...http://rel.sagepub.com/ RELC Journal http://rel.sagepub.com/content/31/2/45 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/003368820003100203 RELC Journal 2000 31: 45 Ayisha H. Mohamed and Majzoub R. Omer Texts Texture and Culture: Cohesion as a Marker of Rhetorical Organisation in Arabic and English Narrative Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for RELC Journal can be found at: Email Alerts: http://rel.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://rel.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://rel.sagepub.com/content/31/2/45.refs.html Downloaded from rel.sagepub.com at SIMON FRASER LIBRARY on March 28, 2011 45 TEXTURE AND CULTURE: COHESION AS A MARKER OF RHETORICAL ORGANISATION IN ARABIC AND ENGLISH NARRATIVE TEXTS AYISHA H. MOHAMED Police Training College in Abu Dhabi and MAJZOUB R. OMER College of Girls’ Education in Tabuk Abstract This paper claims that the differences at the cultural level between the Arabic-speaking and the English-speaking communities have a direct effect on the rhetorical organisation of Arabic and English texts as evident in the different ways in which cohesive devices are used. It is suggested that the two speech communities differ along the following cultural dimensions: oralised v. literate, collectivism v. individualism, high-contact v. low-contact...
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...Tikrit University Journal for Humanities Vol. ( 14 ) No. ( 3 ) April ( 2007 ) Honorific Expressions in Arabic and English with Reference to other Languages Hashim Sa'doon Saleem Al-Ni'aymi University of Tikreet College of Education Dept. of English Abstract Honorifics have currently occupied an important position within the domain of socio-pragmatic studies of language and within the theories of communication. The basic aim of this paper is concerned with identifying the points of similarity and difference between honorifics in Modern Standard Arabic and English with regard to structure. It also aims at giving a brief account of the term honorifics and how are honorific expressions realized in both languages. It is hypothesized that the structure of honorifics in Modern Standard Arabic is different from that in English. 1. The Concept of Honorifics: Honorifics are derived from outputs of politeness strategies where these directly or indirectly convey a status deferential between speaker and addressee or referent, where they indirectly convey such a status deferential, as in French Tu / Vous pronouns do via the general strategy of pluralizing in order to impersonalize (Brown and Levinson 1978: 183). 1 Honorific Expressions in Arabic and English with Reference to other Languages Hashim Sa'doon Saleem Al-Ni'aymi Honorifics have been defined as “politeness formulas in a particular language which may be specific affixes, words, or sentence structure” (Richard et al., 1985:...
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...2014 Outline I. Topic Gender and Number Agreement in the Oral Production of L1 Arabic Among Bilingual Arab-Americans. II. Thesis Statement This study investigates Arabic heritage speakers’ knowledge of gender and number agreement and concord morphology in two syntactic contexts; subject-verb agreement and noun-adjective agreement. Additionally, how does their dominant language (English) may affect the correct usage of gender and number agreement in the two syntactic contexts. III. Hypothesis There is a negative influence of the dominant language (English) on the mastering gender and number agreement in Arabic among bilingual Arab-Americans. IV. Methodology A. Participants: Ten participants (Bilingual Arab-Americans). B. Data Collection Two tasks: 1. Oral-production task: includes the description of 10 pictures via PowerPoint. The purpose of this task is to produce examples of subject-verb agreement in Arabic as the following: a. human-singular masculine. b. human- singular feminine. c. human- plural masculine. d. human- plural feminine. 2. The second task is: Demonstrate and compare these pictures; each picture has contrastive adjectives, For example, happy/sad. Five pairs-pictures. The purpose of this task is to elicit examples of noun-adjective agreement in Arabic as the following: a. human-singular masculine. b. human- singular feminine. c....
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...Development Programs (SMDP) Course and Workshop Calendar AY 2012-13 December 2012 Sr no 1 2 3 Course name Strategic Management & Planning Strategic Management & Planning Six Thinking Hats for Effective Meetings and Decision Making Course name Soft Skills Customer Service Skills Business Correspondence Microsoft Office & Outlook 2010 Area MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT Course Schedule 1 December, 2 December 15 December, 16 December 26 December, 27 December Timings 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM Language Arabic English English JANUARY 2013 Area Course Schedule Timings Language English English / Arabic English / Arabic Sr no 1 2 3 4 Sr no 1 2 3 FEBRUARY 2013 Course name Designing Performance Appraisal Excel for Data Analysis Creating Web Presence for your organization using Google tools Course name Balanced Score Card for Performance Excellence Finance for Executives Change Management Social Media Marketing Course name Internet Marketing Customer Service Skills Job Evaluation Workshop Hay Method Course name Internet Marketing Customer Service Skills Job Evaluation Workshop Hay Method Competency Framework Area Human Resource Information Technology Information Technology Course Schedule 3 February 10 February, 11 February 24 February, 25 February Timings 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM 9:30 AM - 3:00 PM English Language English English English MARCH 2013 Area MANAGEMENT FINANCE Human Resource Information Technology Area MARKETING MARKETING...
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...with this device in the translated version. The paper compares lexical cohesive devices in this novel and in its English version. It is also an attempt to test two hypotheses that account for the degree of explicitness in the translated text as compared to the source text: the Explicitation Hypothesis and the Stylistic Preference Hypothesis. Both Aziz (1998) and Obeidat (1998) adopt the Stylistic Preference Hypothesis which attributes explicitness or implicitness to Stylistic preference of the target language. The Explicitation Hypothesis is shown to offer a more appropriate explanation for the way lexical cohesion is rendered in the target language. 0. Introduction Cohesion is defined “as the set of possibilities that exist in the language for making text hang together: the potential that the speaker or writer has at his disposal.” (Halliday and Hasan 1976:18). Halliday and Hasan (1976) identify several devices that are used as cohesive devices the function of which is to tie a text together. The cohesive devices fall into five types: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. (1) This paper focuses on one cohesive device (i.e. lexical cohesion) in the English...
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...ISSN: 2348 – 2052 , Vol. 1, Issue 2, Feb 2014 Available at: www.express‐journal.com The Cultural Agenda of Translation & Arabization: Aspects of the Problems by Dr. Ali Albashir Mohammed Al-haj Department of English Faculty of Arts& humanities Jazan University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract Translation is activity – a cultural activity at that-intended to widen the area of human understanding and communication with reference to general and specific information. The basic requirement relevant to good translation is that the translator must have a thorough knowledge of the cultures of both the source language and the target language. The translator needs not sit biting nails and rush to the dictionary every ten minutes. When it has been accepted that translation is not only important but also necessary to our Arab World, there is no point in pondering over the problems of translations. Cultural proximity is a big advantage for translators, it is rewarding for them to look for this when they choose their work. Arabization is part and parcel of the whole journey of the Arab societies to its roots. The starting-off point for any translator is their preferred future; in order to arrive at the destination then it is clearly important to know what the destination is. But it is perhaps better to think 1 Express, an International Journal of Multi Disciplinary Research ISSN: 2348 – 2052 , Vol. 1, Issue 2, Feb 2014 Available at: www...
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...THINKING ARABIC TRANSLATION _______________________________ A Course in Translation Method: Arabic to English Supplement James Dickins Contents: Supplement Introduction 1 1 Preliminaries to translation as a process 3 1.3.1 3 Annotation: gist, exegesis and rephrasing Practical 1.3 Gist translation: ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ 8 2 Preliminaries to translation as a product 9 2.1.1 2.1.5 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 Interlinear translation From interlinear to free translation Translation by omission Translation by addition 9 10 11 11 Practical 2.3 Literal vs. free translation: ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺪ 11 3 Cultural transposition 14 3.1 3.3 14 14 Basic principles Calque Practical 3.2 (extension) Cultural transposition: وﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك إﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ Practical 3.3 Cultural transposition: وﻗﺎدﺗﻪ ﺧﻄﻮاﺗﻪ 15 15 4 Compensation 17 4.1 4.2 17 17 Basic principles Categories of compensation Practical 4.1 Compensation: ﻗﺪ ﳝﺮ وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ 18 ii Contents: Supplement 5 Denotative meaning and translation issues 19 5.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2 5.2.2 19 20 20 22 23 23 Denotative meaning Hyperonymy-hyponymy Particularizing translation and generalizing translation Partially overlapping translation Semantic repetition in Arabic List restructuring Practical 5.3 Semantic repetition, parallelism and list restructuring: إن اﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﻟﻜﺮﱘ 26 6 Connotative meaning and translation issues ...
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...12010/NK-1 2012 1. Article 1 Abed, A., Q. (2011). Pragmatic Transfer in Iraqi EFL Learners' Refusals, International Journal of English Linguistics, 1(2), 166-185. doi:10.5539/ijel.v1n2p166 The study deals with pragmatic transfer of Iraqi EFL learners' refusal strategies as reflected by their responses to a modified version of 12- items written discourse completion task; and compare with two groups ,namely Iraqi native speakers of Arabic and American native speakers of English. The data were collected from task consisted of three requests, three offers, three suggestions, and three invitations. Each one of the situations included one refusal to a person of higher status, one to a person of equal status, and one to a person of lower status. Data analyzed according to frequency types of refusal strategies and interlocutor's social status. I prefer this article because it is very useful for my topic. The author found that Iraqi EFL learners are apt to express refusals with care and/or caution represented by using more statements of reason/explanation, statements of regret, wish and refusal adjuncts in their refusals than Americans. Americans are more sensitive to their interlocutor's higher and equal status, whereas Iraqi EFL learners to lower status. The study is suitable for the topic I chose for its valuable information. 2. Article 2 Al-Khatani, S., A., W. (2005). Refusals Realizations in Three Different Cultures: A Speech Act Theoretically-based Cross-cultural Study...
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...published in The Nation. In it, he argues that Arabic literature is “embargoed” in the West even if one of its most prominent figures, the Egyptian novelist and short story writer Naguib Mahfouz, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988. Said spoke of some “singular” reasons for this situation: [...] of all the major world literatures, Arabic remains relatively unknown and unread in the West for reasons that are unique, and I think remarkable at a time when tastes here [the United States] for the non-Western are more developed than before and, even more compelling, contemporary Arabic literature is at a particularly interesting juncture (Said 372). Although Said’s article was well received by Arab and non Arab critics and researchers (such as Richard Jacquemond, 1992), its main argument was also challenged by other critics and scholars such as Peter Clark (2000). The latter maintained that Arabic literature in translation has significantly progressed since 1988 and has been more reviewed and studied than before. In this article, I do not intend to either defend or question Said’s view but would like to examine an important issue which is central to his article: the impact of geopolitical conflicts on literary translation. I will be looking specifically at the influence of conflicts between the Arab world and the West on the translation of their respective literatures into Arabic or Western languages (mainly French and English). I will try to show that geopolitics can...
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...since its independence in 1971. However, before the independence, the region now known as Bangladesh had been existed as a multilingual country for centuries throughout its social and political development. In the early period of history, there were various aboriginal speech communities including mainly the speakers of Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages distributed throughout the different regions of this country. The multilingual situation that had existed for millenniums changed in the later period with the settlement of the immigrant people into two phases. In the first phase, the Aryan speech communities immigrated into this region until the beginning of 1st Millennium. In the second phase, the Muslim people including Afgan, Arabic, Persian and Turkish speech communities...
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...place and gives them a sense of security. This essay would show how globalization is a threat to cultural identity, it also explains on the factors that threaten the cultural identity in the UAE such as the loss of Arabic language, foreign educational curricula and Media. Despite the fact that, the significance of English as the most widely used language of globalization is perceived, Arabic is viewed as an essential piece of national, Middle Easterner and Islamic character. It is obvious that the individuals who are not familiar with English will be at clear disadvantage which leads to the fears of natives and governments seething that Arabic dialect is crumbling at a disturbing rate and adding to youth losing their personality, society and legacy (Tomlinson, 2013). Dialect is thought to be the most conspicuous piece of any society on the grounds that individuals use to communicate with and communication acts as an essential part in exchanging the social traits starting with one era then onto the next. Due to the fact that the over impedance of western society and globalization in the UAE, their dialect avoided and changed towards the English. As English is easy to learn effectively and rapidly, it caught and spread in the Arab district and surpassed the Arabic dialect which allowed individuals to lose their cultural identity and...
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...represents specific stages in our lives, and terminology that is linked to our emotions”(Talhouk 3). Culture is the same. Every time we smell, see or listen to something, it might bring memories that only people from the same culture can remember. These memories shape the way we perceive things in a sense that what could be normal for a group of people, can be disturbing or weird for others from different cultures. According to Talhouk, “The Arabic language doesn’t satisfy today's needs… it definitely isn’t a language we use at the airport. If we did so, they’d strip us of our clothes” (Talhouk 1-2). She believes that she can not use Arabic in the airport because she knows that the Arabic language will bring memories of the 911 to people making them to react certain way “they’d strip us of our clothes”. This connects back to the idea that culture makes us perceive things differently. At the airport they may react this way to her language, but at some place else with different people, they might find it interesting that she speaks Arabic. It is impossible to erase culture because it is what makes us...
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...Mohammed Hussein Page 1 Module 2 Short Answer 4/8/15 I move to the United States about 5 years ago. I came here as a refugee from Iraq because of how dangerous it was living there. Also because I couldn’t further my education. I got to Minnesota on July 1, 2010. It was a long trip from the Middle East. The Longest fleet was about 18 hours which was from Budapest to New York. I took the first day to just catch on my sleep. The second day was a bit of a challenge to all of my family because our English was tested by our neighbor. We had no idea what he was trying to say. Took us hours to understand him. He was simply telling us welcome to the neighborhood. We were all limited on our English Skills. Our English Skills were our first challenge that we faced. We had to communicate with people that we didn’t speak their language. We managed to find a family close by that spoke Arabic. They helped us as much as they could with English and Doctor’s appointments and shopping and so on and so forth. It was finally time to start the school year. Remember I had so limited English that I could only say “Hey how are you?” and say “yes and no”. That is almost true for every non English speak. School started and homework was the toughest thing I had faced for the first couple of weeks. I was failing all of my classes. Everything was so new to me and I had to somehow adjust to it. I got to a point where I didn’t want to go to school because I felt like an idiot. I was like a deaf person...
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...Sharjah In Jordan the Hip Speak ‘Arabizi’ Summary In the article, “In Jordan,. The Hip Speak ‘Arabizi,’” by Ibon Villelabeitia, Villelabeitia (2012) discusses how Arabic and English language is being mixed into one language called Arabizi, which became a social symbol to define the upper class in Jordan that causes the Arabic language to slowly fade away. This article interprets the reasoning behind why the young generation is using this language that helps them to express their opinions easier about unmannered topics spoken in the public by using English rather than Arabic, as it can be imposed differently in Arabic. However, linguists think that English language is destroying Arabic language from the American pop culture. The author points out in his article that Arabizi is being widely used by well-educated Jordanians class, which is drawing away the native language and exposing a social and economic gap in the country.. Finally, the author then concludes his piece by giving a brief about a documentary called “Arabizi” directed by Dalia Alkury and providing a quote from the director that brief states that even though the director speaks Arabizi, she is still close to her culture. Word Count: 185 Reference Villelabeitia, I. (2012). In Jordan, the Hip Speak 'Arabizi'. Majili's of the 'Others' (2 ed., pp. 148 - 150). London: Pearson Education...
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...Pearson Edexcel International General Certificate of Secondary Education May–June Summer 2014 Examination Timetable – FINAL Pearson Edexcel International General Certificate of Secondary Education May–June Summer 2014 Examination Timetable – FINAL Examination timetables are available in an electronic format: www.modernisationonline.org.uk/comptimetable An electronic Interboard Searchable Timetable allows Examination Officers to obtain a unified view of examination dates for general qualifications administered by the Unitary Awarding Bodies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. For more information on Edexcel qualifications please visit www.edexcel.com/contactus Pearson Edexcel International General Certificate of Secondary Education May–June Summer 2014 Examination Timetable – FINAL Notes 1. Conduct of Examinations • Each examination must be taken on the day and at the time shown on the timetable. The published starting time of all examinations is either 9.00 a.m. or 1.30 p.m. Candidates with more than one examination in a session should take these consecutively. A supervised break may be given between consecutive examinations. • Centres may start examinations earlier than, or later than, the published starting time for the session without prior permission from Edexcel. However, in order to maintain the security of the examination all candidates must start examinations scheduled for a morning session no earlier than 8.30 a.m. and by 9.30 a.m. and for an afternoon...
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