consumption. Toward this end, DOE (1980) survey results show some sort of conservation-related equipment or insulating material was added to 50% of the housing units eligible for Federal energy tax credits in 1977-78. Homeowners in 1980 claimed tax credits on an estimated $4 billion worth of investments in energy saving products primarily related to home heating. Analysts suggest that this investment rate could reach the $30 billion level per year by 1990 (Business Week 1981). As the result of consumer efforts from 1973-1980, DOE estimates that energy consumption per household has been reduced an average...
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...Energy Conservation SCI 275 Rochelle Troyano May 9, 2010 It would be hard to imagine a life without the use of energy. So many of the products that we use on a daily basis are powered because of electricity, which in turn is generated because of energy. American’s use a mixture of different energy sources to cool and heat our homes, offices and means of transportation. We also use energy sources to illuminate and power these same places. Oil has provided the United States with less than 50% of energy needs and supplies almost 97 percent of the energy used for transportation (Dale and Kluga, 1992). There are two sources of energy that we depend on: renewable and nonrenewable energy. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural sources which is constantly renewed. Some examples of renewable energy is wind, water, sun, vegetation, and geothermal. Nonrenewable energy comes from natural resources that are unable to be replenished like, fossil fuels i.e. oil, gas, and coal. Also, a large percentage of electric power that is located in the United States primarily comes from nuclear power plants. Current plants that operate possess a significantly large amount of waste disposal problems which in turn mean that there are currently no plans of building any additional nuclear power plants. A mass amount of electricity is generated because of the burning of nonrenewable energy sources. Due to this massive problem, the conservation of energy is a process we need to take more seriously...
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...Being that the 1973 Oil Embargo was a major crisis that changed the way we consume energy today, it was surprisingly difficult to find a “lessons learned” report on the incident. I Google searched terms such as “1973 Oil Embargo lessons learned report”, “1973 Oil Crisis policy outcomes”, “1973 Oil Embargo aftermath”, and “1973 Oil Crisis synopsis”. I also searched the Department of Energy’s website for reports on the embargo and found relatively little information. It was not until I emailed you for help that I found documentation on the policy outcomes and reports on the 1973 Oil Embargo event (also known as the Arab Oil Embargo). The report I am using to analyze the crisis is from the Federal Energy Administration written in 1980 by Roger Anders. The report summarizes the outcomes resulting from the 1973 Oil Embargo—specifically, the establishment of the Federal Energy Administration, The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, The Energy Conservation and Production Act, and...
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...biological functions or it has other benefit * There are different explanations explaining the functions of sleep P1: * First one being Energy Conservation * Mammals need to expend a lot of energy to maintain a constant body temp * This is particularly problematic for small animals with high metabolic rates as they use more energy * Webb 1982’s hibernation theory of sleep: Sleep serves the purpose of providing a period of enforced inactivity thus conserving energy, which would be more efficiently spent at other times (e.g. during the day when it’s easier to find more food) Supported by: * Rechstaffen (1974): * Found -ve correlation between the metabolic rate of animals and amount of sleep they have So supporting Webb’s theory that animals need to sleep to avoid depleting all their energy and dying BUT: * These studies=criticised as being correlational -Does not necessarily provide a cause and effect between sleep and metabolism -It doesn’t necessarily mean sleep=a consequence of a high metabolism when it could be the other way around -E.g. sloth is a large animal, has low metabolic rate, yet it sleeps for 20 hours a day Suggesting there are extraneous variables which are not taken into account, therefore lessening the internal validity of these studies P2: + Capellini et al (2008) in a study: -Found that smaller animals with higher metabolic rates -Sleep less than larger animals with lower metabolic rates -Therefore contradicting...
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...among Force, Power, Work and Energy Force, work, energy and power are words used frequently in our everyday lives. What exactly do they mean? To put it simply, force is that which causes an object to move, while work is done when that force causes movement. Energy is the inherent ability of any object to do work, while power is the rate at which that work is done. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is stored in an object due to virtue of its motion. Potential energy and kinetic energy are the two types of mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of mechanical energy is associated with the conservation of these two energies in a system. Mechanical energy is basically a combination of potential and kinetic energy. Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy According to the law of conservation of mechanical energy, in an isolated system, that is, in the absence of non-conservative forces like friction, the initial total energy of the system equals to the total energy of the system. Simply stated, the total mechanical energy of a system is always constant (in case of absence of non-conservative forces). For instance, if a ball is rolled down a frictionless roller coaster, the initial and final energies remain constant. Conservative forces are those that don't depend on the path taken by an object. For example, gravity, spring and electrical forces are examples of mechanical energy. Conservation of Mechanical Energy Equation The quantitative...
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...In the Conservation of Natural Resources Introduction The energy consumption of western cities' households stands at about one-third. Energy is a very good example of a natural resource. In as much as it is surprising, efforts have been made since the 21st century to try and conserve these natural resources (Montana Conservation Council, 1956, p. 12). The essay seeks to discuss how some of the activities carried out have been used to promote resource efficiency and sustainable management of natural resources. The essay seeks to detail information on some of the case studies depicting the impacts of these activities. Promotion of Energy Efficient Bulbs The energy efficient bulbs are energy economical due to its insignificant consumption of electricity. According to the results obtained by conducting a series of tests, the bulb converts about 80 percent of the electrical power to light energy. The other 20 percent is therefore converted to other forms of energy such as heat. When compared to traditional bulbs, the results were opposite to having 80 percent of the energy wasted by being converted to other forms while 20 percent being converted to light energy. Adoption of Renewable Energy One of the ways adoption of renewable energy has contributed towards the conservation of natural resources is through enhancing energy security. When one looks at some of the renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind and geothermal, all these sources provide viable energy sources...
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...America, with 30,000 rooms and over 41,000 staff members. CASE STUDY Launched in 2007, Shangri-La’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy centres on six primary topics: environment – climate change mitigation; local community support programmes; conservation and biodiversity projects; environmental management systems; employee engagement and well-being; health, safety, food, and supply-chain management systems. Every region and hotel formulates and coordinates all CSR activities and volunteer programmes individually, overseen by a group Director of CSR and Sustainability, who was appointed in 2009 to champion these initiatives. Further testament to the level of integration of CSR within the company’s business model is evidenced by the fact that CSR is placed directly into each individual property’s Integrated Management System (IMS) reporting structure. With the publication and distribution within the group of a Best Practice Digest and the first Sustainability Report in 2011, data are provided across the group on each property’s work, highlighting both high performance and those needing to become more engaged in these efforts. Three main CSR initiatives provide a framework for defining activities across the group: Embrace, focusing on social and community support projects; Sanctuary, focusing on conservation and biodiversity protection projects; and Sustainability, focusing on green operations – resources, energy, and carbon footprint in properties. Beginning in 2004...
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...shaped firstly by the need to respond appropriately to global imperatives concerning climate change, biodiversity conservation, energy use and water security; and secondly by our belief that the sustainable management of the natural environment is key to the future prosperity of all the countries where we operate. Our approach to managing environmental issues is built on the effective integration of the environment discipline into our core business and the development of appropriate policies and tools to aid their implementation. This process is underpinned by our ISO 14001 compliant management systems. Within this framework we develop holistic management solutions individually tailored to the environmental, social and economic contexts of each of our operations. This in turn means that we are sensitive to local needs and place particular emphasis on forging strategic partnerships with governments, local communities and Non-Governmental Organisations to find creative solutions to environmental challenges wherever we operate. In addition to our focus on developing effective management systems, our ongoing investment in building the capability of the environment discipline across the Family of Companies has also enabled us to respond to environmental challenges beyond the traditional mining focus area of land rehabilitation. Biodiversity, energy and water management are now specific areas of discipline expertise within the Family of Companies. Highlights ...
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...Dave Galvin Gail Gensler Gail Savina Anne Moser December 1995 Revised June 2001 Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County King County Water Pollution Control Division 130 Nickerson St., Suite 100 Seattle, Washington 98109 (206) 263-3050; haz.waste@metrokc.gov Prog-3(12/95)rev.6/01 Introduction Have you ever tried to get a smoker to stop? A kid to start wearing a bike helmet? An aerosol user to switch? Changing behavior is both art and science, and much can be learned from others’ attempts to change behavior that can make our work more effective. A project team at the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, Washington, spent several months in 1995 reading behavior change literature from energy conservation, recycling, health education and other fields, looking for insights. We distilled many of the principles found in the literature into workshops for staff, hoping to make their efforts to change business’ and the public’s hazardous waste behavior more effective. At the workshops, we presented some key behavior change principles, a panel shared their insights, and staff worked through an exercise to learn how to apply the principles to their work. This report summarizes our findings and includes examples from field experience. A key insight from the project is that information alone is not enough to change behavior. As government workers, we often try to solve a problem by creating a brochure, believing that “if we build a brochure...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Energy 33 (2008) 1591–1596 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy Energy efficiency, security of supply and the environment in South Africa: Moving beyond the strategy documents A.B. Sebitosi à Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa a r t i c l e in fo abstract Article history: Received 18 April 2008 Energy efficiency is one of the most potent and cost effective ways of meeting the demands of sustainable development. It has in fact been referred to as the best energy resource. Way back in 2005 the South African Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) published its Energy Efficiency Strategy in support of some of the objectives enlisted in the 1998 White Paper on Energy Policy. The Strategy set a national target for energy efficiency improvement of 12% by 2015 against the baseline year 2000. The document further predicted that, with a business as usual model of energy usage, at the projected rate of national economic development, there would be a need to invest in new power generating capacity by around 2007. Despite the policy foresight and seemingly enthusiastic efforts, though, the dawn of 2008 saw the country gripped in an electric power crisis, with a capacity shortfall of over 10%. This paper looks at what could have gone wrong, examines energy efficiency policies and measures in other countries and how these lessons...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study One of the great challenges of progressing cities in the Philippines is the need to preserve and conserve its heritage. Cebu is one of the known cities that posseses a rich culture and historical landmarks that serves as a potent symbol of National Identity has faced the same challenges. With the emergence of commercial buildings and growth of population in the City, the maintenance and conservation of Heritage is more likely needed. Altering existing buildings for a new function is not a new phenomenon. Working with the existing buildings, repairing and restoring them for continued use has become a creative and fascinating challenge within the architectural descipline. The process of wholeheartedly altering a building is often called “ Adaptive Re-use”. It is known that adaptive re-use helps extend the life of Historical buildings and prevents them from becoming foresaken and derilict. The Gotiaoco building which is situated at the M.C Briones Ave. Behind Cebu City hall is one of the significant architectural building that is currently proprosed to be reuse as a Chinese Heritage Museum under the supervision of Sugbu Chinese Heritage Museum Inc.. In contemporary conservation theory and practice, adaptive re-use is considered to be an important strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage. It preserves buildings by changing outdated functions into new uses to meet contemporary demand. However...
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...Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics, the study of fluid motion, and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion, which can further be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid kinetics, the study of fluids in motion. Fluid mechanics is very important to engineers when observing flow in pipes, viscous effects of fluids, and the forces that act on a fluid. As a student, I am suppose to demonstrate an adequate understanding of many properties involved fluid mechanics. Some learning outcomes that must be accomplished by taking this class are: * Demonstrate understanding of fluid mechanics fundamentals, fluid and flow properties such as compressibility, viscosity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure and forces on surfaces * Apply Bernoulli equation to solve problems in fluid mechanics * Solve fluid mechanics problem using control volume analysis using conservation of mass, energy equation and irreversible flow * Use differential analysis of fluid flow, potential flow theory, viscous flow, Navier Stokes equations to solve problems * Perform modeling and similitude using Buckingham Pi theorem, correlation of experimental data. * Analyze flow in pipes to determine laminar and turbulent flow behaviors. * Apply energy and momentum equations to determine performance...
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...Energy Summary SCI/362 April 25, 2011 Energy Summary This summary of Energy will review three cases, The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Yucca Mountain, and The Three Gorges Dam. It will identify each type of energy source, its relative abundance and environmental impact along with evaluating the economic and ethical issues of each energy source highlighted by these three cases. The summary will identify the interests of prominent stakeholders, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each energy source according to each stakeholder’s point of view and present possible strategies for solving the limited-resource issues raised in these case studies with explaining the role of conservation in these strategies. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Since 1980 there has been an on and off debate regarding opening the refuge to oil drilling. The refuge is close to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, one of the world’s largest pipeline systems that begins at Prudhoe Bay and continues south to Valdez. Prudhoe Bay has produced 14 billion barrels of crude oil. In the early 1990’s, it was the first time in history that the United States would import more than half the oil it used. The interest of opening the refuge to oil drilling started again after it subsided for five years following the Alaskan oil spill. The Department of the Interior admitted that the oil drilling will harm the area’s ecosystem and therefore both the Senate and House of Representatives agreed to allow...
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...Natural Resources and Energy Paper A forest is a natural resource needed by the earth, humans, and species. There are three types of forests. The three types include “tropical, temperate, boreal forests” (The forest biome p. 1, 2006). Recently forests occupy about “one-third of Earth’s land area, and account for over two-thirds of the leaf area of land plants, and contain about 70% of carbon present in living things” (The forest biome p. 1, 2006). Forests produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change. A forest have several management practices for sustainability and conservation. There are several risks and benefits of extracting and using one type of nonrenewable and one type of renewable energy. The growth of human population has affected forest resources in several ways. The affected forests have caused harm to the population of wild species and have majorly impacted agriculture. Impacts associated with agriculture Between 2000 and 2010 about 13 million hectares of forests were lost per year to agriculture and other uses (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013). Agroecosystems are very different from the ecosystems seen in nature. Unlike natural ecosystems, agroecosystems are large areas that have been planted with a single species or single strain or subspecies. This often makes them more susceptible to disease. Also, the agroecosystems are often planted in simple geometric...
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...BUILDING Appraisal Appreciation & Conservation Assignment 2 Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study ------------------------------------------------- Module Title: BUILDING Appraisal Appreciation & Conservation Assignment 2 Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study Ian Scott Student ID 471727 Module Code: 6104 BEUG Module Leader: P.Kenny & S.Buxbaum Submission Date: 16/04/12 Ian Scott Student ID 471727 Module Code: 6104 BEUG Module Leader: P.Kenny & S.Buxbaum Submission Date: 16/04/12 Liverpool John Moores University School of the Built Environment Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study Of The Wellington Rooms (Known locally as the Irish Centre) The Wellington Rooms 2011 http://flickr.com/photos Report prepared by Mr Ian Scott: Student ID: 471727 Report Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Introduction 3 3. Site Location & Description 3 4. Listing Extract 4 5. Statutory Controls 5 6. Evaluation of Development 5-6 7. Development Options 6-7 8. Appraisal of Repairs 7-9 9. Adaption Works 9-10 10. Conclusion 10 11. References & Bibliography 11 12. Photographs & Illustrations 12-16 ------------------------------------------------- 1.0 Executive Summary This executive summary provides a conservation plan and feasibility study considering the options for the proposed...
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