“Engine
Electrical”

Engine electrical – various pieces of equipment are necessary for starting the engine and operating it in a stable manner battery – it serves as a power supply for the electrical parts of the vehicle starting system – system that responsible for the start of the engine charging system – system that generate electricity used in the vehicle and charge the battery ignition system – system to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture ignition switch – main switch of the ignition
Battery:
battery – the battery is the primary “Source” of electrical energy of a vehicle. it stores chemicals not electricity. two different types of lead in an acid mixture react to produce electrical pressure. chemicals inside the battery: * lead or sponge lead (negative plate) * lead peroxide (positive plate) * sulfuric acid and water (electrolyte) battery functions: 1. engine off – battery energy is used to operate the lighting system and accessory system 2. engine starting – battery energy is used to operate starter motor and provide current for ignition system during cranking 3. engine running – battery energy can be needed when the electrical load exceed the supply from charging system types of battery: * conventional type * low maintenance battery * high maintenance battery * free maintenance battery * hybrid battery * recombination battery battery service: * cleaning * jump-start * charging * adding water * testing battery terminals: * side terminals * post or top terminals * “L” terminal battery construction: 1. case – container which holds and protects all battery components and electrolyte, separates cells and provide space at the for sediments 2. cover – permanently sealed at the top of the case 3. grids – lead alloy framework that supports the active material of a plate and conducts current 4. positive plate – consist of a grid filled with lead peroxide (PbO2 – brown color, crystalline material) as its active material 5. negative plate – consist of sponge lead (Pb – a porous gray color) that allows the electrolyte to penetrate freely 6. separators – an inserted non-conductor sheets to ensure that all the plate groups do not touch each other 7. cell/element – an assembly of positive and negative plates with separators in between 8. cell connectors – cast alloy metal straps are welded to the negative terminal of one cell and the positive terminal of adjoining cell until all six cells are connected in series 9. cell partitions – part of the case, it separates each cell 10. terminal post – positive and negative terminal post are connected in to the case top 11. vent caps – types include individual filler plugs, strip type or box type 12. electrolyte – a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H2O) discharging: O2
O2
Pb
Pb
H2
H2
SO4
SO4
Pb
Pb

H2
H2
SO4
SO4

Charging:

H2
H2
O
O

Pb
Pb
SO4
SO4
Pb
Pb
SO4
SO4

O
O
H2
H2

factors affecting charging: 1. temperature 2. state of charge 3. plate area 4. impurities 5. gassing battery identification code – marked on the battery body, indicate the battery size and performance, which is the electrical storage

34 B 19 L
Battery performance Battery Width length position of negative reserve capacity – represents the approximate time in minutes it is possible to travel at right with battery ignition and minimum electrical load but w/out a charging system in operation ampere hour reading – the amount of steady current that a fully charged battery can supply for 20 hours at 80 degree Fahrenheit (26.7 degree Celsius) without the cell voltage falling below 1.75 volts or 10.5 volts at a terminal cold cranking ampere – indicates the ampere that a fully charged battery will maintain for 30seconds without the terminal voltage falling below 7.2 volts battery sized selection: * based on its capacity and ratings * should fit the battery holding fixture and the hold down must be able to be installed * height of the battery do not allow the terminals to short across factors affecting battery life: * improper electrolyte levels * poor mounting * temperature * under charging/sulfation * cycling * corrosion * overcharging
Starting system: starter motor – is a mechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy * allows clutch to rotate * use to crank the engine electric motor – generates charge transmission system – transmits the charge magnetic switch – pushes switch types of starter motor: * reduction * uses a compact high speed motor * plunger of the magnetic switch directly pushes the pinion gear * planetary * pinion gear engages/disengages with the ring gear via the drive lever same as conventional * conventional * pinion gear is directly connected to the armature and rotates at the same speed * a drive lever from the magnetic switch pushes/pull the drive pinion * planetary reduction segment conductor motor (PS) type * permanent magnet, planetary gear principles: 1. electromagnetism – current develop with in the coil 2. ampere’s rule of right hand screw – compare the current in a screw 3. fleming’s left hand rule – direction of electromagnetic force direction of magnetic flux direction of current

components of starter motor: magnetic switch * on and off of starter motor * engagement and disengagement of plunger yoke sub assembly * houses the field coils which generate the magnetic field required to rotate the armature

armature * generates a motors revolving force ball bearing * supports high speed revolution of the armature brush * are made of copper carbon which has an excellent conductivity. * abrasion resistance characteristics brush springs * acts as a balancer reduction gear * transmits the revolving force of the motor to the pinion gear * increases torque by lowering the motor speed starter clutch/starter drive/ over running clutch * transmits the motor rotation to the engine via the pinion gear * a one way clutch to prevent starter motor damage

location of the terminals: terminal 50 – ignition switch (smallest) terminal c – closest to the starter terminal 30 – directly connected to the positive side of the battery
**note: terminals is always located in the magnetic field charging system: battery – source of power alternator – charge the battery and supply the needs of electrical loads rules: 1. the faster the magnetic field is cut, the greater induced current 2. the more conducting wires wound around a coil a larger the current 3. the stronger the magnetic field the larger the current components of alternator: 1. pulley – drives the alternator connected to the crankshaft 2. end frame – house the alternator. 3. stator – stationary component of the alternator 4. rotor – directly connected to the pulley. rotating part of the pulley. it becomes magnet one’s a current flow rotor coil – intermittent coil (0.2A) 5. Regulator – regulate the output current at range that is acceptable by loads 6. rectifier – converting alternating current to direct current electromagnetic induction: electricity is generated when the coil catch the line of magnetic field

rotor components: * rotor shaft * pole core * rotor coil * slip rings * bearing principles of rectification: 1. the faster the rotation of the engine the move current is generated 2. high voltage can over change the battery or damage the electrical load
**Note: regulator cannot be taken apart
3 terminals for regulator: 1. terminal S – sensor of the battery if it is fully charged 2. terminal IG – for ignition 3. terminal L – for charge warning lamp
**Note: if there is no voltage in terminal P, tr3 will open and tr2 will CLOSE. if there is a voltage in terminal P, tr2 will open and tr3 will closed 1. open in rotor coil current 2. open in regulator sensor circuit (terminal S) 3. fall in alternator output or open in output circuit neutral point diode: increase the voltage up to 10 % stator windings * neutral junction * three phase windings * laminated iron frame * stator lead ends types of field circuit 1. A type – external ground field circuit 2. B type – internal grounded field circuit 3. isolated type stator windings: * delta connection – 3 coils are connected together end to end * star or “Y” connection – the coils are connected together at one end only ignition system: it needs: 1. good air fuel mixture 2. high compression components: 1. battery 2. ignition switch 3. ignition coil 4. igniter 5. relays for spark plugs 6. distributor 7. spark plugs how a high voltage generated: * counter induction effect * mutual induction effect
3 components of signal generator 1. signal rotor 2. pick up coil 3. magnet components of governor * governor spring * canon plate * fly weight vacuum advancer * depends on the engine coil * for the pick-up coil centrifugal advancer * depends on the engine speed * directly connected to distributor shaft centrifugal force * force that tends to throw away an object away from the center types of sensor: 1. speed sensor 2. knock sensor 3. vacuum sensor 4. throttle position sensor types of ignition system: 1. standard ignition system – on and off mechanically 2. direct ignition system – there are two spark plugs in one ignition coil classification of spark plugs: 1. hot plug – the capacity to discharge the heat range is long to be discharge 2. cold plug – the capacity to dissipate the heat is short time types of spark plugs: 1. platinum-tipped sparked plug 2. standard spark plug