...natural gas. The quick growth this company experience brought in many investors and drove the price of their stock high. Also with this growth Enron expanded into other industries. This made it difficult to prepare the financial statements. For Enron to keep growing this fast they started to borrow money to invest in new projects. This borrowing would make their books look less impressive to investors, they decided to create partnerships that would allow them to keep the debt off the books. This was unethical to the investors, by not giving them the accurate information on Enron. The thing I would have done differently would been to put this debt into the books, so it was ethical for everyone involved, and the the company would had known it was owed and figured out a way to legitimately pay the money back. In the end Enron's decision lead them to bankruptcy. Due to their internet investment they lost 638 million dollars, and due to overstated earnings would cost 6 million dollars by the next year Enron's stock price dropped. This then triggered multiple people they had to pay back and could not afford. This brought them to declaring bankruptcy(“PBS”, 2002). Reference: PBS. (2002). Retrieved from...
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...lead to the collapse of an energy giant. Enron began in the eighties as an energy company selling natural gas. When energy markets were deregulated in the mid-nineties, Enron, like many energy companies, began to focus on selling energy from other sources rather than creating it. The corporation expanded exponentially, and its stock prices soared. Because the company was so wildly successful, they began to branch out into a variety of hot markets, such as the internet. By the beginning of the millennium, Enron was a well-diversified and seemingly indestructible conglomerate with no sign of trouble in sight. However, cracks were forming in Enron's foundation. To sustain their rapid rate of growth, the company had to borrow money. Having excess debts would make the stock look less valuable to potential investors, so the company kept its debts buried in 'partner' corporations that it began solely as a means to hide the truth about their company. Enron was looking better and better because of their illegal and unethical bookkeeping practices. They also began another illegal practice: offering secret information to large potential investors. Legally, companies must give their smaller investors the same inside information as their larger shareholders. Although Enron was beginning to show signs of financial failure by 2001, they hid this unfortunate fact by continuing with their unethical accounting. Industry peers were beginning to question how this one company made so much money...
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...B. WORLDCOM 2.0 Nature of the Fraud The nature of the fraud was the uses of fraudulent accounting method by add on huge earning in 2002 to cover the liability of acquired by company. When the earning is high, it will show that the company financial growth is high and will make the price of WorldCom's stock increase. The creative accounting was done by classified over $3.4 billion for line costs that is interconnection expenses with other telecommunication companies as capital expenditure. When the cost have been capitalised, meaning that WorldCom to spread them over many year as capital will have depreciation. Line cost supposed to record as expenses as WorldCom paid other companies because of the usage of their communication networks. Access fees and transport charges are consist in line cost expenses charges for messages for WorldCom customers. This misclassified were done between 2011 and first quarter 2002. Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/accounting/nature-of-the-fraud-accounting-essay.php#ixzz3qjKkXfsR WORLDCOM'S COLLAPSE: THE OVERVIEW; WORLDCOM FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY; LARGEST U.S. CASE By SIMON ROMERO and RIVA D. ATLAS Published: July 22, 2002 • Facebook • Twitter • Google+ • Email • Share • Print • Reprints • WorldCom, plagued by the rapid erosion of its profits and an accounting scandal that created billions in illusory earnings, last night submitted the largest bankruptcy filing in United States history. The bankruptcy is expected...
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...Chapter 21 Structured Financing Techniques in Oil and Gas Project Fina.nce Future-Flow Securitizations, Prepaids, Volumetric Production Payments, and Project Finance Collateralized Debt Obligations Christopher L. Culp and J. Paul Forrester* I. INTRODUCTION Project finance is the extension of credit to finance an economic unit where the future cash flows of that unit serve as collateral for the loan. By facilitating the separation of project assets from the sponsor and enabling the financing of those assets on the basis of the cash flows they are expected to generate, project finance can allow a sponsor to undertake a project with more risk than the sponsor is otherwise willing to underwrite independently. Project finance can also help sponsors avoid incurring leverage beyond tolerable levels, thereby helping them preserve their debt capacity, credit ratings, and cash flows for alternative capital investment activities. Large-scale oil and gas projects have been popular subjects for project financing since the inception of the market. Indeed, modem project finance is thought to have begun in the 1930s when a Dallas bank extended a nonrecourse loan to finance an oil and gas project. I Project finance "came of age" in the 1970s and 1980s with the Please address correspondence to christopher.culp@chicagobooth.edu or jforrester@ mayerbrown.com. The usual disclaimer applies, and the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of any...
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...Financial markets and institution are life blood of any economy. DISCUSS. What are financial markets market An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter. Markets include mechanisms or means for (1) determining price of the traded item, (2) communicating the price information, (3) facilitating deals and transactions, and (4) effecting distribution. The market for a particular item is made up of existing and potential customers who need it and have the ability and willingness to pay for it. Buyers and sellers of stocks or bonds or futures and options contracts use the financial markets to meet to buy and sell the products through a middleman exchange. What are the financial markets? That's a good question, because financial markets go by many terms, including capital markets, Wall Street, even simply "the markets". Whatever you call them, financial markets are where traders buy and sell stocks, bonds, derivatives, foreign exchange and commodities. These markets are where businesses go to raise cash to grow, companies reduce risks, and investors make money. Types of Financial Markets The Stock Market is a series of exchanges where successful corporations go to raise large amounts of cash to expand. Stocks are shares of ownership of a public corporation that are sold to investors through broker...
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...Project Financing Asset-Based Financial Engineering Second Edition JOHN D. FINNERTY, Ph.D. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Project Financing Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons is the oldest independent publishing company in the United States. With offices in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia, Wiley is globally committed to developing and marketing print and electronic products and services for our customers’ professional and personal knowledge and understanding. The Wiley Finance series contains books written specifically for finance and investment professionals as well as sophisticated individual investors and their financial advisors. Book topics range from portfolio management to e-commerce, risk management, financial engineering, valuation, and financial instrument analysis, as well as much more. For a list of available titles, visit our Web site at www.WileyFinance.com. Project Financing Asset-Based Financial Engineering Second Edition JOHN D. FINNERTY, Ph.D. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright C 2007 by John D. Finnerty. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. Pacifico No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States...
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...time to make sure even the company default; the bond holders can get the par value back from insurance company. We will look at the CDS spread of Delphi for this question. After we plotted in the data, we find out that the overall CDS spread are abnormally large during the year of 2005 and 2008. The high CDS spreads indicates the unsuccessful operation of Delphi at that time and investors perceiving the possibility of Delphi defaulting on its bond payment. Delph is one of the world's largest automotive parts manufacturers originated in the U.S. The company originally belonged to General Motors (G.M.) and spun off in 1999 as an independent company. However, facing the increasing competition in the automotive industry, inability to repay its debt, and weakened by the high labor costs that set by the spinoff agreement with GM, Delphi filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on Oct. 8, 2005 to reorganize its struggling U.S. operations. After Delphi release the news of filing bankruptcy, the bond holders loosed confidence on Delphi and believed Delphi might default on its bond repayment. Bond holders started to sell Delphi bonds or purchase CDS to cover the bonds that they held. The CDS spread in 2005 therefore increased. The high CDS indicates the high possibility of Delphi defaulting on its bond and indicates bond holders losing confidence on Delphi ability to repay them. In 2008, the company had a plan in place to exit from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, in reliance on a $2...
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...Gemsales Pvt Ltd Introduction: In this case we see five people who are involve in a business of importing and supplying of jewellery as a wholesaler to retailers within the city market. The company in which the five people naming Andrew, Brian, Colin, Diana and Elizabeth are directors is named as Gemsales Pty Ltd. We shall consider this case and discussion in accordance to Australian laws as it mentions to be in Harvard referencing style. The case: The case is about a business which five people start and work upon, the business being at a competitive stage hence the directors plan to expand the business to increase sales and give good competition in the market. For the expansion of the business the directors decided to apply a loan and obtained loan of $4 million dollar from Friendly bank Ltd. Of this money the company utilized $3 million dollars for increase in stocks and the rest amount was invested in buying warehouse and showrooms. These were purchased from a company called Traders Pty Ltd. It is so said in the case that Colin one of the director did not attend the meeting in which these decisions were taken as he was hospitalised due to a severe accident, another member Elizabeth did not attend the meeting like always she use to do but had signed the agreements and papers of the decisions that were taken in the meeting which stated about the expansion and the loan for the business. Diana abstained i.e. she denied with the terms and was not very sure about...
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...Introduction Every business requires funds to operate. A company may need money to expand its business, buy assets, pay wages, or pay its debt. Others may need funds to cover the cost of unforeseen events such as accidents or natural disasters. The difficulties in obtaining these funds constitute one of the major challenges in running a business. The two major sources of business finance are internal and external funding. This paper examines the differences between internal and external sources of finance. It will also examine the advantages and disadvantages of each source. Internal sources of Finance Internal source of finance refers to funding generated within the business as opposed to financing obtained from outside sources. Internal funding can be obtained from retained earnings, sale of assets, depreciation, reduction or control of capital. Retained earnings: These are profits left over after a firm has settled its debts and paid out dividends to shareholders. The leftover funds can then be ploughed back into the business. The advantage of this method is that there is no borrowing cost associated with it. The firm has total control over the decision to use the funds and is not subjected to any vetting by lenders. The disadvantage of using retained profits as a source of funding is that the company may not have cash readily available in times of urgent need (Timimi, 2010). Sale of asset: The sale of assets is another source of internal financing. A business may...
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...| Table of Contents Part I3 Question (a)3 Transaction exposure 3 Translation exposure 4 Economic exposure 5 Question (b)5 International debt financing6 International equity financing 5 International trade financing5 Part II 4 Question (a)5 Question (b)6 Question (c)5 Question (d)6 References: 4 Part I Question (a): Transaction exposure The firm faces with transaction exposure when the exchange rate movements can affect to the financial results in international transaction after the firm is legally obligated to complete transactions (Shapiro, 2010). Typical of transactions that expose the firm to transaction exposure include sales of good and purchases, service or assets, borrowing of money and extension of credit. For example, Honda Motor Cycles in China, that company sells the cars to consumers comes with forward contract, it is included the price adjustment clauses. In order to reflect certain exchange rates changes it’s based on the adjusted price. The forward contract also brings more benefit to the consumers that helps them can get lower price. Furthermore, Honda Company has used policy such as purchasing foreign currency by using the currency swaps. This helps to fix the price of the car across currency contract in advance. In the foreign market from Japan’s Honda Co. the car is priced in Yen that means the company faces with foreign exchange risk. Thus, above solution is helpfully to protect subsidiary...
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...into voluntary liquidation. The liquidator investigations the action of Irene, Alvin and Derrick in the months leading up to the liquidation. Advise the liquidator as to whether the directors may be liable for insolvent trading. Answer Issue Have the three directors, Irene, Alvin and Derrick breached the insolvent trading provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Corporations Act)? Rule Section 588G applies to impose liability upon a person if (relevantly for the facts in question): (a) the person is a director of the company when the company incurs an debt; (b) the company is insolvent when it incurs the debt, or becomes insolvent because it incurs the debt; (c) when it incurs the debt, there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the company is insolvent or would become insolvent because it incurs the debt; and (d) the director is aware at the time of the debt that there are reasonable...
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...International Financial Crisis and reasons The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report asserted that the crisis happened because of: 1-High risk 2 Complex financial products 3-Undisclosed conflicts of interest 4-The failure of regulators 5-The credit rating agencies 6-The market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street 7-Weak and fraudulent underwriting practices 8-Deregulation 9-Predatory lending 10-Increased debt burden or over-leveraging 11-Boom and collapse of the shadow banking system 12-Commodities boom Financial crisis in Pakistan and Reasons 1-One of the immediate causes is Political instability due to Musharaf’s position as president, delay in restoring judiciary and resultantly withdrawal of PML (N) from the alliance leaving behind ‘dead’ ministry of finance. In contrast the present government is not showing strong will to cope with the situation. Though some Positive Measures. To end Load Shedding till 14th August, 2009, Benazir income Scheme programmed, Distribution of Land in Sindh, tight Tariff System against luxury items 2-Suicide attacks in the industrial cities-fear among people, disinvestment and maximum outflow...
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...Mahindra War Room 2013 " Financial Services - Insurance MAHINDRA FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR: ‘RURAL HEALTH INSURANCE’ CASELET Mahindra Financial Services Sector offers a range of financial products and services to the under-served customers in rural and semi-urban India. Mahindra Finance is fabled as a success story in rural penetration and poverty reduction through financial inclusion. This caselet, titled ‘Rural Health Insurance’ is one of the 3 optional caselets in this sector. BUSINESS BACKGROUND Mahindra Insurance Brokers Ltd. (MIBL) is a subsidiary of Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Ltd. MIBL was granted a Direct Broker Licence by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority in May 2004, whereby it offers Direct insurance broking services to Corporate and Retail customers in both Life and Non-Life categories. In September 2011, MIBL was granted a Composite Broker Licence enabling it to foray into Reinsurance Broking, in addition to its Direct Broking activities. MIBL is a total insurance risk solutions provider, helping customers build their risk management portfolios. It is one of the few insurance broking companies in India to have been awarded the ISO 9001:2008 Certification for Quality Management Systems. In addition to offering broking services on standard products, MIBL also provides customized solutions. For example, Mahindra Loan Suraksha is a customized life insurance solution offering Group Credit Term Cover to retail customers with auto and tractor...
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...Hampton Machine Tool Company (HMTC) is a machine tool manufacturing business whichstarted in 1915 and has been a stable company since its establishment. The company’srevenues rely heavily on military aircraft and automobile manufacturers within the St. Louisvicinity.During 1960’s until end of 1970’s, HMTC experienced highs and lows which were mainly due toincreases and decreases in production. This is influenced by the Vietnam war, economicconditions, expansion of export market and demise of competitors. Though adversecircumstances happened, HMTC has successfully survived these problems. This can beattributed to the company’s conservative financial policies.In December 1978, Benjamin Cowins, President of HMTC, requested a 1M USD loan to St.Louis National Bank to purchase stocks of several dissident shareholders. The interest rate for the loan was 1.5% to be paid monthly and the principal of the loan is to be paid on September 1979. Mr. Jerry Eckwood, Vice President of St. Louis National Bank allowed the loan requestbecause of three reasons: 1) HMTC’s submission of projected sales and forecasted financialstatements; 2) HMTC’s credibility as depositor in St. Louis Bank and 3) Mr. Cowins’ credibility inthe business community. However, in September 1979, Mr. Eckwood received a letter fromHMTC requesting to extend repayment of the loan to December 1979 and a further loan requestof 350,000USD for equipment purchases. Point of View and Problem Definition The point of view to be taken...
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...Financing your education The cost incurred in attending a college or university can be quite expensive if a student does not utilize all resources to aid in covering the cost of their education. A student can apply through FAFSA for financial aid and it is disbursed from the Federal Government, and because it is a grant it does not need to be repaid. Grants are typically referred to as free money and are based on the need of the student. A student can reduce the amount that they need to borrow by researching the opportunities for additional grants and scholarships. Many scholarships are available through many sources and are granted to students based on merit rather than need. It would also be beneficial for a student to consider paying cash for their classes if possible. If it is necessary for a student to borrow funds to pay for their education there are two different types of loans available, subsidized and unsubsidized loans. A subsidized loan is need based, usually has a lower interest rate, the government pays the interest on the loan while the student is still enrolled and working toward his or her graduation and does not require payment until six months after graduation. Unsubsidized loans are not based on need, have a higher interest rate and although repayment does not begin until six months after graduation, interest will continue to accrue from the beginning of the loan while the student is still in school. It would be in the best interest of the student;...
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