Premium Essay

Enron and Microsoft

In:

Submitted By akanapo
Words 1924
Pages 8
ENRON:
Enron was a giant global corporation that depended on outside credit sources to finance its daily operations. In turn its credit- worthiness depended on its performance as reflected in its share prices. Enron was a corporate superpower. One of the reasons why people felt safe investing in Enron was its size and the inelasticity of its main product – the buying and selling of energy. Energy is a necessity and the quantity demanded will not change much if at all due to higher prices. The energy market, unlike other sectors of the economy – is dominated by a few very large companies, oscillating from the state of oligopoly to that of a monopoly. The energy market was loosely regulated and these factors set the stage for the numerous unethical and illegal activities in the operation and financial reporting of this once giant organization. Enron allegedly became successful, trading over 800 different products worldwide, but was mainly recognized as the main buyer and seller of energy. Enron’s enormous size and inelastic product of energy made investors feel safe. Energy has inelastic demand, Enron was the number one supplier of Energy, and so Enron set the market. Enron supplied high returns to its investors, held enormous influence in government and helped create the policies for the energy market. In my opinion Enron grew too fast, was too strong, and held to much influence - making it a victim of its success and of its leader’s greed and arrogance.

Brief History of Enron: Enron was created when the Houston Natural Gas Company merged with InterNorth, a natural gas company in July, 1985. Originally Enron was an operator of interstate gas pipelines, but by 1989 Enron diversified into trading energy-related commodities. In a few years, Enron becomes the largest merchant of energy in the United States and the United Kingdom. By 1994 Enron becomes the largest

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Why Is Antitrust Laws Important In Business

...it takes to stay on top. The United States has laws that are ordinarily used as a way to make sure that honest and fair practices are followed in business organizations. These laws are very important and should be strictly adhered to so that the organization's integrity stays intact while at the same time they continue increasing their customers and profits. The United States as well as many other countries has many antitrust laws that forbids acts or understandings that can get rid of or deter fair competition, these laws also forbids the maltreatment of a dominant industry position, restraint or misrepresent commerce, hold prices by artificial means, or bring forward a monopoly. I will be writing about antitrust laws and the famous Microsoft case to demonstrate how business ethics and fair practices are important in business, it’s not only right thing to do but can also be beneficial to the company, clients and employees....

Words: 1245 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Acct218 Final Exam

...Fall 2014 - Acct 218 -- Final Exam Problems – Take Home Version Name_______________________________________________________________Date___________ 1. CALCULATION OF DIVIDENDS-BASED VALUE. Royal Dutch Shell is a petroleum and petrochemicals company. It engages primarily in the exploration, production, and sale of crude oil and natural gas and the manufacture, transportation, and sale of petroleum and petrochemical products. The company operates in approximately 200 countries worldwide—in countries in North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Africa, South America, and the Middle East. During 2006–2008, Royal Dutch Shell generated the following total dividends to common equity shareholders (in USD millions Analysts project 5 percent growth in earnings over the next five years. Assuming concurrent 5 percent growth in dividends, the following table provides the amounts that analysts project for Royal Dutch Shell’s total dividends for each of the next five years. In Year 6,total dividends are projected for Royal Dutch Shell assuming that its income statement and balance sheet will grow at a long-term growth rate of 3 percent. At the end of 2008, Royal Dutch Shell had a market beta of 0.71. At that time, yields on intermediate-term U.S. Treasuries were roughly 3.5 percent. Assume that the market required a 5.0 percent risk premium. Royal Dutch Shell had 6,241 million shares outstanding at the end of 2008 that traded at a share price of $24.87. Required a. Calculate the required...

Words: 1230 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Business

... recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Text Permissions Manager: Timothy Sisler ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. used herein under license. Technology Project Editor: Rob Ellington © 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Content Project Manager: Lysa Kosins Manufacturing Coordinator: Doug Wilke Production Service: PrePressPMG Sr. Art Director: Tippy McIntosh Internal and Cover Designer: Mike Stratton/Stratton Design Cover Image: Todd Davison PTY LTD/The Image Bank/Getty Images...

Words: 18749 - Pages: 75

Free Essay

Auditing

...Lab #1 assignment Assess the impact of sarbanes-oxley (sox) compliance law on Enron Course Name: Information Technology Audit & Control Student Name: Abdullah Shafea, Ammar Alshehri and Mohammed Rammal Instructor Name: dr. k. Mustafa Lab Due Date: 23/2/2016 Overview Enron, a corporation headquartered in Houston, operated one of the largest natural gas transmission networks in North America, totaling over 36,000 miles, in addition to being the largest marketer of natural gas and electricity in the United States. Enron managed the world's largest portfolio of natural gas risk management contracts and pioneered innovative trading products. The company was on Fortune's "Most Innovative" in the United States listing for several years running and reached 7 on the Fortune 500 list in 2000. Its bankruptcy in December 2001 was the largest such filing in United States history. The name Enron became synonymous with corporate greed and corruption, and its demise cost investors and employees over $70 billion in lost capitalization and retirement benefits. Enron shows us what a company and its leadership are capable of, when they are obsessed with making profits at any cost. One of Enron's lasting effects was the creation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which tightened disclosure and increased the penalties for financial manipulation. Second, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) substantially raised...

Words: 978 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Its Effect on the Accounting Profession

...reforms since the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt” by President George W. Bush when he signed it into law. The act contains 11 titles, or sections, ranging from additional corporate board responsibilities to criminal penalties, and requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement rulings on requirements to comply with the law. The act also covers issues such as auditor independence, corporate governance, internal control assessment, and enhanced financial disclosure. The bill was enacted as a reaction to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals including those affecting Enron, Tyco, WorldCom and Arthur Andersen LLP. These scandals cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed and shook public confidence in the nation's securities markets. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Its Effect on the Accounting Profession Enron, World Com and Arthur Andersen LLP, three names that have long become synonymous with deceptive accounting practices and lack of transparency, were but a few of the catalysts to the hastily enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. More commonly known as SOX, it was enacted on July 29, 2002 and signed into law on July 30, 2002 by President Bush. It’s also known as the 'Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act' (in the Senate) and 'Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act' (in the House). Sarbanes-Oxley’s named after sponsors U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes...

Words: 3963 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

The Corporation/Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis

...1. What are the four major types of firm in the U.S, how are they defined, and what are the key differences between them? I understand from the course text that within the context of corporate finance the four types of firms in the U.S. are sole proprietorship, limited liability companies, partnerships and corporations (Berk & DeMarzo, 2011). These four firms are fundamentally different in their makeup and operations. To begin with a corporation is a legally defined artificial being with legal powers such as the ability to enter into contracts, acquire assets and incur obligations amongst others. I believe that corporations are one of the most recognizable business structures today as their span is wide spread and various corporations are in the news at any given point in time. Essentially they have a separate identity from the owners of the company and there may be many owners who participate as shareholders of a corporation. From the very name, a sole proprietorship is a business in which there is a single owner who is solely responsible for making business decisions and a partnership consists of two or more individuals who share the responsibility of running the company. A sole proprietorship is the most common form of business organization as it is easy to form and offers the owner complete control. Within a partnership each partner contributes money, property or skill with the expectation to share in the profits and losses of the business. From a corporate context the...

Words: 4000 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

What Is Entrepreneurship?

...What is entrepreneurship? Introduction Entrepreneurship is also known as helping to create healthy and profitable competition in the market, but what is the entrepreneurship? There is no standard answer. The purpose of this article is to defining the entrepreneurship by integrating the existing theory. At first, reviewing the origin of entrepreneurship, nothing generated without reason, critically analyzing the origin will promote to understand the meaning of entrepreneurship. Secondly, defining entrepreneurship by combine the different theory and taking examples to support definition. The origin of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship was developed from “entrepreneur”, with the development of economic, how to operate a firm and how to do better than a chief executive officer was consider in 16th century, economists made attempt to study in depth about chief executive officer and come up with “entrepreneur”. Although at that time, this word “entrepreneur” was not existent, economists still realized this phenomenon and tried to describe it. As a factor in microeconomics, entrepreneur, was study by several scholars and until the 1723, this word was represented by Cantillon (Muljadi Paul, 2000, p.5). The economic development promote to establish a company, therefore, the word “entrepreneur” was born. Cantillon (1755) indicated that entrepreneur is a risk taker and profit taker, they try their best to make profit by grabbing the opportunity. Cantillon was a pioneer of study entrepreneur...

Words: 3805 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

“the Numbers Game”

...“The Numbers Game” A Speech by SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt Article Review The article, “The Numbers Game” 1 is about the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Chairman, Arthur Levitt’s concern over earnings management. Specifically, he expressed during a speech at the NYU Center for Law and Business his distress over an evolving problem with a game played among market participants to manipulate their financial reporting numbers motivated by Wall Street earnings expectations. Chairman Levitt is very passionate and direct in his 1998 speech. It appears that he was invited to honor Bill Allen, the first Director of the NYC Center for Law and Business and he took the opportunity to use this occasion as a platform to voice his concern over the growing problem of market manipulation made by public companies. Mr. Levitt feared that this practice could destroy the quality of earnings and financial reporting. Levitt, the SEC and other aligned corporations were all concerned with the growing practices of financial manipulation fearing that deception appeared to be losing out to integrity. Mark 8:36 says, “What good is it for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit their soul?” Corporations who conduct such deceitfulness are winning at the cost of their existence. They are willing to bet their whole life for a few moments of glory on Wall Street. In my opinion, it was very courageous for Mr. Levitt to call out these corporations and put them on notice that their questionable...

Words: 1762 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Stack Ranking: Brilliant Management or Inherent Absurdity

...Stack Ranking: Brilliant Management or Inherent Absurdity Ray Johnson MGMT E-4000 Organizational Behavior 1 August 2012 Abstract Employee stack ranking is a performance measurement system that requires every manager to rank its employees from excellent to poor. Stack ranking was popularized by Jack Welch at General Electric in the 1980’s. Since that time it has become a popular management technique. The use of stack ranking has many demonstrated successes, but many managers and business analysts are beginning to questions its value to an organization. In this paper I will examine from a critical perspective both the good and bad aspects of stack ranking in an attempt to determine its long term viability as an organization behavior. Stack Ranking: Brilliant Management or Inherent Absurdity Introduction Stack ranking, sometimes referred to as forced distribution, is a popular performance measurement (appraisal) tool. The concept behind stack ranking is to rank all employees within a given statistical set, all first line supervisors for example, from best to worst. In its most common iterations managers rank, or stack, workers into one of the three groups. The highest performing 20% (sometimes 10%) are ranked as top performers. This top tier group of employees is considered to be the future leaders of the company. They are rewarded with bonuses, raises, promotions stock options and other perks. The middle 70% of the group are considered to be “solid”...

Words: 2610 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Computer Viruses

...business information systems because it is a way for hacker to gather useful information about a company and harm them. According to CNN workplace computer virus infections are up forty-eight percent over last year due to the increased spread of macro viruses usually found in files attached to E-mail, according to the International Computer Security Association, Inc. The number of infections per one thousand personal computers was twenty-one point fourty-five in nineteen ninty-seven; it's now at thirty-one point eighty-five, said the ICSA, in Carlisle, Pa. The study is based on a survey of some 300 corporations and corporate sites, representing some 750,000 PCs and servers. The rising virus epidemic can be blamed on macro viruses in Microsoft Word documents sent as attached files over the Internet. But it's not only the ease of sending infected documents that is increasing the number of infections; it's that writing a macro is so simple, said John Wheat, who works in the virus area of ICSA. "Word viruses are so easy to write," Wheat said. "You purchase a copy of MS Office, and you have all the tools you need," he said. Aside from ensuring that...

Words: 2647 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Forensic Accountant

...Forensic Accountants: Fraud Busters Strayer University Business 508 August 11, 2013 Abstract The paper will determine the five important skills a forensic accountant must possess and describe their role within a courtroom environment. It will also analyze the legal responsibility of the accountant while serving its clients business. Giving two examples where a forensic accountant played an important role in aiding attorneys in presenting fraudulent bookkeeping records of company’s who ultimately committed white-collar crimes. Have you ever heard the figure of speech a “needle in a haystack” when referring to finding a small object in a large setting? The task of performing a very detailed search seems impossible. Leaving no stone unturned and demanding hours and hours of mental and manual labor. This is what a forensic accountant faces. By definition, a forensic investigation of any kind is conducted with the purpose of obtaining evidence that will be used in a court case. Forensic accounting is simply the analysis of financial documents use as tax returns, bank statements, canceled checks and the like, in search of proof of a criminal act, be it tax evasion, running numbers, embezzlement, money laundering, fraud by wire or securities fraud (DiGabriele, 2009). These crimes exists for the sole purpose of illegally making money. Leaving a paper trail pointing to criminal activity producing money coming into and leaving the organization...

Words: 2760 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Sarbanes Oxley: an Antidote to Executive Greed?

...Sarbanes Oxley: An Antidote To Executive Greed? | May2011 | “Today I sign the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This new law sends very clear messages that all concerned must heed. This law says to every dishonest corporate leader: you will be exposed and punished; the era of low standards and false profits is over; no boardroom in America is above or beyond the law”- George W. Bush | | INTRODUCTION Since the initial separation of corporate ownership from corporate management, the abuse of power by management has been a concern. Early in the last century a small number of Industrialists owned and controlled the major corporations. Slowly, as these individuals aged and retired, their vast holdings were transferred to a large number of decedents who were, for the most part, disinterested in managing the firms in which they held an ownership share. The shareholders relied on experienced managers to direct their corporations. This transfer of power gave rise to agency problems wherein the agent of the organization (manager) is likely to place their own interest above those of the actual owners of the firm. There is a vast body of literature addressing the issues of agency problems and clearly defined Agency Theory to which the majority of scholars subscribe (Van Ness, Miesing, and Kang, 2009) The original attempt to create an antidote to agency problems was the formation of corporate boards of directors...

Words: 3869 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Brand Management

...whole with the intention of developing a replacement, differentiated identity within the minds of shoppers, investors, and competitors. Often, this involves radical changes to a brand's brand, name, image, promoting strategy, and advertising themes. Such changes generally aim to reposition the brand/company, often to distance itself from negative connotations of the previous stigmatization, or to manner the whole upmarket; they'll conjointly communicate a replacement message a replacement board of administrator’s desires to speak. This report consist of the information regarding tis there is a change in purchase decision by changing the name of the brand .we need identify what are the factor that are affecting the purchase decision of Microsoft Lumia. Also we will evaluate how many people think that there is change happened in service and quality of the products. INDEX Topic | Particulars...

Words: 1256 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Is4680

...IS4680 Assess the Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Compliance Law on Enron 1. SOX Section 404 mandates that all publicly-traded companies must establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must document test and maintain those controls and procedures to ensure their effectiveness. The purpose of SOX is to reduce the possibilities of corporate fraud by increasing the stringency of procedures and requirements for financial reporting. 2. Richard Scrushy first CEO charged with violating the SOX Act. He was owner and founder of HealthSouth Corp. 3. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the CEO and CFO of publicly traded companies to certify the appropriateness of their financial statements and disclosures and to certify that they fairly present. 4. 10-K is a company’s annual report that is filed yearly & make public. 10-Q is the company’s quarterly report. Upper management of major companies is to submit these to the Securities Exchange Commissions. 5. A company that meets conditions of a million dollar amount has been subject to periodic reporting requirements pursuant to Exchange Act Sections for certain amount of time, has previously filed at least one annual report pursuant, and is not eligible to file “Small Business” forms. They have75 days after the end of their quarter they have to file their quarterly financial report. 6. A person would go to a company’s webpage to find quarterly and annual reports for publicly traded company...

Words: 408 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Eco-500

...1. Using supply and demand and competitive analyses, explain what happens to a pharmaceutical company’s revenues and profits from an individual drug once it loses its patent protection. Then identify at least one strategy the company can use to mitigate the losses; be sure to support your suggestion using economic analysis. Pharmaceutical companies enjoy patent protection in the US and most other countries. The patent protection establishes a barrier between the company and competitors for a number of years. The duration of the protection is different for different types of drugs. The protection allows the company to be the sole producer of the drug. This creates a monopoly, enforced by government regulations, while the costs of development and testing are recouped. Once the patent protection expires, competitors are legally able to manufacture the drug. These drugs are referred to as generic drugs. They do not incur the costs for development or clinical testing and are able produce the drugs for the cost of manufacturing. They may also derive the benefit of patented drugs existing marketing campaign and customer base. With the loss of patent protection the company with the patent will see revenues and profits fall if the drug is in demand. Competitors will manufacture generic versions. One strategy to mitigate the loss pursue litigation against competitors. Challenging the competitors in court can slow the production of generics and interfere with their marketing of the product...

Words: 1098 - Pages: 5