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Submitted By zjyun64
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需要写的英文邮件多了,就觉得很吃力,尤其是当需要经常写给同一个人时。希望邮件的开头、结尾、一些客套的话能有不同的表达~~
邮件的开头

感谢读者是邮件开场白的好办法。感谢您的读者能让对方感到高兴,特别是之后你有事相求的情况下会很有帮助。   Thank you for contacting us.如果有人写信来询问公司的服务,就可以使用这句句子开头。向他们对公司的兴趣表示感谢。 Thank you for your prompt reply.当一个客户或是同事很快就回复了你的邮件,一定记得要感谢他们。如果回复并不及时,只要将“prompt”除去即可,你还可以说,“Thank you for getting back to me.” Thank you for providing the requested information.如果你询问某人一些信息,他们花了点时间才发送给你,那就用这句句子表示你仍然对他们的付出表示感激。 Thank you for all your assistance.如果有人给了你特别的帮助,那一定要感谢他们!如果你想对他们表示特别的感激,就用这个句子,“I truly appreciate … your help in resolving the problem.”Thank you raising your concerns. 就算某个客户或是经理写邮件给你对你的工作提出了一定的质疑,你还是要感谢他们。这样你能表现出你对他们的认真态度表示尊重及感激。同时,你也可以使用,“Thank you for your feedback.”
在邮件的结尾
在邮件开头表示感谢一般是表示对对方过去付出的感谢,而在邮件结尾处表示感谢是对将来的帮助表示感谢。事先表示感谢,能让对方在行动时更主动更乐意。 Thank you for your kind cooperation.如果你需要读者帮助你做某事,那就先得表示感谢。 Thank you for your attention to this matter.与以上的类似,本句包含了你对对方将来可能的帮助表示感谢。 Thank you for your understanding.如果你写到任何会对读者产生负面影响的内容那就使用这句句子吧。 Thank you for your consideration.如果您是在寻求机会或是福利,例如你在求职的话,就用这封邮件结尾。 Thank you again for everything you've done.这句句子可以用在结尾,和以上有所不同。如果你在邮件开头已经谢过了读者,你就可以使用这句话,但是因为他们的帮助,你可以着重再次感谢你们的付出。
十种场合的表达
1. Greeting message 祝福
Hope you have a good trip back. 祝旅途愉快。
How are you? 你好吗?
How is the project going? 项目进行顺利吗?
2. Initiate a meeting 发起会议
I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben.
我建议我们今晚九点半和Brown小聚一下,你和Ben有没有空?
I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A.
今天下午我建议我们就A项目的发展计划开会讨论一下。
We’d like to have the meeting on Thu Oct 30. Same time.
十月三十号(周四),老时间,开会。
Let’s make a meeting next Monday at 5:30 PM SLC time.
下周一盐湖城时区下午五点半开会。
I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the XXX project.
我想跟你电话讨论下报告进展和XXX项目的情况。
3. Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestions 咨询信息/反馈/建议
Should you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me know.
如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。
Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.
谢谢你,希望能听到更多你对评估和日程计划的建议。
Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon.
期待您的反馈建议!
What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed?
你对计划方面有什么想法?下一步我们应该怎么做?
What do you think about this?
这个你怎么想?
Feel free to give your comments.
请随意提出您的建议。
Any question, please don’t hesitate to let me know.
有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
Any question, please let me know.
有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
Please contact me if you have any questions.
有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
Please let me know if you have any question on this.
有任何问题,欢迎和我联系。
Your comments and suggestions are welcome!
欢迎您的评论和建议!
Please let me know what you think?
欢迎您的评论和建议!
Do you have any idea about this?
对于这个您有什么建议吗?
It would be nice if you could provide a bit more information on the user’s behavior.
您若是能够就用户行为方面提供更多的信息就太感激了!
At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue.
如果可以,我希望你能负责这件事情。
4. Give feedback 意见反馈
Please see comments below.
请看下面的评论。
My answers are in blue below.
我的回答已标蓝。
I add some comments to the document for your reference.
5. Attachment 附件
I enclose the evaluation report for your reference.
我附加了评估报告供您阅读。
Attached please find today’s meeting notes.
今天的会议记录在附件里。
Attach is the design document, please review it.
设计文档在附件里,请评阅。
For other known issues related to individual features, please see attached release notes.
其他个人特征方面的信息请见附件。
6. Point listing 列表
Today we would like to finish following tasks by the end of today:1…….2…….
今天我们要完成的任务:1…….2…….
Some known issues in this release:1…….2…….
声明中涉及的一些问题:1…….2…….
Our team here reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following concerns:1…….2…….
我们阅读了最新的供应链管理政策,做出如下考虑:1…….2…….
Here are some more questions/issues for your team:1…….2…….
以下是对你们团队的一些问题:1…….2…….
The current status is as following: 1……
2……
目前数据如下: 1……
2……
Some items need your attention:1…….2…….
以下方面需提请注意:1…….2…….
7. Raise question 提出问题
I have some questions about the report XX-XXX
我对XX-XXX报告有一些疑问。
For the assignment ABC, I have the following questions:…
就ABC协议,我有以下几个问题:……
8. Proposal 提议
For the next step of platform implementation, I am proposing…
关于平台启动的下一步计划,我有一个提议……
I suggest we can have a weekly project meeting over the phone call in the near future.
我建议我们就一周项目开一个电话会议。
Achievo team suggest to adopt option A to solve outstanding issue……
Achievo团队建议应对突出问题采用A办法。
9. Thanks note 感谢信
Thank you so much for the cooperation感谢你的合作!
Thanks for the information
谢谢您提供的信息!
I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project.
对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。
Thank you for your attention!
Thanks to your attention!
谢谢关心!
Your kind assistance on this are very much appreciated.
我们对您的协助表示感谢。
Really appreciate your help!
非常感谢您的帮助!
10. Apology 道歉
I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding!
对造成的误解我真诚道歉!
I apologize for the late asking but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP.
很抱歉现在才进行询问,但是我们需要尽快核实执行信息。
以上是找到的一些,不native的地方,恳求指正,灰常灰常感谢~~~
Broaden Your Circles~~
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英式和美式英语从书写系统到习惯、发音比较详述的对比资料 拜托各位不要评论到原文下面了 来源: 王浩 Görkem的日志 美音和英音的发音比较 美音与卷舌 卷舌音“r”是美音的一个最为明显的特征,许多人甚至主要是依次来区分美音和英音的。英国人把“worker”读作,而美国人在两个音节的末尾 都要卷舌,读作。实际上,凡是在 拼写中有字母“r”的,美国人就总是要把它读出来。但是请注意,发卷舌音是以拼写中有“r”为必要前提的。许多人在单词 中没有r的地方硬发卷舌音,比如读单词“idea”的末尾加上卷舌音,显得很生硬。这不仅在初学者中,甚至在许多英语教师,包括相当数量的大学英语教师 中,都是一个非常普遍的错误。许多人只知道美音要卷舌,但却不知道卷舌的原因,一遇到//音,不管有没有“r”都只管卷舌,从不觉得有什么不对,这实在应 该引起所有学美音的人的注意。 虽然卷舌音是美音的一大特点,但它必须是和拼写中的“r”对应的,我们切不可想当然地以为美音就可以随意卷舌。 字母“a”在美音中的发音 美语中的“fast”的读作/'f ?st/,而不是/'fa:st/,这是美音的又一个重要特征。美音的这种读法似乎更有道理,因为一般的发音规则告诉我们,“fast”是一个闭音节,而 闭音节中的元音是要读它的短音的。然而,我们又不可一概将英音中发/a:/的音的“a”全读作/?/,如“rather”中的“a”还是要读作/a:/, 类似的father也是一样。“half”读作/h?f/,而“calm”和“palm”却仍然还要读成/ca:m/和/pa:m/。为了便于对比我列出 如下一些常用词供大家参考,这些发音的不同在雅思听力里面会对国内考生造成一定的障碍,故各位要熟悉,多加练习: advance advantage after answer ask banana basket branch can’t cast castle chance class commander dance demand example fast France glance glass grasp grass half last mask mast master morale paragraph pass past pasture path piano plant rather slander staff task translate 美语与英语的五点差异 1. 单词拼法上的差异 美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异主要有两种:一种是单词发生单变使得个别字母不相同,另一种是美语单词较为简化。 前者如enquire(英)与inquire(美),这两个单词的第一个字母不相同,但词意相同,都是商品交易前,一方向对方洽询有关商品的价 格、数量、交货时间及付款条件等的询价,也叫询盘;“车胎”英国用tyre,美国用tire;“睡衣”英语用pajamas,美语用pyjamas.这类 单词仅一个字母不同,发音上有的相同,有的相似。 美语的单词一般比英语单词要简单。近年来,美语越来越趋向简化,充分体现了美国人生活和工作高效快捷的现代化特性。这些较为简化的词大都源于英语,大量词汇在英语里仍然保持原貌,而进入美语后,这些单词就逐渐变得简单起来,从而使用起来较为方便。 如较常见的单词colour(颜色),在美语里就拼成color,少了一个"u"字母;refrigerator(电冰箱)美语是fridge,美语比原词要简单得多。美语单词的简化现象是美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异的主要表现。现将雅思考试中比较常见的这类单词列举如下: 英语 catalogue woollen acknowledgement cheque aeroplane honour jewellery storey judgement kilogramme cigarette programme traveller's cheque advertisement advertising agent labour | 美语 catalog woolen acknowledgment check airplane, plane honor jewelry story judgment kilogram cigarette program traveler's check ad ad agent labor | 商品目录
羊毛
确认
支票
飞机
荣誉
珠宝
楼层
判断
公斤
卷烟
节目、程序
旅行支票
广告
广告代理人
劳动 | 不过,也有极少数单词美语比英语在拼法上稍微复杂一点,比如"instalment"(分期付款),美语经常双写"l",拼 成"installment",而英语只单写"l".某些常用的简化词特别是非常流行的缩略词如"ad"(advertisement的缩略形式)在英语 里也被采用。 2. 用词差异 美语与英语在用词上的差异主要表现在以下两个方面: (1)同一个词在英美语中表示不同概念。 某些单词在美语和英语里有着不同的含义,表示不同的概念或事物,很容易造成误解。我们在商业交往中,必须小心谨慎,特别是在外贸洽谈、订货、发货方面,要注意辨别,以免因文字含义的不同而引起大错,造成损失。 我们知道,first floor在英语是指二楼,而美语则指一楼,英语指一楼时要用ground floor.这是一般常识,而其它单词就可能容易混淆。 "corn"在英语里指谷物、小麦,等于美语的"wheat"(小麦),美语的"corn"(玉米)等于英语的"maize"(玉 米);pants在美语里指“裤子”,相当于英语的trousers,而英语的pants却是“内裤”,相当于underpants;purse在英语里 指的是妇女用的“小钱包”,而在美语里purse却是“手提包”、“旅行包”,相当于英语的handbag;美语的“钱包”是wallet,男女通用,英 语里的wallet仅限于男人用,而且是皮革做的。 (2)同一概念在英美语中用不同词表达。 这类词语两者之间的差异尤为明显,而且数量大。 例如:“电梯”英语是lift,美语是elevator,“履历”、“简历”英语用C.V. (全称是Curriculum Vitae),美语用resume;“电影”英语用film,美语用movie;“展销会”、“博览会”英语常用fair,美语常用trade show;“有限责任公司”英语习惯上是在公司的名称下加Ltd, L'd,或Ld.,美语则使用Inc.(=Incorporated),如:The British Tobacco co. Ltd.(英国烟草股份有限公司). The American Products co, Inc. (美国物产股份有限公司) 美语与英语对于公司领导人的称谓也很不一样,我们通常说的公司“经理”,英语用Manager,美语用Director:“总经理”英语是 Managing-Director或Managing Director,美语则是Chief-Executive Officer;公司的“总裁”“董事长”英语用Chairman,美语多用President.最应值得注意的是,表达“寄信”,“邮寄”之类的概念, 英语用post,美语用mail.
英美英语常用词举例
英语 air-route air-mail after sales accounts dispatch flat ill goods journey luggage motor post code shares shops stand taxi tender underground | 美语 air-line air-post customer service accounting shipping apartment sick freight trip baggage auto zip code stock stores booth cab bid subway | 航线
航空信
售后服务
财会(部)
货物运输
公寓
生病
货物
旅行
行李
汽车
邮编
股票
商店
货摊、售货台
出租车
(工程等)投标
地铁 | 3. 习惯用语差异 美语与英语在习惯用法上也存在着明显的差异。当然,这个在我们的雅思考试中较少作为考题或者是keyword,但熟悉一下总有好处。比 如,英国英语在虚拟式中往往要加should,而美语大都不用。表示“有”或“没有”的概念,英语用to have/haven't got,美语则用to have/don't have:“不得不”,“必须”做什么,英语用to have got to do something,美语只须说to have to do something;“假期临时工”英语用holiday jobs,美语用summer/temporary jobs;“租用计算机”英语的表达是computer hire,美语用computer rental;“从某某学校毕业”,英美表达习惯也不同,"graduate"一词,在美语里可以用于任何种类的学校,如graduate from university/school等,而在英语里,graduate仅限于大学毕业,中学毕业要用leave;“提高价格”英语用put up prices,美语用raise prices. 4. 日期、数字表达方面的差异 在日期方面,美英的表达方式是有差别的。以日为先,月份为后,此为英国式,美国式则与此相反。如一九九六年三月二日的写法:2nd March, 1996(英)March 2, 1996(美)。 在美式的写法中,1st, 2nd, 3rd的st, nd, rd是不使用的。由于日期书面表达不同,读法也不一样。如1987年4月20日,英式的写法是20th April, 1987,读成the twentieth of April, nineteen eighty-seven;美式的表达是April 20, 1987,则读成April the twentieth, nineteen eighty-seven. 同样,全部用数字表达日期时,英美也有差别。1998年5月6日按照英国式应写成6/5/98,而按照美国式应写成5/6 /98;01.08.1998是英国式的1998年8月1日,按照美国的表达方式却是1998年1月8日,美国的1998年8月1日应写成 08,01,1998.因此,全部使用数字来表示日期时,往往发生误解,在雅思考试中我建议考生月份写全称,避免误会。 表达百万以上的数字概念英美的差别甚大,如one billion英语指的是“万亿”,“兆”,而美语则只“十亿”;one trillion英语晨相当于million million million=1018,是百万兆,在美语里却相当于英国英语的one billion,是“万亿”、“兆”。 在数字口头表达方面,两国也存在着差别。(175美元)英语读成a(one) hundred and seventy five dollars,美语读成one hundred seventy five dollars,常省略and;表达连续同样数字的号码时,英语习惯用double或triple,美语一般不这样用,如电话号码320112,英语读成 three two zero, double one two,美语则读成three two zero one one two, 999 234英语读成nine double nine (triple nine) two three four,美语则读成nine nine nine two three four,不过美国人也把连续三个相同的号码读成three加上这个数字的复数形式,如999读成three nines.对于以上的数字读法,雅思考试听力部分多跟英式的规则,比如我们课上讲过的$184,就是读成one hundred and eighty-four,8前面出现连读,相当多考生听成是ninety-four,造成失分。试练下面几个机经的题目: 金钱 285 电话号码 98 18 40 78 008 65 4713 划横线部分数字分别都可以连读。 5. 英语书信方面的差异 本部分多见于G类考生的写作task 1,信函写作。商务英语书信(Business or Commercial English Correspondence)是指交易时所使用的通信。在美国,常用Business writing,它包括书信、电报、电话、电传、报告书、明信片等。 英语和美语在书信体例方面存在着一定的差异,比如信头和称呼、书信格式、遣词、结尾客套语等均有所不同。一般来说,英国书信较为保守,许多英国 人喜欢用老式书信体,用词较为正式刻板,而美国书信语言非常生气、有活力,格式也较为简便。因此当我们写信的对象是英国或其旧殖民地国家时,要使用标准式 英语Queen's English;如果写信的对象是美国或美国势力范围的地区时,就要用美国英语。当然,英国式的语言文化近年来也有变化,但总体来说,两者间的差异是很明 显的。 商业英文书信,一般都要求用打字机或电脑整齐地打印,左边各行开头垂直的,称为垂直式或齐头式(Block style),美国常用这种格式;每段的第一个词缩进去,称为缩进式或锯齿式(Indented style),英国常用此格式。垂直式的职务及签名都在左边的边栏界线,这种格式,在极度尊重工作效率的美国公司,已普遍采用。 正式的商业英语书 信要在称呼的上方写上收信公司名称和地址或收信人的名字全称、职务及地址,称为信内地址(Inside address)。信内地址的写法也有垂直式和缩进式之分,垂直式和称美国式将各行并列,缩进式或称英国式将各行依次退缩。不过,近来英国商业书信信内地 址并未依次缩进,似乎与美国式相同。此外,在美国还流行一种普通收信人地址的写法,就是在书信的Inside Address中,把门牌号和街名都省略掉。 在英文书信中要使用敬语,最普遍的敬语是Mr, Mrs和Miss(用于未婚女性)。英国人常在男性的姓名之后用Esq. (Esquire的缩写),不过在商业上也在慢慢地改用Mr. Mmes. (Madam的复数形式),用于二个女士以上。Messrs(Mr的复数形式)用于二个以上的男人,或用于二个以上的男人组成的公司或团体。 在称呼方面,商业上最普遍的有Gentlemen(美国式)与Dear Sirs(英国式)二种,相当于我国的“敬启者”或“谨启者”。如果信是写给革个公司单位的,不是写给某个具体人的,美语用Gentlemen(复数形 式),英语用Dear Sirs.如果对方公司只一人时,必须使用Sir/Dear Sir.称呼后一般要使用标点符号,英国式采用逗号(comma),美国式用分号(colon)。 书信结尾客套语(complimentary close)有多种,相当于我国书信在结尾时使用的“敬礼”、“致敬”、“顺安”等句。最为典型的美国式写法是Sincerely和Best regards,典型的英国式表达有Yours sincerely(熟人或知道对方姓名),Best wishes, kind regards和yours faithfully(不知姓名)。此外,英国式的客套语还有特别礼貌的格式,但除了特殊情况外,现在不再使用。 各位烤鸭要听清楚我们老师堂上给的建议来统一自己的书信格式。
美音的发音特点

文题定为美音的发音特点,其意即并不在强调它与英音或者澳大利亚口音等的区别,因为我对于其他种类的英语口音只是能分辨出来,但自己并不去研习,也觉得十 分没必要去学多种口音,就如同我们说母语,最擅长的,说的最舒服的通常一定只有一种。某些自称能说多种口音的人,通常实际上哪种也说不地道,当然他们自己 并没意识到。 以下皆为个人观点和总结,仅仅是作为兴趣总结,真正想说好,靠这些总结是没有太大意义的,只有多听,多练,掌握了以后,所有这些特点都是自然而然的。未曾参考权威资料,不当之处肯定会有,请大家指正。 1、r元音的发音。 所谓r元音,对于我们基础比较扎实的同学应该不陌生,即vowel+r构成的部分。美音在 发这类元音时,会发成明显的卷舌音,而英音或其他口音中通常不会。这一特点应该是大家最为熟知的,常见的例子如center,actor等。还有一个比较 隐蔽的现象体现在very,grocery等词中,在美音中的发音方法和英音也有显著的区别,美音中通常是由r的卷舌口型自然过渡到后面的元音i,而并非 着意发出/r/的辅音,如果按照后者那样,很多人会觉得读very well这样的短语时,舌头会不是很舒服,而美音的特点则不会如此。 当然这一特点通常容易被滥用,注意只有在r元音中才会出现卷舌的读法。很多人随便在诸如idea,panda,甚至money等单词中随意添加卷舌音,变得不伦不类,还自诩为美音,这是值得注意的。
2、/æ/
这一特点也为大家所熟知,在诸如pass,fat等词中,美音对于该元音的处理显然很饱满,读起来感觉十分得淋漓尽致,不再赘述。不过这一特点同样容易被 误用,尤其在以-ant,-and等结尾的单词中,如England,这里的发音显然不能读成/æ/,但有很多人随意就把它们也认为是标准的美音读法,是 错误的。
3、/l/
这一音标的正确读法相当一部分学生无法正确给出,以至于他们在读fall,wall一类的词时,完全不知道也不顾及最后一个尾音到底要摆出怎样的口型,甚至于在fall in love中生硬地加上一个所谓的连读,而不知道为何会产生连读。正确的口型应该是舌尖抵住上颚,声带振动即可。这样当fall这一单词后面加上以元音开头的单词时,就自然会由口型的过渡而产生连读现象。 当辅音/l/前后均有元音时,美音中更倾向于把它和前面的那个元音结合在一起,比如Australia这一单词,细心的同学会发现,美音中会读成 stral--ia,而英音中会读成绝大多数人通常读的stra--lia。同样的情况在类似如watermelon等词中也有体现。
4、字母o作为短音时
这一特点也不难发现,也为大家熟知,比如在shop,stop等单词中,美音读法通常会短 音o读成倾向于短音a的一种发音,但又不完全,而且发音的位置会上移,即鼻音的使用很多。这一特点很多人知道,但模仿的时候同上面提到的第二个特点一样, 经常会不得要领,生硬而似是而非。
5、con—中的短音o
在诸如confidence,controversy等单词中,美国人通常会把元音o发成倾向于元音a的读音,这一特点与上面提到的第三个特点一样,或许稍微显得有点微妙,需要不断的体会中,逐渐发觉。
6、特殊发音
这个也不赘述,大家印象也很深刻,一些特殊的单词在美音中有不同的发音。如tomato,garage等。
7、/t/辅音浊化
这个特点不是我总结出来的,是我之前提到的看到别人分享的一篇同主题日志中,那位作者提到的,我认为还是有道理的。从词源学的词根派生构词法理论来看,t 与其对应的浊辅音d在词根中出现时,可以认为相等,其来源即它们在部分单词中会发生音变。而通常,t辅音浊化这一特点显然在美音中要比英音中明显很多。 但是该文作者所举的一些例子并非很恰当,如winter,actor等单词,我们并没有发现其中t辅音浊化的现象。事实上,我认为,通常只有在t辅音前后 均有元音,且出现在非重读音节中,才容易出现这种浊化现象,如personality,capacity,在其他情形下,通常并不明显。当然,爆破音后的 浊化并不在此范围内。 以上是我个人的总结,并不权威,但相比上次做presentation,我把它们说得更学术化一些。可能有人会觉得这对于提高口语没什么意义,事实上的确 如此。很少有人做这种总结,因为你不可能指望看了它们之后,就能练就地道的口语,语言是一种感觉,而这种感觉是需要你浸入语言中,不断去听(输入),不断 去说(输出),不断去主动感知,才可以获得的,不可以速成,别人告诉你的东西,终究不是自己的。另外,这些发音规律不可能用穷举的方法验证,使之放之四海 皆准,而且对于语言学习来说,这也是荒谬无理的,所以特例总是有的,也不必苦心竭力地去找反例,肯定会有的,但没那个必要。
本次08.9.13高级口译考试的听力部分是美音,近几年听力考试主要以美音为主,所以,各位考生一定要了解美音的特点和其与英音的不同。因为尽管 英美两国都是在说“英语”,但对许多单词会有相差很大的两种不同念法,而对于我们大多数同学从小学习的是以英音为主的课本,甚至很多同学平时是讲一口自己 人都能听懂,而与地道美音天壤之别的“中式英音”。所以,对于参加今后考试的同学,我们特别要叮嘱一下美音的特点。

沈悦老师是上海新东方综合能力部的明星教师,美音方面的专家,请大家注意沈悦老师为大家提出的这次考试美音发音的两大主要特点:
美音简称GA (General American)
美音和英音的一个显著差别,是元音的音变。
在发音/f/, /n/, /m/ 等辅音前的a ,在美音中的发音一般为 /ae/
如:can’t /caent/ , pass /paes/ , chance /tjaes/等
另外,个别辅音的音变也非常明显。如美音中部分t的发音趋势有明显的从送气到不送气转变,但注意并非完全浊化成d
如:writer的发音与rider几乎相同,letter的后半发音与ladder几乎相同,另外如water, counter等词的t的发音都发生了浊化。
另外,在英音中,r只有在元音前才有明显的卷舌发音,如:ready, real。而在美音中R不论居于元音前或后都有明显的卷舌发音,舌尖后卷,发音位置靠后。如: farm, master, order, error等。
最近在研究英音,把一些资料共享一下。不用做商业目的,谢绝商业转载。
(资料来源:Acting With an Accent有声书系之Standard British磁带录音(1987)。 )
1.美音的共振焦点(resonance focus),也就是肌肉运动最多的地方,在口腔中后部的舌与腭之间,也就是所谓的“发音靠后”;英音的共振焦点在牙齿前面、嘴唇之间,嘴唇和面部肌肉运动得更多,也就是所谓的“发音靠前”。
2.美音的音调只在音节之间变化,而不在音节之内变化。音节之内没有音高的滑动(pitch glide);英音则通过音高的滑动来用于强调逻辑上重要的词语。所谓音高滑动,是指拉长音节并升高音调。 3.有3个主要元音在英音中总是不同。/o/在美音中是两段式发音,/əʊ/而在英音中前面加上了一个/ʌ/的音,变成了三段式。英音的/ɒ/短促有力,嘴唇快速滑动,口形变小。英音的/ɔ:/发音时,双唇要前伸很远,并弯成圆形,只留下很小的开口。 4.有一些音在英音中只是有时不同。/i:/在单词结尾(尤其是拼写作y或ly) 时弱化为/i/,例如pretty、mostly。在美音中词尾带/ɛri/、/ori/的音节常被重读,而英音则弱化为/əri/,重音前移,例如 necesary、ordinary、category。美音中的/æ/在英音中有时变为/ɑ:/,没有明确的规律。下列情况通常要变: ● 在/f/之前,例如after、laugh、half、calf; ● 在/s/之前,例如fast、last、rascal、repast、pass、glass(passenger、passage例外);
● 在th之前,例如bath、path、rath、rather、lather(gather例外);
● 在nc /nk/之前,例如dance、chancellor、lance、france;
● 在/nt/之前,例如advantage、plant、chant、can't;
● 在/nd/之前,commander、demand、slander(and、hand、grand、stand例外);不规律的情况:bat、cat、 can不变,banana、example、sample、ranch、branch要变。美音中的/u/在一些单词中虽然也可以不变,但变为/ju/的 情况更为普遍,例如duke、dual、due、neutral、nuclear、news、Tuesday、tune、tunic、 lubricate、ludicrous、lunatic。
5.英音中在元音之后的r不发音(r drop),除非后面还接有其它元音。 6.美音中位于词尾的/t/不完全爆破,而在英音中要完全爆破。 7.还有许多孤立的无规则发音变化,举例如下:(美音 → 英音) again /əˈgɛn/ → /əˈgeɪn/ against /əˈgɛnst/ → /əˈgeɪnst/ either /ˈiðɚ/ → /ˈaɪðə/ neither /ˈniðɚ/ → /ˈnaɪðə/ hostile /ˈhɑstḷ/ → /ˈhɒstaɪl/ missile /ˈmisḷ/ → /ˈmɪsaɪl/ been /bɪn/ → /bi:n/ clerk /klɝk/ → /klɑ:k/ figure /ˈfigjɚ/ → /ˈfigə/ garage /gəˈrɑ:(d)ʒ/ → /ˈgærɑ:(d)ʒ/ process /ˈprɑsɛs/ → /ˈprəʊses/ weekend /ˈwikˌɛnd/ → /ˌwi:kˈend/ schedule /ˈskɛʤul/ → /ˈʃedju:l/ tomato /təˈmeto/ → /təˈmɑ:təʊ/ laboratory /ˈlæbrəˌtɔrɪ/ → /ləˈbɒrətri/ 最近爱上了英式发音,我下决心要练英式发音,其实我的美音也练得不咋地。从小学到中学我们一直都学的英式发音,中学时上的课本是牛津英语(Oxford English),地道的Recevied Pronunciation,不知不觉就被我摒弃了,在大学时经常看美剧,觉得美音挺溜的,就模仿,结果也模仿不像,他们总是把嘴巴张得那么夸张,我实在 不习惯:)而且嘴巴张的太夸张也影响自己说法语,法语的口型也较小的。所以我觉得,找回原来的感觉呵呵。听了些BBC,觉得原来英语也可以如此优雅,能说 出这样的英语显得非常有修养呢!我找了些美音和英音的区别,提醒自己注意下。以及英音的定义。
(一)概述

英国口音的特点,就是阴阳顿挫,几乎每个音节都发的清清楚楚,长韵母音和短韵母音有十分明显的区别。而美式英语里面则有点含糊 不清,大部分的长韵母音都被截短。比如说Class中的a音,属于长韵母音,英国人一般都发得比较完整。而美国人往往读成短音,听上去和bad里面的a音 差不多。又如"Aunt",美国人几乎无一例外发成“ant”,让人搞不清楚他们到底是说自己的阿姨,还是家门口的蚂蚁。

英国口音往往对位于弱音节上的清辅音发得十分清晰,美国人则经常把清辅音读成浊辅音。比如"Battery",美国人读来就如同“Baddery"。

事实上我国中小学英语课上使用的英语发音,都是基于英国标准的。中央电视台的英语频道,以及外交部发言人对外国记者的谈话,也基本上都是英国式的英语。国外媒体当中,BBC是公认的英国式英语的典范。影视明星当中,休格兰特(主演四个婚礼和一个葬礼)是牛津毕业,操一口标准的上层社会的英音。

(二)各地口音

RP:正宗英式口音

在中国,普通话是最正确、最标准的官方语言,而在英国,虽然没有官方规定,但在英语的发展历史中,有一种发音逐渐形成其重要性,成为公认的最标准英式发音,这就是Received Pronunciation,简称为RP。

追溯其历史,Received Pronunciation最早是11世纪时形成于英格兰中南部的一支方言。这个区域从今天的Midlands地区一直向东南延伸到伦敦,其中包含了牛津 和剑桥这两个大学城。14世纪时,Received Pronunciation被广泛在贸易商人中使用,又由于牛津和剑桥大学的崛起,这种方言被两所大学的学生所采用,于是成为受过良好教育人士的语言。在 19世纪到20世纪,Received Pronunciation成为英国公立学校的教学语言,也被英国广播公司(BBC)的播音员使用,于是又被称为Public School English 和BBC English。

Received Pronunciation这一概念,最早是英国语言学家Daniel S. Jones在1918年的一本专著中提出的。总结起来,Received Pronunciation有如下几个基本特点:
一、 Received Pronunciation是一种标准的中性口音,被认为不带有某个特定地域的方言特点。而在英伦三岛中,Received Pronunciation仅在英格兰使用,并且也不限区域。

二、 Received Pronunciation有明确的社会界定。在英国,RP被认为是受过良好教育的体现,因此它特别多地和上流社会和中上阶层联系在一起,有时又被称为 Oxford English 和King’s/Queen’s English。一个来自威尔士的煤矿工人,是绝对不懂得,也不可能操一口优雅的Received Pronunciation的。

三、 Received Pronunciation和一些具体的职业紧密联系在一起。使用RP的主要职业有:律师、证券交易员、政治家、外交官、高校及公立学校教师,以及全国性广播电视公司的播音员。显然,这些职业同时也体现出"高尚"和"优雅"的社会地位。

值得一提的是,由于Received Pronunciation是标准正统的英式英语,因此被广泛用于英语以外的外语教学中。所以,非英语母语国家的人学习的都是RP,他们中比较优秀的那部分学习者讲的英语听起来比大部分英国本土人的英语还要标准。

RP在发音上的主要特征就是突出"r"音。当两个词连在一起,若前一个词以非高元音结尾而后一个词又以元音开头的话,RP发音会在这两个词中间加上一个本来不存在的"r"。
比较以下这两组短语就可以看出RP的特点:

正常发音情况(非高元音结尾+非元音开头) 加入本来不存在的"r"(高元音结尾+元音开头) the idea for it saw him in the room the idea(r) of it, saw(r) it in the room

元音:
英语和美语的发音最大的区别之一在它们对浑元音(schwa,音标中的倒写e,)的处理。英语中,浑元音在单元音中常通发生在一些非重读的短 音a(如 about)和短音er(如computer)上。美语中的er很少为浑元音,并有时对短音i(如sentimental,actuality)和u(如 wuss),甚至短音的oo(如:hooker)采用了浑元音。(这四个例子在英语中的发音分别为[i], [i], [u:], [u])浑元音的读音是不定的,但是听起来差不多像一个急促的介于“俄”和“啊”的发音。

英语和美语的发音最具代表性的区别是对er的发音的不同。英语中,短音的er是如上所述的浑元音,但长音的er也不过是个拉长了的浑元音,听起来是一个很夸张的介于“俄”和“啊”的声音。而美语中,er听起来怎么都是个“儿”音(例外是一些俗语中发成浑元音)。

ar:除了轻读短音(如singular)和者后连元音(如clarity),英语的ar全部清一色的长音[a:],而美语中,是“阿尔”。 事实上,凡是有r在一个音节尾部的时候,美英发音通常都是不一样的,如tour(英:吐啊,美:吐儿),tear(英:踢啊,美:踢儿),pair(英: pe啊,美: pe儿)。甚至在刚才提到的clarity中,英语['kleriti],美语['kle儿r(er)ti]

元音的发音中还有一个比较重要的区别。一是[o]音:短音的o(如often),英语中发音仅仅为一个缩短了的长音o(如or),而美式的短 音o听起来和英语的短音[/"]很像,同时长音o后面如果有r都通常像上一段里说的那样儿化了,没有的话(如plausible, applause)就自动变成了一个短音的o的发音。

另外对u,i和其他元音组合的浑元音化,前面提到了一些,其他就靠大家自己体会了。

辅音:
英语的辅音和美语的辅音是基本一样的,但在使用习惯上有些差别。比较重要的也只有以下两个:

r:字母r简直是代表了英美两国的所有差别,到处都是它。在做辅音时,其实差别也就是当r在第一个词的词尾,而第二个词以元音开头,英语把r 完全当作元音处理,而美语会把r连读当作后面一个词的开头元音的辅音,如词组clear animosity,英语会读成clear|animosity,而美语会读成clear-ranimosity。

另一个比较明显的区别是d和t。在一部分非重读音节中(如paddle,rattle, actuality),英语会清楚地发音这两个字母,但在美语中d和t常常会被模糊成一个很难解释的音,跟其它的语言比较,如果你知道西班牙语或者意大利 语,它跟短弹音r很接近;如果你懂日语,那么らりるれろ行的辅音很像。如果你都不知道,那么最接近的解释就是边音l了,但是差了那么一节,就看你自己体会 了。

还有一点,history, factory这些词,大家可能都发现o的发音(是一个浑元音)在很多音标标注中都是打了括号的。在英国,英语受文言文的影响喜欢省略这个o,而在美国, 这个o常常是发了音的。(如果大家对文言文或者诗歌感兴趣,会发现很多浑元音的字母是用一个单引号'表示的,表示省略) 首先来说明一下美语发音的特点。

1,腹式发音

我们在听美国人说话的时候,一个明显的感受就是他们的音质特别浑厚,听起来共鸣时间很长 ,甚至带有很浓重的鼻音。其实这就是美语发音的第一特点----腹式发音(后部发音)。所谓腹式发音,指的是美式发音讲究的腹腔发声习惯,这和我们汉语遵 循的胸腔发声习惯大相径庭。正是因为发声方式的差异,中国人说的英语总是缺少那么一丝韵味。具体地说,就是在发元音的时候,我们要注意收小腹,在带动声带 振动发音,这样发出的元音听起来才洪亮爆满。如果想联系最纯正地道的美语,一定要养成腹腔发声的习惯,做到用发音器官的后部发音,这是我们要做的第一步。

2,字面发音

美语发音的第二个特点-----字面发音,一般单词怎么拼写就怎么发音,发音更具规则性。这一点完全符合英语语言作为表音文字的特点。比如说,美式英语和 英式英语最显著的差异是卷舌音[r]的处理。有些人对此总是拿不准,何时应该卷舌,何时不要卷舌,看起来似乎很复杂。其实这个问题说白了很简单:美语中,只要拼写中有字母r,发音时就要卷舌;反之,如果没有字母r,切忌卷舌。所以,letter,butter等词需要卷舌,而idea,China这些词却千万不能卷舌。再者,美式英语和英式英语在有些单词上发音的差别大多是由于发音更趋于与拼写一致。比如vase(花瓶),在英式英语中发成[va:z],是根据“词末有不发音的e则词中的元音发其字母音”的规则,这个词在美音中则应发成[veiz]。

3,强弱分明

美语发音的第三个特点-----强弱分明。这就是美语中重读和弱读的问题。讲汉语的时候可能每个词都可以由重音,可能每个词都可以有重音。 所以听起来铿锵有力,可是在讲美语的时候,这种习惯必须改掉。美语的节奏是由中读和若读交替而产生的(the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables),所以如果我们想让自己的话说出来有节奏感,就必须遵循强弱分明的原则。单词的重音也要注意,首先我们不能随便移动单词的重音,其次要弱读没有重音的音节,比如一个单词industry,重音落在第一个音节上,可是习惯上有很多同学会重读第二个音节,这是习惯的错误,必须纠正。要做到强弱分明,最重要的是注意弱读,只要弱读做好了,重读自然而然就体现出来了。

当然,美语发音的重点不是三言两语可以讲清楚的。在不断学习过程中,要学会总结,通过总结,我们就可以把自身的strengths and weakpoints看得更 六定四化法完全是根据中国人固有的发音特点和发声习惯而诞生的!六定四化语音快速突破法是集中从掌握正确的英语发音位置—后口腔发音开始,通过定位、定型、定音、定气、定声、定调。 循序渐进的语音学习6大步骤,再结合美化声音的四大阶段:净化—强化—滤化—美化。就能让你在短期内英语发音和全方位语音模仿上得到一个彻底改进的一套系统而高效的语音快速突破法!此方法无疑成为了新时代学一得革命,为快速想要说一口漂亮英语的学习者带来了福音。这一点在中国英语教育届确实独树一帜,达到了一般人无法企及的高度! 对于石宇美音而言,学地道美语就是简单的6个步骤:
第一步—定位。 目的:掌握美语的后部发音技巧,用后部读英语更稳定。
第二步— 定型。目的:掌握英语发音的每个精准口型,说英语口型更到位。
第三步— 定音。目的:系统的纠正所以前错误的发音,发音更标准 。
第四步— 定气。目的:掌握腹式说英语的技巧,说英语更有底气。
第五步—定声。 目的:掌握魅力嗓音的技巧,说英语更有磁性。
第六步—定调。 目的:掌握英语的语调,说英语更有节奏感更地道。 任何英语爱好者只要做到了这六定的步骤都可以再短期内说一口地道的美语!石宇美音永远是你地道美语学习的最佳伴侣!
透彻了五大发音特点
我们将复杂的(complicated)语音规则总结成五大发音要点,使一般人都能掌握(master)。 它们是:长元音和双元音饱满;短元音急促有力;连音;略音和咬舌头。
一、长元音和双元音饱满
只要把元音发饱满,,你的英语立刻会变得悦耳动听。那些英美流行歌手就是元音饱满的典范!

1. Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night. 麦克喜欢在夜晚明亮的灯光旁写作。
2. Macao came back to China in 1999. 澳门于1999年回归祖国。
3. I like the shape of that mountain.
我喜欢那座山的样子。
二、短元音急促有力
4. Jim must study a little bit more.
杰姆必须再多一下一点功夫。
5. Let's get together again.
让我们找一天再聚一聚。
三、连音
6. I'm working on-it.
我正在努力。[美国总统常用]
7. I'll think-it-over.
我会仔细考虑的。
四、略音 第一条规则:以某音结尾的单词+同音开始的单词--只发一次即可!
8. You ate-too much.
你吃得太多了。
9. I don't know what-to-do.
我不知道该做些什么。[两个辅音连接,只读后一个]
第二条规则:以[t],[d],[k],[g],[p]和[b]+以辅音开始的单词
前面的发音“点到为止”,舌头达到发音中位,但不送气!
10. Lend-me your black-bag.
把你的黑包借给我。
11. I don't-like-people asking me for money.
我不喜欢别人问我要钱。
12. Do you want-that-magazine?
你要那本杂志吗?
13. Do you need-that-pencil?
你需要那只铅笔吗?
14. Ask-Bob-to sit-behind-me.
让鲍勃坐在我后面。
15. Would you mind-giving me that-red-book? 你把那本红皮书给我,好吗?

五、咬舌头
16. There are thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three feathers[羽毛]on that bird's throat.
在那个鸟的颈部有三万三前三百三是三根羽毛。
17. Neither father nor mother likes this weather.
爸爸妈妈都不喜欢这天气。[咬五次舌头]
18. It's the same thing. 都一样!
19. Something is better than nothing.
有总比没有好!
20. Father and mother went through thick and thin.
不管是顺境还是逆境,父母总是同甘共苦。[同甘苦,共患难]

最能体现“美国味”的发音都集中在下面的句子中。其实做到很容易,只要你在练习的时候,尽罧湔牛你的发音和口型,尽量放纵,尽量发泄,尽量慢,尽量拉长你的元音,并一口气读完整个句子。
地道美国味道速成
第一、 我们来看[A],俗称“疯狂90度咧嘴”音。
21. That black lad[年轻人;少年]was very sad because his dad had died in a bad accident in the factory. 那个黑人少年极为忧伤,因为他爸爸在工厂的一起严重意外事故中丧身了。
22. You shouldn't have done that.
你不应该做那件事的[实际上你做了]。
大家一起来数一数,看看下面的对话中出现了多少个 23. A: What's the[matter], Alice? You look so[unhappy].
爱丽丝,你怎么了
B: I[had]a[bad]day yesterday.
我昨天倒霉了。
A: What[happened]?
出什么事了?
B: I went shopping[and]lost my[bag].
我昨天去买东西,把包给丢了。
A: Your[bag]? Did you get it[back]?
你把包丢了?找回来没有?
B: I went [back]for it. But it was already gone.
我回去找了,包已经丢了。
A: [That's]too [bad]. I'm sorry to hear [that].
真不走运,事真叫人遗憾。

第二、我们来看[i:] 24. Do you see the key on the seat?
你看见座位上的钥匙了吗?三次穿针引线,也就是三次长元音[i:]。

第三、[Bi],俗称爱的大嘴音。
25. It's inside my mouth.
在我的嘴里。
26. Would you mind * a little less noise?
请您轻点儿,好吗?
27. How nice of you to do that?
你这样做真是太好了!
28. He speaks very highly of you.
他对你赞不绝口。
29. I'd drive five miles on Friday night to see a fight that I like.
星期五晚上我要驱车五英里去观看我喜欢的拳击赛。

第四、下面是一个,典型的美国特有的大嘴发音[B]。元音字母O在重读闭音节中,美音和英音有不同的发音。这是英美发音重大差别之一。这个音我们俗称为“啊,祖国的大好河山”疯狂感叹音。

30. Do what you want.
做你想做的。
31. Where is the[watch]I put in my[pocket]to take to the [shop]because it had[stopped].
因为停止了走动而放在我的口袋里要拿到店里去修的那块表在什么地方?
32. I was[sorry]to hear your had news.
听到你的坏消息我很难过。
33. Do you often[watch]television?
你经常看电视吗?
34. I'll[watch]the baby while you're away.
你们不在时我来照看孩子。
35. I know[what]you mean.
我明白你的意思。
36. Try to finish the job as soon as[possible].
设法尽早完成这项工作。
37. I've[got]a job for you, [wash]these dishes.
我有点活给你做,把这些碟子给洗了。
38. Thank god you're safe!
谢天谢地,你平安无事。
39. You go first and I'll follow (you) later.
你先走,我接着就来。
40. It's a very popular song.
那是一首非常流行的歌曲。
第五、
41. He's one of my closest friends.
他是我最亲密的朋友之一。
42. We're hoping to visit the US this year.
我们希望今年能到美国访问。
43. After this dry weather, everyone hopes for rain.
在这样干燥的天气之后,备家都希望能下雨。
44. The White House is the home of the President and his family.
白宫是总统和他家庭的住处。
45. When his wife died, he was very lonely.
妻子去世后,他很孤独。
46. Let me show you the photographs from my vacation.
让我给你看一看我假期里拍的照片。

第六、[BU ],俗称啊噢鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音。
47. Get out of my house now.
马上从我的房子里滚出去。
48. How about going downtown now?
现在去市中心,好吗?
49. I'm so proud of you.
我深深为你而骄傲。
50. No doubt about it.
毫无疑问。

第七、[Ci],俗称大小奥一音。
51. I was annoyed at the boy for spoiling [糟蹋;破坏;损坏] the toy which belonged to Joy.
这个男孩使我很生气,他糟蹋了乔伊的玩具。
中国发音习惯大突破

[l]和[n]
52. I like listening to classical and light music.
我喜欢听古典音乐和轻音乐。
53. It's nice moonlight tonight.]
今夜月色迷人。
[r]和[l]
54. Foreign languages are really difficult to learn.
外语很难学。
55. We are terribly sorry for being late.
非常抱歉我们来晚了。

[F]和[V] *English *fish *wash *foolish
56. You are foolish to say so. =It is foolish to say so.
你这样说是愚蠢的。
57. You must be patient with your students.
你对学生必须有耐心。
[V]可以用日来帮助发音。
*pleasure *measure *treasure *usual *leisure
58. She spends much of her leisure time watching TV.
她花了多少空闲时间看电视。
59. Reading gives me great pleasure.
读书带给我很大的乐趣。
[tF]和[dV] [tF]可以用汉字气来训练。
*China *chair *chance *challenge *choice *charge
60. I changed my mind.
我改变了主意。
61. He charged five dollars for the cups.
这些杯子他索价五元。
[dV]可以用汉字“举”来训练。但是只发前半部分,轻轻地,温柔地发。
*bridge *change *encourage *age *edge *manage
62. My uncle manages the hotel
我的叔叔经营那家旅馆。.
63. She looks old for her age.
她看起来比她的年龄老得多。
[ts]和[dz] [ts]可以用“雌”来帮助发音。
*coats *roots *its *plates *let's [dz]可以用“儿子”“滋润”“姿色”“艾滋病”来帮助发音。
*foods *beds *birds *buds [n],[l]和[m] [m]是闭嘴音。
64. To speak English well, you must move your mouth and murmur to yourself all the time.

如果想要说好英语,你必须开口,并时刻自言自语。 [n]开嘴应答音。
65. It will be fun to go camping.
去露营会很好玩。
[N]开嘴撒娇音,气流要向鼻腔和头部上冲,舌身后缩。
Thank you.谢谢!
66. Everything is going fine. 万事如意。
67. Nothing special!
没什么特别的。
68. She looks angry.
她面有怒色。
最后我们来攻击美国发音的另外一个最大特点:疯狂卷舌头。
69. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做。
70. World War Two was worse than World War One.
二战比一战更残酷。
71. Chinese people had a hard time during the Second World War.
中国人民在二战中历尽磨难。

第四章:综合训练

72. No pain, no gain.
不劳而获。
73. We should keep our promise.
我们应该遵守诺言。
74. He should speak more slowly.
他应该说的更慢。
75. Girls should not stay out late at night.
女孩子晚间外出不可太晚回家。76. I've really enjoyed talking to you about old time.
我很高兴与话旧。
77. You should have gone to see the doctor earlier.
你早就该去看医生了。
78. I had a test this morning. I didn't do well on the test because I didn't study for it last night. I should have studied last night.
今天早晨我去考试了。考得不好,因为昨晚我没复习。昨晚我要是复习
就好了。
79. We went to the movie, but it was a bad movie. We wasted our time and money. We should not have gone to the movie.
我们去看电影了,但影片很差。我们浪费了时间和金钱。早知道就不去了。

80. I have been looking forward to [meeting] you.
我一直希望能认识你。
81. I have been hoping to see you for a long time.
我很久以来一直希望见到你。
82. A: What are you planning to do?
你打算做些什么?
B: I'm hoping to go to China.
我希望去中国。
第五章:健康减肥

下面和我一起来摸肚子,收小腹,促进健康又减肥!
*city(城市) *better(更好) *dinner(正餐,晚餐)
*ready(准备好) *busy(忙) *beautiful(美丽的)
*begin(开始) *believe(相信) *black(黑色的)
*civilization(文明) *clever(聪明的) *develop(发展)
*different(不同的) *efficient(有效的) *finish(完成)
*football(橄榄球) *gesture(手势) *headmaster(校长)
*illegal (不合法的) *jump(跳跃) *knowledge(知识)

*lipstick(口红) *medicine(药) *minute(分钟)
*nonsense(胡说八道) *pleasure(愉快) *quality(质量)
*relationship(私人关系) *relax(放松) *something(某事)
*step by step(渐渐的) *terrible(可怕的) *trust(信任)
*understand(理解) *visit(参观访问) *welcome(欢迎)
*a zigzag path(蜿蜒的小径) *yesterday(昨天)
83. Business is business. 公事公办/公是公私是私。
84. It is your business to take care of them. 照顾他们乃是你的责任。
85. He went into business at the age of ten.
他十岁进入商界。
86. He went to Japan on business.
他因公去日本。
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北外英语专业超全面翻译笔记(网上搜的,大家共享) 来源: 傅文洁的日志

第一部分:数词的译法

一、数字增减的译法:

1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+than

The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。

2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。。。。或减少到。。。。

Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。

二、百分数增减的表示法与译法

1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%

The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35%

2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%

Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3%

The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60%

3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量

By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%

4.句式特征:%+ 比较级 +than表示净增减的数量

Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。

5.句式特征:% + 比较级 + 名词表示净减数

The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10%

6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数

There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%

7.句式特征:%+ (of) 名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译

The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60%

8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数

The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。

第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法

一、表示法。

汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。

1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“

注:1倍 once; 2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)

2.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+by+ n times,该句式与上述相同

3.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“

4.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n times

5.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成”比。。。。。。大(长、宽。。。)N-1倍“

6.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。。。。。

7.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv. +as....

8.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+a + n times(或n-fold) +increase.......表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“

9.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大(长、宽。。。。倍)

例子: Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍。

This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。

10.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。。。大(长、宽。。。。半倍)“

11. 句式特点:用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“

12.句式特点:用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“

13.句式特点:用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“

二、英语倍数句型及其译法

英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:

倍数增加

(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①)

A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②)

A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③)

以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍].

Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three

times the length of )that one.

这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。

注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。

(二)increase to n times(④)

increase n times/n-fold(⑤)

increase by n times(⑥)

increase by a factor of n(⑦)

以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。

Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times

as compared with last year.

集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。

Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against

l986.

化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.

那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。

Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.

漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。

注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。

(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)

应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:

Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.

据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)

Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.

这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:

A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as

B.(⑩)

应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。

A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.

【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11)

应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。

倍数减少

(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12)

A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13)

以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。

Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.

氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。

Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.

这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。

注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。

(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14)

decrease by n times(15)

decrease by a factor of n(16)

以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。

Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.

新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。

Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current

is stepped down by ten times.

电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。

Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.

该设备误差概率降低了4/5。

(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…

应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)

这个句型还有其它一些形式,

Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.

发现迅速减少到1/7。

Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in

weight.

这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。

从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍

数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)

3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。

第四部分 动词的使动用法

动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。

1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。

2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。

3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。

4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。

5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴

其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。

第五部分 同系宾语

1. I dreamed a strange dream.

2. He slept the sleep that knows no waking.

3. I have fought a good fight.

一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。

live a long life = live long;

live a happy life = live happily;

die a national death = die nationally;

die a violent death = die by violence

二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。

run a race; run a course; run one's career;

fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;

ring a peal; wreak one's vengeance

三、以it构成的类型:

I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。

He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。

We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。

Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗?

四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks

He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。

She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。

五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。

The lady was looking her best(look).

She sang her sweest(song) to please him.

第六部分 一组词组

1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself = very + adj.

He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。

To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。

分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。

He is all smiles.他一味地笑。

She is all eyes.她盯着看。

I am all anxiety.我真担心。

He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。

2. Something (much) of / nothing (little) of

Mr.Li is something of a philosopher.李先生略具哲学家风范。

Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。

Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。

Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。

分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。

Something of =to some extent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anything of(略有、多少)。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。

相类似的情况:

to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in +代名词

He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。

这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。

He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。

Something of 与something like区别:程度上有差异。

something like = something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物,又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。

This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。

It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。

3.as...as 的三种用法;

(1)He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。

(2)He is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。

(3)He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实,而他和蔼。

句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质;

句式2表示同一个人不同的性质;

句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个as为之时副词,第二个as为连词。所以,第一个as后面为adj./adv.,而第二个as后面为从句。

4.as......as any / as .....as ever

He is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。

5.as.....as.....can be

It is as plain as plain can be (may be).那是再明白不过了。

A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。

6.as......., so............

As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人,犹如锈之蚀铁。

SO相当于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气,也可以在as前面加上just一词。

As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金,逆境可以试人的勇气。

As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样,国家要靠工业营养。

7.It is in (or with)........as in (or with)......

It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。

It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样,得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人,而不是旁观的人。

It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。

8.as good as / as well as

It is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。

It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。

as good as 有两个含义:

(1)amounting to ; not falling short of;等于;同样; 几如;; 不欠缺

He was as good as his word.他不爽约。

(2)virtually; essentially; in every essential respect实际上;其实;实在;在各要点上

He is as good as dead already.宛如死人;行尸走肉;名存实亡

as well as 有四个含义:

(1)no less than; equally with等于;不下于;亦;一样好

I have understanding as well as you.

(2)both....and..;one equally with the other“与”、“两者皆”

Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感,又有益卫生。

(3)与not only....but also有连带关系

He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.

(4)可以代替better than

As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国,与其盗小羊。

9.As it is

其含义为:as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于:实际上;就实际情况而言;根据(现在)情况看;就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数;即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数,则用“As they are”。如果用来指人时,则为as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首,句末或句子中间。

(1)用于句首,注意前后时态与该结构保持一致

As it is, we can not help him.

As it was, we could not help him.

(2)用于句末

Let's keep it as it is.

You mustn't go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。

有时it可以省略为“as is ”,意即:照现在的样子,常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。

He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。

I‘ll sell it to you as is, but don't complain if it doesn't work.

(3)句中时,用逗号把它从前后隔开

A.虚拟语气句式+but +as it is / was,该结构意为:其实;事实上

I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.

The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.

B.过去分词+as it is,表示强调前面的过去分词

Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.

Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.

C.现在分词+ as it does(did)。意为:因为这样,(实际)所以.........

Living as he does inShanghai, he knows the place extremely well.

Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.

几个类似的结构:

A. as it stands 根据目前情况来看

As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.

B. such as it is不怎么样,质量不过如此

The room, such as it is, is very bright.

C. as it were =as if it were so.属虚拟语气,用于插入语。不可以与as it is 混淆

He is , as it were, a living dictionary.

Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart.

10.have + the + 抽象名词 +不定式

I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了成功。

have = possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征,现作为一种天赋而具有的。

She had the cheek ( = impudence) to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say such a thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。

How can you have the heart ( = hard-heartness) to drown such darling little kittens?

你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死?

11.名词+of +a +名词

It was a great moutain of a wave.波浪如山高。

That fool of a Tom did it. 这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。

That old cripple of a Henn.那个年老的残废者亨。

It would make the deuce of a scandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。

of前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“名词+of”后出现的名词前面,必须有一个不定词,即使是固有名词,该冠词也不可省略。

a devil of a man = a devish man

a rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow

12. in +人

They have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。

分析:in = in the person of (在那人身上),表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状(与形状有关的in,如:in a circle; in print; in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等)所转来的,而有“即....是也”、“就是”的含义。这种in多出现在find, see, behold, lose等动词后面。

He had something of the hero in him.

Chinalost a great artist in (the death of ) Chi Paishi.

13.short of / be short of / nothing short of

short=except,是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有:come, fall, run等,表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思,其中“of”做“from”解释。至于be short of 与nothing short of 中的“short of”则为形容词。be short of 表示“不足”或“离开”;nothing short of表示“完全”。

1)Short of theft, I will do anything I can for you.

2)We are short of hands at present.

3)His conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行为简直发了狂。

14.anything but / nothing but / all but

在英文中anything but=never;意即“除此之外,别的都是”,是表示强调的否定;

nothing but=only; 意即“除此之外,别的都不是”;

all but=almost; nearly

三种用法中,but都有“except”含义

15.much more / much less

He likes a child, much more a baby.他喜欢小孩,更加喜欢婴孩。

He doesn't like a child, much less a baby.他步喜欢小孩,更加不喜欢婴孩。

解释:

much more 用于肯定句之后,表示程度增加;表示更多,much可以改为still

much less用于否定句之后,表示程度减少;表示更少,可译为“何况”、“还论”

16.more........than.......can“达到不可能的程度”

morethan................can"简直不可能"

He earns more money than he can spend.

17.more than + 动词,译为“深为, 十二分的”

This more than satisfied me.这使我十二分的满意。

More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。

What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits.

18.less.......than

During the week he saw less of her than usual.在那一个星期内,他比平常要少见到她。

less.......than“较少”、“较差”、“不及”、“不如”。该less做形容词时好翻译,做副词解释时难译。

Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is one's own work.

Proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is one's own work.

His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。

He observed with interest the errors of her face and figure, the thin underlip, too heavily penciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny.

他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点,那太薄的下唇,画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿,虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。

19.the + 比较级+理由

I like him all the better for his faults.因为他有缺点,所以我更加喜欢他。

连接“理由”部分的可以为:for, because, on account of , owing to 等,前面部分常常出现的结构为:all(much)the + 比较级。该结构中的the = to that degree.

20.what he is / what he has

We honour him for what he is , not for what he has.

我们尊敬的是他的人品,而不是他的财富。

what he is =his character

what he has = his property

It is not a question how much a man knows, but use what he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do.

问题不在于一个人知道多少,而在于他能否运用他的知识;问题不在于他所学为何,受过怎样的教育,而在于他的人品,以及他的能力。

21.what + 名词 / what + little + 名词

He gave me what money he had about him.他把他身上所有的钱都给了我。

I gave him what little mony I had.我竭尽绵薄之力将仅有的钱都给了他。

what + 名词 含有“all the ....that”或“that....which”含义。译为“所有的。。。。”,what做关系代名词。

what + little(few等一类词) + 名词 含有“虽少但全部”或“所仅有的”

She saved what little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school.

22.what with........and what with / what by ...... and what by

What with illness and what with losses, he is almost ruined.半因为生病,半因为亏损,他几乎整个儿毁了。

What by brikes and what by extortions, he made money.

或由受贿,或由勒索,他发财了。

此为what的副词用法,可译为“多少(=somewhat)”、“半(=patrly)”

what with........and what with表示“原因”

what by ...... and what by表示“手段”

What with overwork and under-nourishment he fell ill.

由于过劳,加上营养不足,他终于病倒了。

23.if any

1)He despises honour, if any one does.世界上真有人轻视荣誉的话,他便是一个。

2)He has little, if any, money.他即令有钱,也是极少的。

if any , if ever 意思是“果真有,即令有的话”,相当于if there is (are) any at all.。它通常是伴随有little, few, seldom等准否定词。与此相近的用法还有if anything,意思是“if at all”或“if there is any difference”,可以译为“倘若有异同,如果稍有区别的话”。还有“if a day”意思是“at least”。

There is little , if any , hope.希望甚微。

It occurs seldom, if ever( = seldom or never).真有其事,也不常发生。

If anything, he is a little better today.如有什么不同,他比昨天好了一点。

The greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank or power.真正的伟大是和权力与地位毫无关系的。

第七部分 构成句式的基本单元------词汇

下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符,但是作为构成句式的基本单元------词汇,也是不容忽视的啊。

学习过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇(词组),曾经在OE网站张贴,现把精华部分粘贴于此,希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。

一、“闪光”之说:

1、shine: 照耀,指光稳定发射;

2、glitter: 闪光,指光不稳定发射;

3、glare: 耀眼,表示光的强度最大;

4、sparkle:闪烁,指发射微细的光度。

二、打破”之说:

1、break: 一般用语,经打击或施加压力而破碎;

2、crack:出现了裂缝,但还没有变成碎片;

3、crush: 指从外面用力向内或从上向下压而致碎;

4、demolish: 破坏,铲平或削平(如土壤,建筑物,城堡等);

5、destroy: 在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁,使之无法复原;

6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎;

7、smash: 指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。

三、有关“死”之说:

1、去世,与世长辞:to pass away;

2、寿终: to close (end) one's day;

3、咽气,断气: to breathe one's last;

4、归西: to go west;

5、了解尘缘: to pay the debt of nature;

6、命归黄泉: to depart to the world of shadows;

7、见阎王: to give up the gost;

8、翘辫子: to kick the bucket;

9、蹬腿: to kick up one's heels;

10、不吃饭: to lay down one's knife and fork.

四、有关"怀孕"(pregnant)之说:

1、she is having baby;

2、she is expecting;

3、she is in a family way;

4、she is in a deliacate condition;

5、she is in an interesting condition;

6、she is knitting little booties.

五、"broken"涵义种种:

1、a broken man: 一个绝望的人;

2、a broken soldier: 一个残废的军人;

3、broken money: 零花钱;

4、a broken promise: 背弃的诺言;

5、broken English: 蹩脚的英语;

6、a broken spirit: 消沉的意志;

7、a broken heart: 破碎的心。

八、准确理解“kill”(后面附词义):

1、he killed the man.杀;

2、he killed the dog,宰;

3、he killed time down at the park,消磨;

4、he killed his chance of success,断送;

5、he killed the motion when it came from the committee,否决;

6、he killed himself by overwork,致死;

7、he killed the spirit of the group,抹杀;

8、he killed three bottles of whiskey in a week,喝光;

9、kill the peace,扼杀;

10、kill the friendship,终止;

11、kill a marriage,解除。

九、“声誉”种种:

1、fame:褒义,指关于一个人的人格、行为、才能等方面的优点;

2、reputation和repute差不多,可褒义可贬义,指对人或物的评价、看法,词义较窄;

3、distinction,褒义,指因职衔、地位或人格所造成的,通常包含“优越于人,与众不同”;

4、renown,褒义,指显赫的声誉或应该得到的荣誉;

5、notoriety,贬义,与fame相对应。

十、“空空如也”:

1、hollow,表示“空洞的,虚的,不实的,下陷的‘,可以和tree, voice, sound, cheeks等连用;

2、vacant,表示”没人占用的,出缺的“,常和position, room, house, seat等连用;

3、empty,表示”空的,一无所有的“,可以和house, room, cup, box, stomatch, head, words等连用.

十一、你能理解”or“吗?

1、连接两个对等的事物或人,可译为”或“,”或者“;

2、前后为同一个事物时,应译为”即“,”或称“,”或作“

The exact mechanism of Yutin, or vitamin P as is sometimes called, on the capillary wall is not understood.

附译文:路丁,即有时所称的维生素P,其对毛细血管壁的确切作用(机理)还不了解。

3、连接两组数字,代表不同单位的同一数量时,一般译为”合“,”等于“;

Normal temperature in man is 98.6F or 37C(遗憾的时表温度上标我不会)。

4、从or中导致方面结果时,应译为”否则“;

Hurry up, or you will be late.

5、”or so “左右;"or more"以上;"or rather"甚至

十二、general"涵义种种:

1、全身麻醉 general anesthesia

2、普查,集体检查 general check-up

3、一般健康情况 general health condition

4、综合性医院 general hospital

5、总路线 genegral line

6、大纲 general outline

7、弥漫性腹膜炎 general peritonitis

8、普通医师 general practitioner

9、总查(病)房 general purpose

10、秘书长 general secretary

十三、你能“定”下来吗?

1、set a date: 决定日期

2、set an example:树立榜样

3、set fruit:结果子

4、set a fire: 点火

5、set a severed limb:断肢再接

6、set sail:开航,起航

7、set the camera lens:调整(相机)镜头

8、set a pen to paper::动笔,下笔

9、set a new task:提出新任务

10、set down all items:记下所有项目

11、set oneself to learn from:决心向。。。学习

十四、你知道这有多”重“?

1、heavy applause:热烈的鼓掌

2、heavy gait:沉重的步态

3、heavy chemicals大量生产的化学药品

4、heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海面

5、heavy sleep:熟睡

6、heavy smoker:烟瘾大的人

7、heavy current:强电流

8、heavy eater:食量大的人

9、heavy task:繁重的任务

10、heavy food:油腻而难消化的食物

11、heavy traffic:拥挤的交通

12、heavy weather:恶劣的天气

13、heavy road:泥泞的路

14、heavy rain:大雨

15、heavy clouds:厚云

16、heavy crops:丰收

17、heavy frost:浓霜

18、heavy wine:烈酒

19、heavy news:悲痛的消息

20、heavy heart:忧愁的心

21、heavy fire:猛烈的炮火

22、heavy bread:没有发酵好的面包

23、heavy wire:粗线

24、heavy load:重载

25、heavy storm:暴风雨

26、heavy reader:沉闷冗长的读物

十五、“强度”怎么说?

1、intensity:指强烈的程度,多用于磁、电、热、光、声、火、劳动等抽象或非(易于触摸到的)实体。

例:colour intensity intensity of light

2、strength:指坚强的程度,用于可触摸到的具体实物抗拒能力的大小。

strength of cement(水泥标号) engine strength

Working strength

十六、你打牢“基础”了吗?

1、base:指有形、具体的基础、基地。

base line 基线 base plate 底座

cotton base 产棉区 data base 数据库

paint base 底漆 raw material base 原料基地

2、basic:基本的,碱性的

basic Bessemer steel 底吹碱性转炉钢

basic hole 基孔 basic industry 基础工业

basic material 碱性材料

3、basis:无形、抽象的基础、根据

economic basis 经济基础

hole basis 基孔制

scientific basis 科学根据

4、foundation:指大厦建筑物的地基,引申为“根据”

foundation bolt 地脚螺栓

material foundation of society社会物质基础

reinforced concrete foundation钢筋混凝土基础

The rumour has no foundation这传闻毫无根据

十七、你了解这些“组织”吗?

1、construction:指“构造”(将零部件装配,组合在一起成为整体的方式);“结构”(各组成部分的搭配和排列,建筑物上承担重力部分的构造)

aircraft construction飞机构造

welded construction焊接结构

This machine is simple in construction这种机器构造简单

body construction车身(机身、弹体)构造

capital construction基本建设

physical construction机械构造

prefabricated construction预制构造

ships of similiar construction结构类似的船

2、structure:“结构、组织”

age structure年龄构成

atomic structure原子结构

steel stucture钢结构

shell stucture薄层结构

brick stucture砖建筑物

geological stucture地质构造

market stucture市场结构

microscopic stucture显微组织

The human body is a wonderful stucture人体是个奇妙的构造物

the stucture of a plant一种植物的构造

十八、"charge"涵义知多少?

1、费用:service charge服务费;

2、责任:in charge of 负责;

3、装料:furnace charge炉料;

4、电荷:induced charge感应电荷;

5、装药:shaped charge锥孔炸药

十九、再解“develop”

1、发展:

Agriculture development

Social development

Industrial development

Development in foreign affairs

2、开发

Water-power development

Oil-field development

Development of natural resources

Intellectual development

3、研制

advanced development远景产品研制,样机试制

under development

engineering development

operatinal development产品改进性研制

exploratory development探索性研制

4、开拓

ore development

lateral development水平开拓

5、展开(用于数学)

series development级数展开

development of function函数的展开

6、显影

chemical development化学显影

over development显影过度

time development定时显影

二十、The shade meaning of "power":

【数学】乘方、幂

The sixth power of two is sixty-four.

【力学】

力:horse power

功率:rated power额定功率

【电学】

电力:power network

电源:power switch

功率:power export

【化学】

能:chemical power

本领:catalytic power催化本领

化合价:Aluminium has a conmbining power of three.

【机械】

动力:power shaft传动轴

力:brake power

【社会】

力量:knowlege is power

权力:politica power

强国:superpower

二十一、The shade meaning of "system":

【机电】

系统:electric light system电照明系统

lubricating system润滑系统

电力网:system fault电力网故障

装置:tierod-crank system连杆曲柄装置

top charging system炉顶装料装置

设备:loading system转载设备

制:basic hole(shaft) system基孔(轴)制

【数学】组:system of equations

【力学】系:system of forces

【化学】法:acid system酸法

【社会】

体系:industrial system

制度:social system

方法:a new system of teaching foreign language

The shade meaning of "work":

工作:work experience

工件:stamp work模锻工件

工厂: NO.1 Motor Vehical Works

工事:defence works

著作:new works on acupuncture针刺疗法新书

功:mechanical work

运转:The machine works well.

加工:The wood works easily.

起作用:The medicine works.

造成:work wonders(miracles)创造奇迹

The shade meaning of "sound":

【声音】sound wave

【听起来】The plan sounds reasonable.

【发音】sound every syllable!每个音节都要发音。

The ship moved slowly forward sounding as she went.航船慢速前进,一路锤测水深。

【完好的】sound metal优质金属

【牢固的】sound casting 坚实的铸件

The sahde meaning of "sound":

【圆的】round plate

【整的】a round ton

【环形】a round trip往还一次

【圆角】fillet and round内圆角和外圆角

【弹】guided round (missile)导弹

【围绕】The moon moves round the earth.

【到处】show sb round

【使圆】round the corners

【舍入】3.14159 rounded to four decimals becomes 3.1416

二十二、废物"之说:

1、litter:并不是真正意义上的废物,而是用后散置的“杂物”,相当于odds and ends,或索性说是残余物(leavings)

Always pick up your litter after a picnic.

2、waste:真正的废物,美国人常用trash,此字还有“残屑”、或“垃圾”之意。

垃圾篓美国人用trash can;英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可见,此词又可作“无价值的人或物”解释。

That book is mere trash.

3、rubbish:范围广,真正的废物。也可表惊叹“Rubbish(胡说!)”

英国人常说:That book is all rubbish.

4、厨房残屑:kitchen refuse或refuse:此词做废物或无用之物讲,但一般指固体废物,不指可排泄的垃圾。

5、到垃圾的地方:a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump.

6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是“破烂货”。

His writing is all junk.

7、废人、社会渣滓:human waste; debris; dregs of population; off-scourings of humanity; dross of mankind; hobo

He is now a "has-been"(他现成了废物)=He outlived his usefulness.

Commitment译法:

二十三、动词commit在字典中涵义:

1、 犯、行、作:commit a crime; commit a blunder; commit murder; commit suicide

2、 委托、付诸:commit some funds to the care of trustees(委托资金与保管委员会);commit a bill(议会将议案交付委员审查);commit thoughts to writing(将想法写出来);commit something to memory(暗记某事);

3、 承担:If you agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brother’s school expenses, and give $500 ayear for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments.

4、 (束缚身体之意转为)牵累,陷入,献身:Do not commit yourself(勿自限累);commit oneself to a promise;

例析:

1、 In the last decade, however, we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal, greater commitment, and greater success than at any period in our history.

在过去十年中,我们比历史上任何时期都力求更加热心地、更加献身地、更加成功地来达到这个目标(献身)。

2、(李光耀对新加坡人的定义)A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to upholding society as it is—multi-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking---and who is prepared to stake his life for the community.

一个新加坡人就是一个对现存的多元种族、容忍互助而又高瞻远瞩的社会,以献身精神来支持它,并装备为它付出生命的人(献身的)。

3、I believe that both candidates should make it absolutely clear that they share a basic commitment to the success of the negotiations now taking place in Paris.

我相信两党的总统候选人,都应绝对明确地表示,他们对于促成现在巴黎举行的商谈成功,具有基本的言语约束(言约)。

4、 he second imperative of our policy for peace is that we must meet our commitment and keep our promises to use our strength to oppose aggression.

我们和平政策的第二条诫命,就是我们必须尽我们的义务,守住我们的诺言,竭尽所能,反抗侵略(诺言)。

5、 Vietnam may be a bitter hoax or it may be a major commitment in the defense of freedom, but it will go away because we yell “foul”; it will not fade because we blow retreat.

越南可能是一种痛苦的玩笑,也可能是在保卫自由中的一个大的牵累,它不会因为我们大叫讨厌而走开,也不会因为我们鸣金收兵而消失(牵累)

6、 The report said that new commitments of US$50.7 million during fiscal year 1968 raised total investments of the International Finance Corporation in private enterprises in its member countries to US$271.8 million in 39 countries.

1968年会计年度新的投资计有5070万美元,使得国际金融公司在其他会员国的私人企业总投资,39个国家共达27180万美元(投资)。

7、 The Japanese have faithfully observed their commitments.日本人忠实地遵守了投降条件(条件)。

其他:

an all-around commitment(全面的约束)

to give a precipitate commitment(给以轻率的

二十八、保险种种:

accident insurance意外保险

accident death insurance意外死亡保险

accounts receivable insurance应收帐款保险

additional insurance加保

agricultural insurance农业保险

air transport insurance空运保险

air transportation cargo insurance空运货物保险

aircraft hull insurance飞机机身保险

aircraft passenger insurance飞机乘客保险

all risks insurance综合保险

annuity insurance年金保险

automobile insurance汽车保险

aviation insurance航空保险

aviation liability insurance航空责任保险

aviation personal accident insurance航空人身意外保险

bad debt insurance坏帐保险

baggage insurance行李保险

bailee's customers insurance受托人代客保险

basic insurance基本保险

blanket insurance总括保险

block insurance船舶保险

boiler explosion insurance锅炉爆炸保险

bond insurance债券保险

bonding insurance保证保险

broker insurance保险掮客

building insurance建筑物保险

burglary insurance盗窃保险

business interruption insurance业务中断保险

business liability insurance营业责任保险

capital insurance资本保险

cargo insurance货物保险

cargo marine insurance海洋货运保险

cargo transportation insurance货物运输保险

carrier's liability insurance承运人责任保险

cash messenger insurance现金运送保险

casualty insurance不幸事故保险, 灾害保险

cattle insurance家畜保险

cede insurance分保

child's insurance儿童保险

civilliability insurance民事责任保险

civil responsibility insurance责任保险

collective insurance集体保险

collective accident insurance集体灾害保险

collision insurance碰撞保险

commercial credit insurance商业信用保险

commission insurance佣金保险

compensation insurance职工赔偿保险

comprehensive insurance综合保险, 全程保险

compulsory insurance强制保险

concurrent insurance同时保险

consequential damage insurance间接损害保险

consequential loss insurance间接损失保险

consignment export insurance寄售输出保险

consignment sale export insurance寄销出口保险

consignment stock insurance寄销货物保险

continued insurance继续保险

convertible insurance转换保险

cost and insurance成本加 保险价

credit insurance信用保险

credit life insurance信用人寿保险(借款人死亡时, 应将赔偿金付给放款人)

crop insurance作物保险

damage insurance损失保险

death insurance死亡保险

deferred insurance搁置保险

deposit insurance存款保险

disability insurance残废保险

disbursements insurance船舶费用保险

domestic insurance家计保险

domestic animal transportation insurance家畜运输保险

double insurance双重保险

duty insurance关税保险

earthquake insurance地震保险

economic policy insurance经济政策保险

education insurance教育保险

elevator liability insurance电梯责任保险

employee's pension insurance职工退休养老保险

employer's liability insurance雇主责任保险; 职工伤害保险

employment insurance就业保险

endowment insurance人寿定期保险, 养老保险, 储蓄保险

endowment life insurance人寿定期保险

engineering insurance工程保险

erection insurance机器安装保险

excess insurance超额保险

exchange risk insurance外汇风险保险

exhibition insurance展览保险

expected profit insurance预期利润保险

explosion insurance爆炸保险

export insurance出口保险, 输出保险

extended terms insurance延期保险

external investment principal insurance国外投资本金保险

facultative insurance临时保险

family income insurance家庭收入保险

farm insurance农业保险

fermentation insurance发酵保险

fidelity insurance职工忠诚保险

fire insurance火灾保险, 火险

fiscal insurance租税保险

fixed term insurance定期保险

flood insurance洪水保险

forced insurance强制保险

foreign exchange fluctuation insurance外汇波动保险

fraternal insurance互助救济保险

freight insurance运费保险

frost insurance霜害保险

full value insurance全值保险

general average disbursement insurance共同海损费用保险

general export insurance普通输出保险

government employee insurance公务人员保险

group insurance团体保险

group life insurance团体人身保险

guarantee insurance保证保险, 盗窃意外保险

hail insurance雹害保险

harvest insurance收获保险

hazardous insurance危险物品保险

health insurance健康保险

hire purchase credit insurance租赁信用保险

homeowner's insurance房主保险

hospitalization insurance医疗保险

hull insurance船舶保险, 运输工具保险

hypothecation insurance抵押保险

imaginary profit insurance预期利益保险

immovable insurance不动产保险

inconvertibility insurance国外投资本利不能兑换汇回保险

increased value insurance增值保险

individual accident insurance个人伤害保险

industrial insurance工业保险

inland marine insurance内陆水运保险

invalid insurance伤残保险

jewellery insurance珠宝保险

jobless insurance失业保险

joint insurance合伙保险, 联合保险

joint stock insurance合股保险业

label insurance标签保险

labour insurance劳动保险

land transit insurance陆运保险

leasehold interest insurance租赁权益保险

liability insurance责任保险

life insurance人寿保险

lighter insurance驳运保险

livestock transit insurance活牲畜运输保险

long life insurance长寿保险

luggage insurance行李保险

machinery insurance机器保险

machinery breakdown insurance机器损坏保险

marine insurance海洋运输保险, 海上保险, 水险

marine cargo insurance海运货物保险

marine hull insurance船舶保险

maritime insurance海洋运输保险

maternity insurance生育保险

medical expense insurance医疗费保险

mixed insurance混合保险

more specific insurance最特定保险

mortality insurance死亡保险

mortgage insurance不动产抵押借款保险

motor car insurance汽车保险

motor cycle insurance摩托车保险

motor vehicle passenger insurance汽车乘客保险

movable insurance动产保险

multiple-line insurance多种类保险业务

mutual insurance相互保险

national insurance国民保险, 国家保险

national health insurance国民健康保险

no-fault insurance无过失保险

non-concurrent insurance不同时保险

non-life insurance损害保险

obligatory insurance强制保险

ocean marine cargo insurance海洋运输货物保险

old age insurance老年保险

open cover cargo insurance预约货物保险单

open policy insurance预约保险

ordinary life insurance普通终身寿险

overlapping insurance重复保险

overseas insurance海外保险

overseas travel sickness insurance海外旅行疾病保险

own insurance自己保险, 本身保险

paid-up insurance保费已付足的人寿保险单

parcel post insurance邮包保险

partial insurance部份保险

participating insurance由相互保险公司所出的分单保险, 其利润将来仍退给投保人

passenger insurance旅客保险

pensions insurance抚恤金保险

perpetual insurance终身保险

personal insurance人身保险

petty insurance小额保险

plate glass insurance玻璃保险

pluvious insurance雨水保险, 雨淋保险

postal insurance简易保险

power interruption insurance电流中断保险

preliminary term insurance初期保险, 持续保险

premium insurance保险费

prepaid insurance预付保险费保险

primary insurance优先保险

product liability insurance产品责任保险

professional liability insurance职业责任保险

profit insurance利润保险

property insurance财产保险

proprietary insurance营业保险

provisional insurance暂时保险

public liability insurance公众损害保险, 公共责任保险

pure endowment insurance生存保险, 养老保险

rain insurance雨害保险

reduced paid-up insurance减额支付保险

registered mail insurance挂号邮件保险

rent insurance房租保险

replacement insurance重置或修复保险

residence insurance住家保险

retirement income insurance退休收入保险

river hull insurance内河船舶保险

river transportation insurance内河运输保险

robbery insurance盗劫保险

shipping insurance船运保险

sickness insurance疾病保险

social insurance社会保险

specific insurance特定保险

state insurance国家保险

storm and tempest insurance暴风雨保险

straight life insurance终身保险

strike expenses insurance罢工追加费用保险

subsidiary insurance附属保险

supplementary insurance追加保险

survivorship insurance共有财产中归后死者所得的联合保险

term insurance定期保险

theft insurance盗窃保险

time insurance定期保险

time hull insurance船舶定期保险

title insurance产权保证保险

tourist luggage insurance旅客行李保险

transit insurance内陆运输保险

traveller's accident insurance旅客意外保险

trust insurance信托保险

unemployment insurance失业保险

unexpired insurance未到期保险

use and occupancy insurance固定开支保险

voluntary insurance自愿保险

voyage insurance航次保险

waiting insurance停止保险

war risk insurance战争险, 兵险

water pipe insurance水管保险

whole life insurance终身保险

windstorm insurance风暴险

workmen's insurance工人保险

workmen's compensation insurance劳工保险

yacht insurance游艇保险

insurance for adult成人保险

insurance for medical care医疗保险

insurance of export-import goods进出口货物保险

insurance of valuables贵重物品保险

insurance or guarantee of private loans私人贷款保险或担保

第八部分、one, ones, that, those在比较结构中的用法辨析

在比较结构中,为了避免重复,常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one, ones,that和those。

I.替代词one和ones的用法:

1.one只能替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如:

My child doesn't like this book.Show her a more interesting one.

2.替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或 ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如:

I don't like this book.I'd like a more interesting one.

3.当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面总有定冠词。例如:

Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.

4.当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this,that, which和序数词等之后,可以省略。例如:

This book is much better than that(one).

5.替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one(s),your one(s),Peter's one(s)等等。one或 ones也不能用在own之后。

但是,如果有了形容词,one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如:

My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one.

6.one作替代词时,在of前面不能用 the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说:

*He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry.

该用一个所有格来表示 He picked up Henry's.

7.当两个形容词表示对照的意思时,不能使用替代词 one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如:

Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder.

8.替代词 one如果不带任何前置修饰语,即它的前面既没有限定词,又没有形容词时,便不是替代名词词组的中心词,而是替代整个名词词组。这时,one=a+单数名词。例如:

A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice.(one =a cake)

one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个,相当一个不定冠词,因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物,只能用some。例如:

Here are a few apples.Would you like some(=some of them)?

II.替代词that和those的用法:

1.that和those通常用作指使代词,也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语,分别等于the one和 the ones。例如:

The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.

2.that也可替代不可数名词,但是 the one则不能。例如:

The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one.

以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。

3.that作替代词,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代词,既可指物,也可指人。例如:

The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with.

该句中的the one不能换成that。

4.that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时,只替代“the +单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词”。例如:

The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain.(that=the song。song为可数名词。)

请注意,这里说的that只替代“the +单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词,系指that在句子中实际的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the +单数名词。例如:

In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden.

在该句中,前面出现的词组为a life,但that替代的却是the life。

that作为替代词,它不能用于零关系分句(即没有关系代词的定语从句)之前。例如:

The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s.

流落到美语里的汉语

现代社会各国语言相互渗透,美语中外来语也很多。长期以来,笔者的兴趣之一就是注意日常美语里的中文。本篇搜集了其他方面的一些词汇,按字母排序如下:

Cheong-sam——长衫。原特指女性节庆时穿的红色旗袍,后泛指袍装。

Confucius——孔子。显然是从“孔夫子”音译而来。

Dingho——顶好,最佳。一家著名的东方杂货连锁店就以此命名。不过虽然此词被收入部分辞书,但一般美国人似乎不懂这个词的意思。

Fengshui——风水。现在看风水在美国已是很时髦的事了,各种相关书籍充斥市场。

Ginseng——人参。主要指北美一带出产的“花旗参”,又称“西洋参”。

Gung-ho——热情高涨,极感兴趣。这个词在美语里用的频率特高,人们常挂在嘴边,比如:At first everyone is gung-ho about this idea.But now no-body even talks about it.(刚开始大家对这个想法都抱有极大的兴趣和热情。而现在谁也不提它了)。但对于这个词的原意却说法不一。有人认为是从“干活”这个词派生而来,也有人认为是从公共合作社的缩写“公合”而来,还有人认为是从“更好”这个词转化来的。笔者倾向于此词派生于“干活”的说法。

IChing——《易经》。

Kowtow——极其卑顺的态度。来自中文的“磕头”。

Kungfu——中国武术。中文原词为“功夫”。

Lao-tzu——老子。

Mah-jong——麻将。

Sampan——指单帆或需用桨划的小船。来自“舢板”。

Silk——丝绸。源于中文的“丝”。

Tai-chi(chuan)——太极或太极拳。

Tao——道。道教。

TaoTeChing——《道德经》。

Tofu——豆腐。

Tong——秘密组织,帮会。从汉语“堂”派生而来。

Typhoon——台风。

YinandYang——阴阳。这些词的拼法大多延用韦氏(Wade Giles)音标。

另外,有一句常用话,虽然里面没有一个中文字,但公认是从中国话里搬来的,这句话就是“Long time no see”———很久不见。

“群”的表达

观众a crowd of spectators

一群人a crowd of people

一群人a throng of people

一群影迷a throng of film fans

一群女学生a group of girl students

一群旁观者a group of onlookers

一群欢迎者a troop of welcomers

一群示威者a troop of demonstrators

注:

CROWD:无组织或者无秩序的人群;

THRONG: 为数众多的挤在一处或向前涌去的群;

GROUP:有一定组织的;

TROOP:正常行进中的群

一群才子a galaxy of talents

一群美女a galaxy of beauties

一群匪徒a band of gangsters

一群劫匪a gang of robbers

一群建筑物a cluster of buildings

一群海岛a cluster of islands

注:

GALAXY:出色或著名的人物群;

BAND/GANG:有明显在轻蔑色彩,强盗、匪徒等的群(帮、伙);

CLUSTER:集结物体的群(簇、堆)。

一群羊a flock of sheep

一群鸭a flock of ducks

一群牛a herd of cattle

一群马a herd of horses

一群豺狼a pack of wolves

一群猎犬a pack of hounds

一群猴子a host of monkeys

一群蜜蜂a swarm of bees

注:

FLOCK: 飞鸟家禽、牲畜等的群,尤指羊群;

HERD:大动物的群;

PACK:野兽、猎犬等的群

自己收录一些句子(英汉翻译),大家看看吧:

1.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其它两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。

2.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.

分析:连词as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

译文:象两位老人一生中没有其它什幺东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。

3.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

分析:insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。

4.A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.

分析:lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。

译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。

5.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.

分析:本句的主干结构是:…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是过去分词短语,修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。

译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。

6.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

分析:the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。

译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕·林肯就是极好的例子。

7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

分析:such…that 结构可将such或含有such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that结构。

译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。

8.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

译文:1980年那里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。

9.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.

译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。

10.Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.

分析:no nobler nor more ambitious 中的 nor 是连词,常与 neither 或 nor 连用,有时也与 no, never 等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有 no more…than 的普通比较句型。分词短语tapping the new spirit 是表示目的的状语。本句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。

译文:为了发扬这种新的精神,在这一新的开端开始之际,对美国来说,最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。

11.Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now——so appealing in fact, that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.

译文:婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎,为大众所渴望。事实上,婚姻是如此地吸引人,以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人,几乎等不到法律的判决,就想再度结婚了。

12.There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them .这个方案有创造性,而且别出心裁,又有魅力,所以深得他们的喜欢。

13.Temperature plays the same part in the flow of heat that pres- sure does in the flow of fluids.温度在热的传导中所起的作用和压力在液体的流动中所起的作用相同。(注意使用该句式)

14.When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.

分析:在这句话中,“hardly…without”构成了“双重否定”(double negation)。虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征,但是hardly(以及scarcely, barely, few, little等)虽然没有明显的否定特征,却有否定的词义。实际上,双重否定表达的是肯定的意思,因此在翻译成汉语时,既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来,也可按照否定的语气译出。

译文:电灯又亮了,该城的人们打开开关的时候,想必几乎人人都会想到,电灯是随时可供他们使用的多幺有用的东西呀

15.There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.

译文:人们越来越认识到,尽管海洋无边无垠,但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险,或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。

16. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

译文:任何东西,从宇宙射线到辐射,以至日常饮食,都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因,但如何激活的,仍然不得而知。

17. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be less interesting.

分析:这是并列句。由and连接。第一句中的谓语动词是will net, net在这里做动词,意为“挣得、赢得”。第二句的谓语动词是will be,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的,所以省略了will,又因为省略的是助动词,因此汉语中不必译出。

译文:整个夏天挣的小费必将很少很少,而且还得和乏味的人在一起干活。

18. By taking thought, men can move mountains——and have.

译文:凭借智能,人能移山,实际上人类已经做到了。

19. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.

分析:as 引导的从句说明when从句的内容,可以说是从句的从句,翻译时最好放在主句之后,起补充说明作用。句中must 后省略了谓语add interpretation and analysis。

译文:媒体一旦增添了解释和分析,就会引起人们的强烈反感,然而,媒体又必须这样做才能充分发挥其作用。

20. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.

分析:句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as…结构使用了倒装结构,因为the family roles后面有修饰成分,故将其置后。

译文:而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色,否定生理差别的重要性,攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制,结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。

21. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.

译文:这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对此(缺少详细记载)所做的解释可能是,各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同,分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构(总统本人除外)来管理所有的政府高级官员。

22. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。

23. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen synthesis.

解释:本句中修饰成分极多,以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主,作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解,从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语,其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用,把be converted into拆成两段。

本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和synthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的,lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用,大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法,只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住,GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词,出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的,所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词,应该力求把解释看懂。

译文:随着爆发出来的运动的结束,再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态,直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢,被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

24. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.

译文:虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显着地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

25. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

译文:古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。

26.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

译文:古特曼人令人信服地论辨道,黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去,因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用,而对于这种文化遗产,黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

27. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。

28. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.

因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

29. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ?

不仅如此,有些黑人小说(比如JT的甘蔗)的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运,这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。

30. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透,但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。

31. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用,不是规定人类行为的种种细节,而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。

32. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异,从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比?

33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.

由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究,对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计,其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率,然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度,计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。

34. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率,对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言,分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

水文循环(hydrologic cycle),作为该学科中的一个主要课题,指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气,转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态,由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面,最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。

36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著述道,美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满,由于国内边远地区(internal frontier)的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说,美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。

37. In the early 1950’s,historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

译文:二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家,首次以众多的人数(杨鹏的书中:第一次以大量的数据),开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。

38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

即使是这样的要求,即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害,也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的,或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。

39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

但是,要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某种知识,即什幺样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域,我们尚未进行充分的探索。

40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑,尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言,与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。

41. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.) Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

尽管从历史角度来看,在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂,然则,《旧约全书》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》(Talmud)极为一脉相承,而所谓的《犹太教法典》,是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。

42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。

另一方面,伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arab paganism)的一种根本上的决裂;伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度,对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果,而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。

43. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes.

这其中的一个新颖思想就是,在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基:具体而言,这一思想是,在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因,倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来,而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此,对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。

44. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺:土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限,虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

45. Unless they succeed,the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated,and even if the transfer of those gene complexes,once they are found, becomes possible.

除非他们能取得成功,不然的话,绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽,即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话,且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex),一旦被发现之后,其移植得以成为可能的话。

46. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is "life-as-spectacle," for readers, diverted by its various incidents,observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad,however,presents "life-as-experience":readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles,whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)

其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克(Maynard Mack)的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”,因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”:读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心灵产生共鸣,而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 (从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思)

注:hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的

47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

对于地幔分层论点来说,最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实,即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石,是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的,而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因,大多数地质学家论辩道,为上部地幔。

48. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.

但是,某些地质学家,以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据,指出地幔并非是分层排列的,相反,地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流质构成的,这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态,自下而上渗透扩散,并依照这些流质流向的任意性,不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones.

科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(cDNA’s),以此作为分子探子(molecular probe),探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。

50.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.

采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快,因为对于免疫的方法来说,需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程,方能将肽素分离了出来,然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.

然而,研究更新世的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统,用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。

52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.

这一序列演替(succession)所依据的,主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件,而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法,去研究间冰层(interglacial bed)中所发现的生物残留物,而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)。

53.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释,所依据的要幺是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的,要幺是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。

54.Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.

诚然,这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则,任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法,在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然,表让步,=admitted , of course.

55.It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步,也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中,而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在,这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据,证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

56.Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评,诸如《分裂的社会》(Divided Society)一书中所提出的那种批判,亦将少数民族同化问题过分机械地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来,因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。

57.I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.

我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的医院临时充当护士,以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析:fill in用做及物动词词组,和a blank/a check./a form等搭配时,是做“填写”、“填入”解释的,但是如果用作不及物动词词组时,和for sb. as sb.搭配,就是做“暂时代替”来解释。

58.(An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.

批评智力的测试不反映上述情况,就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。

分析:很多情况下,failure这个词是做“失败”解释的,但是,当failure后面接动词不定式,形成failure to do sth.的结构的时候,这个failure就应当解释为“未能”、“没有”。

59.It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.

我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来,修正我们的教育制度,使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。

分析:虽然application常做“申请”解释,但是由上下文来看,这里显然不是这个意思,而是另一个意思:勤奋刻苦。同样,industry也有这个问题,它多做“工业”解释,但根据上下文应当是“勤劳”的意思。此外,这里的economic也是误译,只是看它和economy有些像,就想当然地译成“经济”,这是不对的,应当是看它在文章里的具体环境,采用“节约的”、“合理的”这个译法。

60.(There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.

但这并不能使人们感到太多不舒服,因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。

分析:company作可数和不可数名词时的意义是不同的。作可数名词时是“公司”,而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思,要格外小心。

61.He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.

他不管人家欢迎不欢迎,紧跟着他们走了进去。什幺礼貌不礼貌,他顾不得这一套。他决心不错过这个机会,把心里的问题弄明白。

分析:enlightenment在词典中的意思确实是“启蒙”、“启发”,但是在这里如果原封不动地照搬,不仅生硬,且不符合原文意思,这里就需要我们把它的引申意义找出来,即“把问题搞清楚”。

62.Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent.

在第一次世界大战给他们的大部分风俗习惯带来变化之前,他们的所有生活,除了西班牙人之外,或许比其它民族都更受到先例的制约。

分析:save可以用作动词,但是如果作为动宾结构的话,它的主语又是什幺呢?perhaps more than those of any other people和perhaps more than thirty people是两种不同的结构,后者是名词短语,可以作主语;但是前者只是一个形容词短语,不能做主语。其次,如果by a regard for precedent是save的状语的话,前面也没有必要用逗号隔开。实际上,这个by a regard for precedent是和were regulated组成的一个被动结构:were regulated by…。这样,save这一部分就不是一个句子,只是一个修饰成分。事实上,save是个介词,作“除了”解,相当于but,或是except。

63.It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East.应对中东战争(×敌对状态)负责的是两个超级大国。

有一些名词,特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后,意义是不一样的。“hostility单数作“enmity,“ill will“敌意”“敌视”解,但“hostilities复数作“war“战争”解。

64. )...he let the line slip down,down,down,unrolling off the first of the two reserve coils.……他就松手让钓丝滑下去,下去,下去,把两卷备用的(×多余的)钓丝也松开了一卷。

reserve有“预备着的”,“多余的”意思,这里应是“备用”之意。

"才"的用法

1. (= a moment ago; just):你怎麼才來就要走? You’ve only just come. Why do you want to leave so soon? /他才回到家裡,湯姆就來找他了. He had just got home when Tom came looking for him.

2. (= not until; 前面加“時間詞”): 他九點鐘才來,太晚了. He didn’t come until 9 o’clock. That was too late. /大風到晚上才止住了.The gale didn’t stop until evening. /他走了兩個鐘頭才走到.It took him two hours to get there. /你為什麼這會兒才說呢? How come you didn’t say anything until now?

3. (= not unless; not until; then and only then; for no other reason): 他吃了三碗麵才飽. He wasn’t full until he had eaten three bowls. /經他解釋之後,我才明白是怎麼回事. I didn’t understand what was going on until he explained it to me. /他說行才行.It’s O.K. only if he says so. /只有靠群眾,才能把工作做好.Only by relying on the people can we do our work well. /正因為我們有困難,才派我們去. We were sent precisely because there were problems there.

4. (= only;後面跟“數詞”): 現在才八點鐘,還早著呢. It’s only

8 o’clock, so there’s still plenty of time. /才五塊錢嗎?真便宜. Only five dollars? That’s really cheap. /這孩子才五歲,已經認得不少字了. The child is only five, and he already knows quite a few characters.

5. (= actually; really; 用於肯定或衝突,強調“才“字之前的詞,通常句尾用”呢“字作語助詞):這才好呢! Now this is really good! /你以為他傻嗎? 他才不傻呢! You think he is stupid? Not him! /我才懶得管呢! I can’t be bothered! 或 I couldn’t care less. /你才是撒

謊! You are the one who’s lying. /他要是不知道才怪呢!I’d be really surprised if he didn’t know.

6. (表示事情在前不久發生;剛才):The performance has just started.節目才開始.Why leave so soon?怎麼,才來就要走?

7. (表示事情發生或結束得晚):He left New York only yesterday.他昨天才離開紐約.

8. (表示只有在某種條件下或由於某種原因、目的,然後怎麼樣,前面常有“只有、必須、因為、由於”等配合):非等起重機來了才能裝?#092;嗎?Must we wait till the crane arrives before we start loading.只有肯努力,才能得到好成績.Only you study hard can you get good results.

9. (對比起來表示數量小,次數少,能力插等等;僅僅):1949年以前中國剛年產量最高才90多萬噸.Before 1949, China’s highest annual output of steel was only just over 900,000 tons.當時他才五歲.He was only five years old then.

10. (表示強調所說的事,句尾常用“呢”字):麥子長的才好呢!The wheat is coming along fine.他要是不知道才怪呢!It would be really strange if he didn’t know.屋子裡不熱外面才熱呢!It is not hot in the house, nut it’s really hot outside.

請注意! 在英文中這個“才”字不一定是非要用”某個單字”來表達不可;它可以用一些特別的句型,片語或語氣來表達.所以,學會用這些特別的句型,片語或語氣來表達是很重要的.

“非常, 很, 极其”的英文表达法

相信大家都会有这样的经历: 每每用英语表达一些很一般的概念时, 我们总会立刻想起某个表达法. 例如: 想说"很"时,立刻想到了very或very much; 想说"大"时, 则用big或large.这样的一一对应, 大大减弱了英语写作的丰富性和生动性.

于是这些最先为我们想到的表达法, 便成了我们提高英语水平的羁绊. 如果我们能把这些最常用概念的英语表达归类, 总结, 贫乏的英语表达便会涣然一新.

在英语中用来表达"极其, 非常, 很"的方式有26种:

1) most

(used for giving force)

a. (to an adjective) very

It really is most annoying.

b.(to an adverb) quite; very

Whatever happens, I shall most certainly attend the meeting.

注意:

most只能修饰具有主观意见或感情色彩的形容词和副词, 表示"非常, 很"的概念.我们可以说 most certainly, 但不能说most tall 或 most quick

2) awfully adv.

infml (used to give more force to an expression) very

awfully cold, awfully nice

I am awfully sorry for it.

3) badly adv.

(与"want", "need"连用) a great deal; very much

They want help badly.

He is badly in need of a haircut.

4) more than ...

fml, to a degree at which "..." is no longer a strong enough

or suitable word. 与中文的"无以名状"差不多

We were more than happy to hear of your escape.

I think his offer is more than fair.

5) ever so/such

infml. esp. BrE very

It's ever so cold.

She's ever such a nice girl.

6) immensely adv.

apprec very much

I enjoyed it immensely.

7) much adv.

to a great degree

I don't much like that idea.

I'm much surprised to hear that.

8) mighty adv.

infml. very

It was a mighty good meal, and everyone enjoyed it.

9) highly adv.

(esp. before adjectives made from verbs) to a high degree; very

highly pleased, highly skilled, highly interesting, highly

enjoyable

This is a highly amusing film.

10) greatly adv.

(with verb forms, esp. the past p.)

to a large degree; very

greatly moved by his kindnes

greatly to be feared

We are greatly obliged to you for your help.

11) mortally adv.

very greatly; deeply

She is mortally afraid of walking home alone on a

dark night.

He is mortally jealous.

12) deeply adv.

greatly

We are deeply obliged to you for your help.

13) like anything

very hard; fiercely

When they arrived, the house was burning like anything.

The maid wanted like anything to try on her mistress's clothes.

He is brave like anything.

14) only too

very

only too happy to come

I am only too glad to go there.

15) a thousand

It is a thouand pity.

A thousand thanks!

16) one hundred percent

I am sure the figure is one hundred percent correct.

17) to the world

He was tired to the world.

18) up to the handle

I am enjoying my trip up to the handle.

19) to a large extent

I agree with what you say to a large extent.

20) not half

BrE infml very

It isn't half windy today!

They didn't half support my proposal.

21) extremely

I am extremely sorry

22) exceedingly adv.

very; to an unusual degree

They were exceedingly kind.

23) terribly adv.

infml. very

I've been terribly worried about you all day.

We were terribly lucky to find you there.

24) quite adv.

more than usually; rather

It's really quite good; much better than we expected.

25) utterly adv.

completely

I found the books utterly charming, instructive, and

inspiring.

26) completely adv

wholly; altogether; in every way; totally

The army made a completely successful attack

on the enemy capital.

与日、夜相关的惯用语

每天都要经历的"日"和"夜"与惯用语的关系也很密切,下列例句足以为证:

(1)All night long: 整夜

Some stores stay open all night long.

(2)Call it a day: 一天工作完毕

Every day, we have class from 9am and will call it a day at 4.30pm.

(3)Day after day: 每天

Schooling could be very boring, as the students do the same things day after day.

(4)Day in day out: 一天又一天

Henry wears the same old jeans day in day out. Isn't he going to buy some new clothes ?

(5)For a rainy day: 为困难的日子作准备

When a person gets older, he will realise the importance of saving for a rainy day.

(6)In this day and age: 在现在这时代

In this day and age, no one can expect to get something out of nothing.

(7)Have an off day: 不大成功或顺利的一天

Tom did not do well in yesterday's test.He considered him unlucky euough to have an off day.

(8)The order of the day: 一般的惯例

In a petroleum station here, payment by credit card is the order of the day.

(9)The other day: 几天前

I bumped into an old friend the other day.

(10)To this day: (指日期)准确地

It is 40 years to this day that I left university.

(11)Have seen better days: 曾经历过好日子

Palmer was departmental head in that university before he came here. He has seen better days.

(12)Some day: 将来

Everyone hopes to be great some day.

(13)One's days are numbered: 末日将临:

Under computerisation, unskilled workers become redundant. Their days in a company are numbered.

(14)Carry the day: 胜利的一天

Our team lost at first, but later, it carried the day with two goals to one.

(15)Someone's day: 幸运的一天

Jim was promoted. Furthermore, he was given a performance bonus yesterday. It was his day.

(16)Take a day off: 休息一天

Janet was unwell and took a day off.

(17)Have a night out: 夜间出去消遣

It's time to have a change. We must have a night out at the weekend.

(18)A night owl: 迟迟不睡者

The moment Jack entered the university, he was a night owl.

(19)At the dead of night: 深夜

Our managerial officers attended the emergency meeting at the dead ofnight.

(20) Save the day: 使情况变佳.

Frank saved the day by kicking in a goal during the last five minutes of the match.

(21)Every dog has its day: 凡人都有得意日

I have seen ordinary people suddenly become important. This is a case of every dog has its day.

(22)What is done by night appears by day: 若要人不知,除非己莫为"Crime does not pay. Criminals will be found out. That's why we say : What is done by night appears by day.

《联合早报》"Not" 的巧用

大家都知道, 说话和写文章是有很大的不同的, 说话讲求的是能够清楚地表达自己的意思, 因此在用字上要力求简单扼要, 但重点部份要强调出来. 你能够清楚地掌握这个重点吗? 现在来考考你, 如果有人问你, "Did you break this plate?" 你要强调这不是我干的, 你会怎么说? 你会不会说, "No, I didn't." 但是要注意喔! "No, I didn't" 只是说, "我没有作" 这跟 "不是我干的" 有很大的差别喔.. 那正确的说法应该是怎样? 让我们来看看 "Not" 的用法.

1. Not me. 不是我.

嘿... 没想到这么简单吧! 这种看似简单, 文法也不对的句子, 却是老美天天挂在嘴边的话. 这句话简单明了, 而且把重点 "不是我" 给强调出来. 这是非常好的一个句子. 另外, 老美也很喜欢讲 "Wasn't me." 这跟 "Not me." 都是一样的意思, 同样强调这不是我干的.

还有像以前大家很流行机车联谊, 结果很不幸你的钥匙被恐龙给抽中了, 你就可以望天长叹说, "Oh, not me." (怎么会是我呢?) 或是你也可以说, "Why me?"

2. Not today. 不要今天啦.

这种用法常常用在二个人相约时间的时候. 例如有人找你去看电影, "Do you want to go to see the movie?" 你就可以说, "Oh, not today" 这表示出你还是蛮想去的, 只不过今天不行. 另外 "Not at this moment." 或是 "Not now." 也蛮常用的.

3. Not a word. 保持安静.

"Not a word" 跟 "Be quiet." 一样都是要别人安静下来的意思. 例如你跟朋友去看电影, 结果电影都开演了, 你的朋友还在叽叽喳喳讲个不停, 这时候你就可以跟他说, "Shhhhhhh. Not a word." 或是 "Be quiet." 要是你真的已经很烦了,就说 "Shut up!"

4. Not so fast. 不要那么快啦.

有些男女朋友第一次约会就牵牵手, 如果你是女生, 觉得这样子实在是太快了, 你就可以说, "Hey, not so fast." 同样的, 有些男生去陪女朋友就像例行公事一样, 随便敷衍个二句就想走人, 这时女生就可以说, "Not so fast."

5. Not a chance. 一点机会也没有.

这句话根 "You don't have any chance" 是一样的, 都是表示根本就没有机会. 例如比赛前别人问你, "Can we beat them?" 你就可以说, "Not a chance"

跟 Not a chance 意思相当的句子有很多, 例如 "Not really", "Not in a million years", "Not in my life time" 或是 "Not in your life time" 例如你要跟朋友去打球, 你朋友说, "You man. I'm gonna kick your ass!" 你就可以说, "In your dream, pal! Not in your life time" 意思就是, 作你的大头梦去吧! 我看在你的有生之年是不可能了!

6. Not at all. 一点也不.

这句话通常是用来回答别人的问题, 例如别人问你, "Do you like American food?" 你就可以回答 "Not at all". 这句话强调出一点也不喜欢. 如果只说 "No, I don't like it." 可能多少还会吃一点, 可是 "Not at all" 可能就是连吃都不会想去吃了, 算是全部否定对方的回答.

如果是部份否定的话, 你可以说 "Not really" 表示你不全然同意对方所说的话. 像是同样如果别人问你, "Do you like American food?" 你说 "Not really." 就表示出你不是那么喜欢.

7. Not good enough. 还不够好.

这句话是专门用来挑剔别人用的. 例如小孩考了八十分就很兴奋地跑去跟父母说, "I got 80 in the test!" 他父母如果是那种比较严苛一点的人的话, 可能就会说, "Not good enough." 或是你也可以泼别人冷水, 例如别人说, "That book is awesome!" 你就可以回他一句, "Not good enough for me."

8.Not again 不会再来一次吧.

当有什么倒霉事第一次发生时, 你可以笑笑地说 bad luck 或是 rotten luck. 但是当第二次又接著发生了, 你大概就会说, "No, not again" 例如车子爆胎了, 你刚拿去补完才出汽车修理店门口又被一根铁钉刺到, 我想任何正常人的反应一定都是 No, not again 吧!

9. Not possible. 不可能.

这个 not possible 跟 impossible 是一样的意思. 可是就算有了 impossible 这个字, 很多老美还是喜欢说 not possible. 可能是这个 not 比较能强较出 "不"的意思吧! 例如有人问你可不可以在半小时内到某地会面, 你就可以说, "Not possible, it's rush hour now."

10. Not a soul in sight. 半个人影也没有.

这句话算是固定的用法. Soul 在这里就是指人而言. 如果讲的不是人而是其它的东西的话, 则用 "Not a thing." 例如别人问你, "Did you see anything in the bush?" 要是你什么也没看到, 你就可以回答, "Not a thing."

表示“正在进行”的be+介词短语

表示“正在进行”这一动作,通常用现在进行时表示。如:I am having a class now.(我正在上课。)但“正在进行”这一动作,还可以用“be+介词短语”来表示。常见的介词短语类型有: be +at引导的介词短语;be +in引导的介词短语;be +on引导的介词短语; be +under引导的介词短语等。

Ⅰ.be+at引导的介词短语

be at war(正在交战):The two countries are at war now.两国正在交战。

(相当于:The two countries are waging a war now.)

be at work(正在工作):Jim is at work on his car now.吉姆正在修自己的车。

(相当于:Jim is repairing his car now.)

be at peace(处于和平或平静状态):

Thus Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years.

于是欧洲在十年以后第一次进入和平状态。

be at table(正在吃饭):When I arrived my friends were already at table.

当我到达时,我的朋友们正在吃饭。

常见的这类结构还有:be at meeting正在开会;be at school正在上学;be at breakfast(lunch /supper)正在吃早(午/晚)饭;be at church正在做礼拜,等等。

Ⅱ.be+in引导的介词短语

be in progress(正在进展):The building of the bridge is in progress.

这座桥梁正在施工中。(相当于:The bridge is being built now.)

be in trade(正在做买卖):Some people of this country are in gold and ivory trade.

这个国家的有些人正在做黄金和象牙买卖。

be in fashion(流行): Long hair is very much in fashion now.如今,留长发正时兴。

be in trouble(处于困境/困难之中):I am in great trouble.My little boy has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself.我遇上点麻烦,我的小儿子从梯子上掉下来,并且摔伤了。

常见的这类结构还有:be in danger处在危险中;be in operation正在运行; be in action在活动(运转/战斗)中;be in peril在危险之中;be in class正在上课;be in hospital正在住院;be in office在执政;be in tears正在流泪;be in milk正在产奶;be in issue正在争论之中;be in church正在做礼拜;等等。

Ⅲ.be+on引导的介词短语

be on strike(正在罢工):The electricity workers have been on strike for several weeks now.电力工人到目前已经罢工好几个星期了。(即现在仍在罢工)

be on leave(正在休假):Several soldiers are on leave in our village.几位军人正在我们村子里休假。

be on the rise(正在上涨):Prices of vegetables are on the rise.蔬菜价格正在上涨。

常见的这类结构还有:be on a visit正在访问;be on the stumps处在困难之中;be on sale正在出售(美语作:削价出售),等等。

Ⅳ.be +under引导的介词短语

be under consideration(正在考虑之中):The plan is under consideration by the Ministry of Education.教育部正在考虑这项计划。

be +under construction(正在修建中):The new railway is still under construction.新铁路仍在修筑之中。

be +under discussion(正在讨论之中):That issue has no relation to the matter under discussion.那个问题和正在讨论的事没有关系。

常见的这类结构还有:be under treatment正在治疗中;be under repair正在修理中,等等。

值得英语学习者注意的是

⑴尽管be+介词短语能表示“正在进行”这一意义,但它和be+现在分词所表示的语法意义是有差别的。前者着重事物所处的状态,偏重于静态;后者着重事物的动态,集中表示事物的动感。

⑵绝大部分这类结构,其名词前都没有冠词,假如加一冠词,意义将大相径庭。如:The Conservative Party is in office.保守党在执政。The principal is now in the office.校长现在在办公室。英语学习者对上述差别决不可掉以轻心。

★起形容词作用的分词(形容词型分词)★

记得前两天有旺友问“动词+ed"作形容词的问题,刚好张道真的一本语法书上有很详细的介绍,准备把它拿到这和大家共享。有点长,而我打字又慢,慢慢输吧,争取在7-10天内完成:)

起形容词作用的分词(形容词型分词)

a. 分词作定语的用法

1)总的特点

分词可以作定语,修饰或是限制一个名词,可以放在它前面,也可以放在它后面。一般说来,简单分词可以放在名词前面,分词短语放在名词后面。

a)放在名词前面的分词

1/表示动作的分词:

一个现在分词或过去分词放在名词前时,可以表示一时的动作,这时它的动词特点胜过形容词特点,相当于一个定语从句

Do you see the rising sun(=sun which is rising) in the east?

They tried to surround the retreating troops (=troops which were retreating).

The roaring lion frightened all the animals in the jungle.

They tried to deliver the besieged city (=city which was being besieged).

These repeated efforts(=efforts which were being repeated) were still inadequate.

Those oppressed nations (=nations that are being oppressed ) are rising to liberate themselves.

2/表示特点的分词:

它也可以表示比较长久或永久性的特点。这时它的形容词特点胜过它的动词特点:

Germs are living creatures (=not inanimate things, creatures that can live).

She is a charming lady (attractive lady, lady who charms others)

The working classes are usually poor.

There were many flying fish.

We watched the moving pictures (=motion pictures)

Used cars (=old cars,cars which have been used) are cheaper than new ones/

Stolen love (=Secret love, love which is stolen), though dangerous, tastes exceptionally sweet.

This printed matter may be sent by mail.

3/和用作形容词的动名词的差别:

用在名词前的现在分词和用在名词前起形容词作用的动名词是有区别的,从意思上、重音上及是否加连字号,都有区别。下面各对句子中,第一句中带-ing词尾的动词为分词,第二句中带-ing词尾的动词为动名词:

Boiling water(=Water that is boiling) can produce enormous power.

Water begins to boil at the boiling-point(=point at which liquid boils;而不是point which boils).

He is a walking dictionary (=dictionary that canwalk, learned man).

He came with a walking-stick (=stick for walking;非stick that os walking)

How clever that dancing bear (=bear that is dancing) is!

He is a dancing-master (=master who teaches dancing).

Someone said many years ago thatChinawas a sleeping lion (=lion that was sleeping).

He is in the sleeping-car (=car for sleeping,而不是 car that is sleeping).

Running water is cleaner than stagnant water.

It is a running-track for sportsmen.

4/用作名词的情况

和形容词一样,某些分词在加the时(后面不跟名词),可以代表一类人或一种抽象东西:

Which are more numerous, the dead or the living (=the living people)

Something must be done immediately with the wounded and the dying.

What should we do with the oppressed, the defeated the insulted and the injured?

Can we say anything about the unseen (=the thing unseen) and the unknown (=the thing unknown)?

放在名词后的分词

放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语,它可以变成一个定语从句(尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语):

1/表示一时动作的分词短语:

The danger threatening the world (=which is threatening the area ) is too many people with too little food.

They looked on at the city being attacked by the enemy (=which was being attacked by the enemy).

The man being followed by guards (=who are being followed by guards) is a party leader.

2/表示长久特点的分词短语:

A man respecting others (=who respects others ) will be respected.

Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught (=who refuses to be taught)?

It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman.

Books called the comics (=that are called the comics ) are sometimes harmful to children.

Any books well read (=that are well read ) are good books and any men well treated are good men.

名词前作定语的分词

a)用在名词前的不及物现在分词

名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词:

The trembling criminal hung his head.

Do you see the floating bridge there?

She is a doting mother.

The existing situation will last some years.

In the field are nodding trees, murmuring rivulets, smiling flowers, singing birds, swimming ducks and playing children.

He is an uncompromising diplomat.

It proves futile in spite of all untiring efforts.

This upright man always takes an unswerving course.

It is an unavailing plot.

There is an undying friendship between them.

b)用在名词前的及物现在分词

1/意义上的宾语为‘人’的情况:

及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面,但它们大多表示情绪。它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人,是不说出的。

It is a charming story=It is a story that charms us (me,you or anyone).

We have an encouraging prospect. =We have a prospect that encourages us.

This exciting experience made him sleepless. =This experience, which excited him, made him sleepless.

It is an interesting (or surprising, amazing, moving, entertaining, affecting ) story.

He has a puzzling problem to solve.

In the forest there happened a shocking (or frightening ) case of murder.

Her fascinating eyes and her tempting mouth put you in a reverie.

It is a misleading statement, a deceiving promise.

An unconvincing rumor spread over the city.

2/意义上的宾语为‘物’的情况:

有少数及物动词的分词,它们的意义上的宾语也不说出, 却是指‘物’的,这时要经过琢磨才知道宾语是什么:

It is an arresting sight (=a sight that arrests somebody's attention), an imploring look (=a look that implores somebody's help), a revealing story (= a story that reveals things hidden or kept secret), a deserving cause (=a cause that deserves sympathy or help).

He is a grasping attorney (an attorney who are eager to grasp money).

A knowing man (=a man who knows all the secret),

an understanding man (a man who understands others' feelings),

a forbidding headmaster (=a headmaster who forbids others to approach or to like him),

a loving father (=a father who loves children or others),

a promising youth (a youth who promises to suceed),

a designing businessman (=a bisinessman who designs some intrigues),

an unfeeling judge (=judge who feels no sympathy),

an unforgiving father (=a father who does not forgive any fault),

an unthinking playboy(=a playboy who does not think of the consequences)

an unsparing housewife (=housewilfe who does not spare money),

an unassuming scholar (=a scholar who does not assume importance),

an unpretending manager (=a manager who does not pretend importance).

c)用在名词前的及物过去分词

1/一般过去分词:

及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作它的修饰语。它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作,也可以表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果:

He is an honoured abd respected professor (=professor who is honoued and respected).

We live in a crowded area.

The oppressed natons are beginning to rise.

The persecuted patriot hid himself in the jungle.

I drink boiled water (=water that has been boiled before, but is no more boiled and is free from germs now ).

There are many trained nurses (=nurses who have been trained before, but are efficient now) in this hospital.

Don't tread on the broken glass (=glass that has been broken before, but may hurt somebody's feet now).

Used cars cost cheaper than new ones.

There are thousands of wounded soldiers in this lost battle.

He is a qualified teacher.

2/已失去动词特点的分词:

a/以-en(或-n)结尾的过去分词

有不少过去分词已失去动词特点,成为纯粹的形容词,它们有些以-en(或-n)结尾:

His honesty is a proven fact.

I like frozen fruit.

This is the tomb of forgotten heroes.

How hot is molten iron?

It is said the devil has cloven hoofs.

Some drunken sailors are fighting in the street.

Do you see the hidden meaning of this letter?

下面词组中也包含这种分词:

driven snow, woven thread, sawn timber, hewn timber, a sunken cheek, shrunken clothes, a rotten egg, a shorn lamb, a gaven image, a terror-stricken child, a down-trodden people, ill-gotten money, a swollen face, a carven image, his broken promise.

b/带un-前缀的过去分词:

"That is an unfounded rumour." "No, it is an undoubted fact."

There are unnumbered (or untold) crimes in this small city.

The enemy suddenly attacked this unguarded city.

His unaffected (or unfeigned) manners make me love him.

A rich man has to hear unearned praise from time to time.

What is the most important thing for an underdeveloped country?

That is an unheard-of (=extraordinary) case of murder.

He bacame the owner of undreamt-of wealth.

An unlooked-for (=unexpected) love letter came to me this morning.

An unwished-for (or unhoped-for )(=undesirable ) accident happened to me.

Nobody can stand this uncalled-for (=unnecessary and improper) insult.

c/有特别意义的过去分词:

有少数过去分词,用做纯粹的形容词时,意思发生一些变化,已不再是做动词时的意思,如动词celebrate表示‘庆祝’,但形容词celebrated却表示‘著名的’:

This is a celebrated city.

This is the most noted (=famous) mounain inJapan.

He is a confirmed pickpocket (=pickpocket who is unlikely to be changed).

He is a past-master (=one who has much experience) in deceit.

He will suffer for his ill-advised (=unwise) action.

I have never seen such a beautiful place in my born days (=in my lifetime).

d/有主动意义的过去分词:

大多数过去分词都有被动意思,例如 the unforgotten hero 的意思是 the hero that has been forgotten,又如 boiled water的意思是water that has been boiled. 但有少数过去分词却有主动意思,它们甚至起及物动词作用,可以有一个说不出的宾语。例如 a drunken sailor 意思是a sailor who has drunk too much liquor.

A learned scholar (=A scholar who has leanred very mush ) usually looks silly.

Experienced men (=Men who have experienced a lot) in this matter are not numerous.

A practised man (=A man who has often practised doing this) can do more than a greenhorn.

These cultivated people (=These people, who have cultivated their minds ) are my good friends.

The king loves his devoted subjects (=his subjects, who devotes themselves to him ).

A dissipated youth (=A youth who dissipates his time and money ) will ruin himself.

Is a contented man (=a man who contents himself with what he has ) always happy?

The mistaken traveller has had a narrow escape.

d)用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词

某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面做定语。这是一类特殊的宾补动词,它们用在下面这类句子中:

They declared him to be a traitor.

They proved the statement to be false.

He professed himself to be a scientist.

下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词

This is the reputed scene (= the place which is reputed to be the scene ) of robbery.

John is the supposed father (=the man who is supposed to be the father) of this child.

He is an avowed member (= a man who has avowed himself to be a member ) of this party.

He is a professed scientist.

The confessed (or admitted ) thief was sent to prison.

e)用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词

有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语。它们多数表示一种变化,表示一种完成的动作,一种状态。它们已失去动词的特点,不再有被动意义,几乎成了形容词:

A retired official (=An official who has retired or is retired) lives next door.

He is a returned student (=a student who has returned from abroad).

The decayed tooth should be pulled off.

A married man is more stable in character than a bachelor.

Thousands of people mourned for the deceased actress.

Both fading and faded flowers were blown about in the strong wind.

Here and there were decaying or decayed leaves.

We see changing and changed modes of life every year and every day.

下面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词:

abdicted emperor, obsconed debtor, aged poet, arrived guest, assembled company, eloped pair, escaped prisoner, failed candidate, fallen angel, fled robber, perjured witness, travelled writter

departed glories, expired lease, foregone conclusion, mouldered temple, risen sun, rotten fruit, shrunken clothes, sunken rocks, vanished civilization, withered leaves, well-read and well-behaved young man, plain-spoken politician, free-spoken man, full-grown girl, full-blown roses

3)在名词后作定语的分词

分词也可以放在它们所修饰的名词的后面

a)简单分词

简单分词,不管是现在分词还是过去分词,放在名词后的情况是比较少的,但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面:

1/如果它受到强调,感到像一个从句:

I want to know the person coming (=who comes or is coming)

Who were the people participating (=who participated )?

I went into the room adjoining---and saw something I can't tell.

No man living can do that.

I went to meet her at the plane indicated (=which had been indicated).

They threw into prison all the persons all the persons suspected (=who were suspected).

The prisioner acquitted went home directly.

The matter being investgiated (=that is being investigated) is a military secret.

The work being done (=that was being done ) prevented his from going.

下面词组中各包含一个这样的词

The money spent, the day appointed, the fact alleged, the reason given, the plan suggested, the party interested, the guests invited.

2/如果它用来进行对比:

The visitors coming and going are so numerous.

He is a person revered and beloved.

In many countries, word spoken are different from words written.

3/如果名词是一个不关紧要的词或被修饰的是一个代词:

Those remaining had to wait two days more.

Virtue is a thing unseen.

He is like one charmed.

All involved will be sent to jail.

The point controverted is insignificant.

4/如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词:

This is the most difficult job known.

He is the fattest man living

The chief (or only, one) guest invited was me.

This is the only chance left.

We welcomed every client (or all clients) coming.

Every man arriving received a gift.

5/如果分词和其他词构成固定词组(短语):

I will stay here for the time being.

We danced for two days running.

They were at daggers drawn.

I know the bank concerned.

The votes cast represent their opinion.

There is 20 dollars remaining.

6/如果分词前加so或thus:

Fish thus (or so) cooked is delicous.

Money thus (or so) earned is money stolen.

7/如果分词是某些特定的词 (这时分词也可以放在名词前面):

He is a poet born (or born poet)

He is a novelist born and bred (or a born and bred novelist).

An artist born and brought up (or a born and brought up artist ) must be different from an ordinary man.

The terms above-metioned (or -cited, -specified,-said, -named) should be carried out.

The person before- (or afore-) metioned died in 1950.

The expected visitor came in the year following at the time appointed.

分词短语

1/现在分词短语:

现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面,它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句(完成分词不能这样用):

It is a question puzzling (=that puzzles) many people.

(带有宾语)(比较:It is a puzzling question.)

He was a businessman growing(=that grew ) rich in recent years.

(带有补语)(比较:He is a growing boy.)

The gentleman talking (=who is talking ) so loudly is my uncle.

(带有副词) (比较:Can you read her talking eyes?)

The lady visiting (=who visited) us from time to time taught us French. (带有副词短语)

The girl coming to learn music is only siz years old. (带有不定式作状语)

"Anybody getting up as soon as the cock crows will be rewarded," said my father. (带有状语从句)

2/过去分词短语:

过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰的名词后面,它相当于一个被包含有被动谓语的定语从句,这个谓语可以是完成时态,也可以是一般时态。 若分词是被动进行形式(即由being开头的短语),这个谓语又可以是进行时态。

Dogs cruelly treated (=which have been cruelly treated ) will be vicious. (带有副词)

The woman abandoned (=who had been abandoned) by her husband called on me one day. (带有副词短语)

I drink water boiled (=which has been boiled) at least ten minutes.

Book called (=that are called ) the comics may be harmful to children. (带有补语)

Boys disciplined (=who are disciplined) when they are yong will become good citizens. (带有状语从句)

I shall study the subject being studied (=which is being studied) by so many students. (带有being)

The text-book being used (=which is being used) in this school is "Let Us Learn French".

c)前面带as的分词

连词as可以用在分词前面

The news as arriving (=The news as it arrives, Such news as arrives( today is not believable. (There may be different news).

The results as proclaimed (=The results as they have been proclaimed, Such results as have been proclaimed) in today's newspaper are encouraging.

His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.

I will tell you a story as told by my mother.

b.作主语补语的分词

现在分词和过去分词都可以用在is,was,grow,feel这类系动词后做补语(亦称表语)。由于它们修饰解释主语,可以称作主语补语:

It is interesting (or charming, astonishing, exciting).(这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词,尽管看起来像谓语动词,却不是谓语动词。)

He was interested (or charmed, astonished,excited). 这些表示情绪的过去分词,这里也是用作纯粹的形容词。)

She is very (or greatly) delighted (or disgusted, concerned, pleased). (带有表示程度的副词)

He felt interested (or charmed, astonished, excited, annoyed, assured ).

He appears (or seems ) pretending (or sparing, unthinking, grasping, forbidding).

It looks decayed (or withered, rotten, sunken).

He remains unsatisfied; the matter remains unsettled and untouched.

His illness continued unchanged.

He became excited (or discouraged).

He got scolded.

He grew tired of life.

The situation proves encouraging.

c.作宾语补语的分词

分词也可用在see,hear,set,make,keep这类宾补动词后,作宾语的补语,修饰或谈及宾语的情况,他们称为宾语补语。它们仍具有动词的特点,可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。另外,如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用,它们可以转变为及物动词,同时现在分词或过去分词可以变成that从句中的谓语动词:

I saw(宾补动词) him(宾语) running(现在分词作宾补) off. (=I saw(及物动词) that he was running or ran(谓语动词) off)

I found(宾补动词) those people(宾语) working(现在分词) hard. (=I found(及物动词) that those people were working or worked(谓语动词) hard.)

They heard her singing.

Did you notice that fellow stealing it?

I saw the thief caught by policemen. (=I saw that the thief was caught by the policemen.)

Do your own yourself defeated?(=Do you own that you have been defeated?)

He declared himself satisfied.

I must see everything done properly.

I found everything changed.

如果宾补动词不表示感官作用,分词则不能变为that从句中的谓语动词:

He left his children playing in the street.

The joke set all of them laughing.

They must keep the pot boiling.

I have kept you waiting a long time.

He sent the ball flying.

They caught him doing evil.

I can't make myself understood.

His actions make him respected, but not his words.

I have a house built on the mountain.

Please get thie luggage carried into the room.

分词也可由being 开始:

He watched the pictures being hung on the wall.

I found myself being looked after by ten servants. (=I found that I was being looked after by ten servants.)

在某些宾补动词后,现在分词前可加连词as:

He described the city as expressing the modern idea of speed.

He quoted Confucius as saying this.

He recorded the movement as beginning a new era.

He accepted me as having seen much of the world.

The results show their lessons as having been neglected.

He looked upon the accident as being caused by a grave misunderstanding.

在个别动词的被动结构后也可带as的分词短语:

The story was told as having happened to himself.

An old man was represented as standing among his sons.

I was given a dictionary as being the best students.

d.作解释性修饰语得分词

作为解释性修饰语,它常常放在主语后面或前面,由逗号把它和主语分开,就像一个作状语的分词一样。但是作状语的分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步等,可改为一个状语从句,并修饰谓语动词。作解释性修饰语的分词若说明伴随的情况时,不能变为状语从句,这时对主语的说明多于对谓语的说明。对下面两对句子加以比较,就可看出这两种用法的差别:

Gasping and excited(作状语的分词),Richard aroused suspicion. (=Because he gasped and was excited, Richard aroused suspicion.)

Gasping and excited(作解释性修饰语的分词),Richard arrived home. (Approximately=Richard gasped and was excited when he arived home;或Richard gasped and was excited, and thus he arrived home.)

Not seen by anyone(作状语的分词),David stole the watch. (=As he was not seen by anyone, David stole the watch)

Not seen by anyone(), David ran past. (Approxinately=David was not seen by anyone when he ran past;或David was not seen by anyone, and thus he ran past.)

下面是一些包含有解释性修饰语的句子:

Shivering and greatly ashamed, Lilian lowered her head.

Starving, John wandered about.

Kneeling and shutting her eyes, Mary prayed to the goddess.

Bleeding and fainting, he waited for the ambulance.

Closing the door, he shut out the beggar.

Shouting aloud, he called to me.

Walking along the bank, the poet sang a sorrowful song.

Dressed in while, she suddenly appeared.

Supported by his sons, the old man came out.

这些分词放在主语后时最不强调,放在句末时强调意义最明显

Richard,gasping and excited, arrived home.

David, not seen by anyone, ran past.

Mary, kneeling and shutting her eyes, prayed to the goddess.(只有主语为名词时,分词才可放在它后面,如果是代词,譬如说he,就不能放在这个位置.)

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