...contentMDK:21852379~menuPK:5242271~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336930~isCURL:Y,00.html#WBPRWP OPEC http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/index.htm APPEA Fact Sheets http://www.appea.com.au/publications/factsheets.html Penn Energy http://ogjresearch.stores.yahoo.net/ (has a front page link to Japan’s crisis and impact on nuclear energy industry) OGEL OGEL - Global Energy Law & Regulation Portal SIGN IN HERE OGEL 2 (2011) - Comparative Energy Law This Special Issue is devoted to the comparative analysis of regulatory systems in the oil, gas and electricity sectors. By 'comparative' we mean that kind of research which tries to identify similarities and differences among the regulatory systems of different countries or regions. Several reasons explain why comparative knowledge is of primary importance in the energy regulators' and energy lawyers' toolbox. Prof. G. Bellantuono (University of Trento) General updates on energy articles/happenings http://www.mondaq.com/default.asp?section_id=1&product_id=3&topic_id=22 Nuclear http://www.dfat.gov.au/security/aus_uran_exp_policy.html CSG http://www.adv-res.com/unconventional-gas-literature.asp#CoalbedMethane (lots of articles names with some links) Journal of world energy law and business http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/ Legal issues associated with the CSG industry in queensland (article) http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AURELawJl/2006/34.pdf Gas Today – Australia http://gastoday.com...
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...Law of Conservation of Energy: Statement: The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in a system remains constant ("is conserved"), although energy within the system can be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another. Gravitational Potential Energy: Definition: Gravitational potential energy is energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field. Kinetic Energy: Definition: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational (the energy due to motion from one location to another). Elastic Potential Energy: Definition: Elastic potential energy is Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring, which depends upon the spring constant k as well as the distance stretched. After defying of relevant theoretical terms here I am mentioning little comments on the given query. A real life example for conservation of energy is a ball falling from a building. The total mechanical energy is sum of equal to kinetic energy with addition of gravitational potential energy at different periods of time and height. The K.E. and G.P.E. is changing but...
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...Sustainable Energy Development Authority SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY BILL 2010 ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES PART I PRELIMINARY Clause 1 1. 2. Short title and commencement Interpretation PART II THE AUTHORITY 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Establishment of the Authority Common seal Membership of the Authority Temporary exercise of functions of the Chairman Schedule Approval to hold other offices Tenure of office Remuneration and allowances Revocation of appointment and resignation Vacation of office Committees Disclosure of interest PART III FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE AUTHORITY 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Functions of the Authority Powers of the Authority Additional functions of the Authority Delegation of the Authority’s functions and powers Direction by Minister Returns, reports, accounts and information Authority may establish and participate in bodies corporate 2 Bill PART IV EMPLOYEES OF THE AUTHORITY Clause 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. The Chief Executive Officer Temporary exercise of functions of Chief Executive Officer Appointment of employees of the Authority Conditions of service Payment of retirement benefits, etc. Loans, scholarships and advances Authority may adopt regulations, etc. PART V FINANCE 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. The Sustainable Energy Development Authority Fund Expenditure to be charged on the Fund Conservation of the Fund Bank accounts Power to borrow Investment Limitation on...
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...UTAR 1 2 Chapter Scopes • Endothermic & Exothermic reactions • Enthalpy changes: ∆H of formation, combustion, hydration, neutralization, atomization. CHAPTER 5 Chemical Energetic / Thermochemistry • Lattice energy, electron affinity • Heat of fusion and vaporization • Hess’ Law • Born-Haber cycles • Calorimetry © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 3 Energy & Chemistry 4 Thermochemistry • Thermochemistry is the study of heat (energy) change/transfer in a chemical reaction. • ENERGY is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. • HEAT is the transfer of thermal energy between two objects because of their difference in temperature. Heat energy is associated with molecular motions. Other forms of energy light electrical kinetic and potential Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium is established. ∆T measures energy transferred. © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson System and Surroundings 5 System and Surroundings 6 Vacuum jacket • SYSTEM – The object under study • SURROUNDINGS – Everything outside the system © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry open Exchange: mass & energy closed energy isolated nothing © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 1 Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Directionality of Heat Transfer 7 Directionality of Heat Transfer • Heat always transfer from hotter object to cooler...
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...UTAR 1 2 Chapter Scopes • Endothermic & Exothermic reactions • Enthalpy changes: ∆H of formation, combustion, hydration, neutralization, atomization. CHAPTER 5 Chemical Energetic / Thermochemistry • Lattice energy, electron affinity • Heat of fusion and vaporization • Hess’ Law • Born-Haber cycles • Calorimetry © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 3 Energy & Chemistry 4 Thermochemistry • Thermochemistry is the study of heat (energy) change/transfer in a chemical reaction. • ENERGY is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. • HEAT is the transfer of thermal energy between two objects because of their difference in temperature. Heat energy is associated with molecular motions. Other forms of energy light electrical kinetic and potential Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium is established. ∆T measures energy transferred. © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson System and Surroundings 5 System and Surroundings 6 Vacuum jacket • SYSTEM – The object under study • SURROUNDINGS – Everything outside the system © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry open Exchange: mass & energy closed energy isolated nothing © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson 1 Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Directionality of Heat Transfer 7 Directionality of Heat Transfer • Heat always transfer from hotter object to cooler...
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... 2012 Photosynthesis is “the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms”. The raw materials used in this process are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source used is sunlight and the end products are oxygen and carbohydrates. This process can be thought of as the most biochemical pathway, since nearly all life on Earth is dependent either directly or indirectly on it. A solar cell is “any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics”. Photosynthesis and solar cells are similar in a variety of ways. Both systems trap energy from the sun. Plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and then convert it to food and solar cells trap their energy from the sun and then convert it to electricity. Another similarity with both systems is that they both transform energy into useful forms. The energy that is absorbed by the sun can be used to make solar electricity while the most widely useful product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is used by all animals here on Earth. In order for animals to survive, they must deliver oxygen to all cells of the body. Finally, both systems require the use of sunlight to begin their processes. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which can be found in green leaves, to absorb energy from the sun and solar cells use photovoltaic cells to absorb light. Even though both systems are similar...
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...Lithonia, GA Campus Physical Sience - Professor Freeman July 19, 2012 Discuss how energy can be converted from one form to another, giving specific examples. Today there are many different forms of energy and they all have the ability to transform produce change and to do work. How energy is converted from to another is based on the law of conservation of energy. “The law of conservation of energy is that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed from one form to another including transformation into or from mass, as matter.” Examples of energy are those that follow: Mechanical energy stored or moving energy also referred to as potential or kinetic energy, electrical energy the movement of electrons, thermal energy heat of an object, and radiant energy light and warmth of the sun are all energies that can be converted to another form of energy. For example, the chemical energy stored in the muscles of our legs is converted to kinetic energy or mechanical energy when we pedal, a toaster oven plugged into an electrical socket takes electrical energy and converts it to heat/thermal energy, and radiant energy converted to heat energy provided by the sun that heats earth. Define what we mean by fossil fuels and explain why there are attractive sources of energy. Fossil fuels are also natural resources of energy that is a product of millions of years of decomposed plant and animal pressured by heat trapped underground...
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... | 3. | In a closed system, the loss of momentum of one object ______is equal to______________ the gain in momentum of another object. | | 4. | Using a hammer to drive a nail, it is the reaction force that brings the motion of the hammer to a stop but the _____action force__________ that drives the nail into the wood. | | 5. | As an object’s temperature increases, the ______rate______________ at which it radiates energy increases. | | 6. | When a person plucks a guitar string, the number of half wavelengths that fit into the length of the string determines the ___________pitch_________ of the sound produced. | | 7. | The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of __________incidence__________. | | 8. | The region where a magnet's force is strongest is at the__________ __pole_____________. | | 9. | The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet begin near the magnet’s ______north pole______________. | | 10. | The energy source used to produce most of the electrical energy in the United States...
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...VOICE OF HEALTH Healer.A.Umar Farook, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) English Translation: Healer.R.Gnanamurthy, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) Edited by: Malarvizhi VOICE OF HEALTH Healer.A.Umar Farook, M.Acu., D.Ed (Acu) First Published : November, 2010 Published by Indian Universities Press 421, Anna Salai, im print of Bharathi Puthagakalayam Teynampet, Chennai - 600 018 Email: thamizhbooks@gmail.com www.thamizhbooks.com Ph: 044-24332424, 24332924, 24339024 Rs.100/\ print: Jothi Enterprices, Chennai -5 Thanks to ACUPUNCTURE HEALERS ORGANISATION Hr.Bose.K.Mohamed Meera Hr.Magi Ramalingam Hr.P.V.Devarajan Hr.M.J.Pandian Hr.P.M.Umar Farook CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Learning Language Health is Strength Immunity is Life Eat Hunger Fate Prevails! One plus One is not Two Creating and Protecting Disease an Imagination Diseases of Exact Science 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 22 25 27 30 34 40 44 52 56 60 68 77 10. Quietness is Pleasantness! 11. Waste stagnation causes Death! 12. Action and Reaction 13. Reason behind Stories 14. Shining and the Sign! 15. Elixir is Venom 16. Thirst - Hunger as per requirement! 17. Milk - is it Food? 18. Poison-less Food 19. Love Nature! Come back to Nature 1 Learning Language E veryone has their own language. Expressing our needs, sharing our feelings – it is through language that we create our relationships with others. Language is a necessary communication tool for people. Beyond our mother tongue, we learn languages of neighboring...
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...and, in particular, of the laws governing the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical, electrical, or other forms of energy. It is a central branch of science that has important applications in chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. What makes thermodynamics such a powerful tool? It is a completely logical discipline and can be applied without any sophisticated mathematical techniques. The immense practical value of thermodynamics lies in the fact that it systematizes the information obtained from experiments performed on systems and enables us to draw conclusions, without further experimentation, about other aspects of the same systems and about similar aspects of other systems. It allows us to predict whether a certain reaction will proceed and what the maximum yield might be. Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science concerning such properties as pressure, temperature, and volume. Unlike quantum mechanics, thermodynamics is not based on a specific molecular model, and therefore it is unelected by our changing concepts of atoms and molecules. Indeed, the major foundations of thermodynamics were laid long before detailed atomic theories became available. This fact is one of its major strengths. Furthermore, thermodynamics helps us predict the direction and extent of chemical reactions; it tells us nothing about the rate of a process. First Law of Thermodynamics Introduction The first law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed...
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...Energy is defined as the capacity to work or the force that helps us to do things with vitality and intensity (Reese, Brandt, and Howie). Having positive energy enables us to make the necessary decisions as far as how we are going to handle unforeseen situations as they present themselves, as well as providing us the “juice” we need in order to perform daunting tasks on a daily basis. Energy can be either positive or negative in terms of how we deal with interpersonal relationships. Positive energy can be achieved through support received from family or colleagues. Negative energy on the other hand can be destructive and divisive which can create havoc in the work place. The authors stated that “it is positive energy that helps us cope with disappointments, uncertainty, and work that is physically and mentally demanding (Reese, Brandt, and Howie). Creating a positive work environment is essential to the success of any business. As the age of adage states “if your employees are happy then your clients will be happy.” Our need for positive reinforcement is critical in how we perform in our daily lives. Few of us have outrageous ego’s to be able to maintain high self-esteem without receiving encouragement or positive feedback from our friends, family, or peers. Without positive experiences in our lives, many people suffer from a deficit of energy. It was interesting to read that in recent years, there have been some researchers who have actually quantified the cost of...
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...along with hydrogen ions from the water to carbon dioxide, reducing it to sugar. Because the electrons increase in potential energy as they move from water(H-O bond) to sugar(C-H bond), this process requires energy—in other words is endergonic. This energy boost is provided by light. In cellular respiration, the summary equation is  Glucose loss electrons and become oxidized, oxygen get electrons and become reduced, so this reaction is redox reaction. In cellular respiration, C-H bond are broken and release energy as the electrons from hydrogen form H-O bonds in water, so this reaction is endergonic. according to the second law of thermodynamics------every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe, which also can be understood that during every energy transfer or transformation, some energy becomes unavailable to do work, like heat. we use this equation to show energy transfer or tranformation,ΔG means The change in free energy; ΔH symbolizes the change in the system’s total energy; ΔS is the change in the system’s entropy; and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units. When ΔG is negative, mean the reaction can happen spontaneously, release energy; if posivitive, need energy input. autotrophs capture Light energy by photosynthesis, energy transformed from light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like sugar, some is lost as heat when chlorophyll’s electrons go back to its ground state from exited...
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...of Energy Conversion J’Haun Egerson Strayer University Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to harness the suns energy. The plants use this harnessed energy to produce food. The leaves of plants help trap the energy from sunlight. The process of photosynthesis transforms the solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate. Photosynthesis occurs mainly in plant leaves, little to none occurs in the stems, roots, etc. To dive a little deeper, the process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have two major parts. The grana are made up of thylakoids. Thylakoids are membranous disks that contain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll. These pigments absorb solar energy. The other part is the stroma, it is a fluid filled space where carbon dioxide is enzymatically reduced to a carbohydrate such as glucose.1 Today the semiconductor exists to harness solar power as well. A semiconductor is a solar cell that harnesses solar energy and converts it into electricity. The electricity that the semiconductor harnesses is used by people. People use electricity everyday. It runs our useful appliances, video games, televisions, and more. Both plants and semiconductors are similar in that they both harness solar energy from the sun. Both plants and semiconductors have cells. They use the cells to trap the energy from the sun. Semiconductors have solar cells that function to trap the energy harnessed from the sun and convert it into energy. Plants...
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...semiconductor-base solar cells they have many similarities as well as differences. In this paper I will explain to you exactly what they are. I will also point out how the laws of thermodynamics apply to both processes. One major similarity between photosynthesis and semiconductor-based solar cells is that they both require solar energy or sunlight for the process to begin. Photosynthesis’ main function is to transform solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate (McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2009 p. 86). Energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll, which is a pigment in the chloroplasts (membrane bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place) of plants. Once in the chloroplasts the energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen then combines with carbon dioxide to make sugars and energy-storing compounds. A solar cell is a device that converts solar energy into light at the atomic level. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material (NASA Science). Another thing that they have in common is that man kind also relies on both processes for survival. During photosynthesis food and oxygen are produced, and carbon dioxide is removed from the air and without solar energy we wouldn’t have electricity. Another similarity is that during the process they both lose electrons. When the electrons are lost in solar cells they are replenished...
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...Chapter 2 ENERGY CONVERSION AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS W hether we realize it or not, energy is an important part of most aspects of daily life. The quality of life, and even its sustenance, depends on the availability of energy. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of energy, the conversion of energy from one form to another, and the ramifications of these conversions. Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical, and nuclear. Even mass can be considered a form of energy. Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms: heat and work. For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow. An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by a temperature difference. Otherwise it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a distance. We start this chapter with a discussion of various forms of energy and energy transfer by heat. We then introduce various forms of work and discuss energy transfer by work. We continue with developing a general intuitive expression for the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, which is one of the most fundamental principles in nature, and we then demonstrate its use. Finally, we discuss the efficiencies of some familiar energy conversion processes, and examine the impact on energy conversion on the environment. Detailed treatments...
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