...Enzyme Controlled Reactions The purpose of this lab is to demonstrate and observe how enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates are affected by substrate and pH concentrations. You will go to the following website: http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078757134/383930/BL_11.html You will follow the instructions and work through the simulation as instructed in the lab. As you perform the simulation, you will record your results in the table below (answers need to be in another color font). Once you have completed the table, transfer your data into the table in the lab (table icon). Once you have filled in the table in the lab, click on the Graph button. Once your graph has been generated, you will perform a print screen so that you can insert the graph into this worksheet (last question). This usually involves clicking the Function key (FN) and the Print Screen key (Prnt Scrn). Screen shots must include not only the lab related material, but the time and/or date the assignment was completed on the “screen” at the time the image was captured. The lab must appear in the background of the graph you are capturing in the print screen. If you are unable to perform a print screen, you may recreate the table then use the graphing function in a spreadsheet program to recreate the graph. Once you have completed the lab simulations, the table, and graph you will answer the remaining journal questions below. Please answer all questions in another color font. Save your file as...
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...The purpose of my experiment was to see how temperature affected the rate of the catalase enzyme reaction. My hypothesis was that as the temperature of the catalase increased from 30 to 45 degrees Celsius, the gas/ bubble production would increase while below 40 degrees. Then, I expected the bubbles to decrease once the temperature reached 40 and above. I would now reject that hypothesis because our data showed differently. From the temperature of 30 and 38 degrees, the bubble production was 8.1cm and 8.7cm. So, it did increase below 40 degrees Celsius, but at 45 degrees, the gas production increased more to 11.2 cm. So, it wasn’t correct that the catalase reaction slowed down above 40 degrees. One procedural improvement that I would make would be to measure the hydrogen peroxide in mL rather than drops. Drops could have been different sizes, so the amount of substrate would be different. This could greatly affect the amount of oxygen gas bubbles produced by the catalase reaction. So, if we used the same amount of hydrogen peroxide, the reaction would have more precise and accurate average amounts of bubble production. Another procedural improvement could be using the same sized test tubes. It will help make more accurate measurements of the amount of bubbles produced. If there is a wider test tube, the bubbles will have more volume to fill, so the height of the bubbles will be less than in a skinny test tube. So, it would help us keep another part of our experiment constant...
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...Introduction: This report will talk about the experiment that was conducted to see what percent of hydrogen peroxide had the greatest reaction with the potato cube. The enzyme in this experiment was catalase, which could be found inside of the potato cube. The substrate was the hydrogen peroxide. The role of the potato cube was to react with the hydrogen peroxide causing it to break down at a quicker rate which released oxygen (O₂). Three factors that could influence the enzyme’s activity is the temperature, the acidity level and the amount of substrate that was present. The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of varying percentages of hydrogen peroxide on the oxygen production. The hypothesis was, the greater the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the faster of a reaction it will have with a 1 inch by 1 inch potato cube. This would be due to the greater substrate concentration. Methods:...
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...Running head: LAB 5: INVESTIGATING AN ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION Lab 5: Investigating an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction September 24, 2014 Principles of Biology 120.601 Mrs. Annemarie Duncan Abstract: (Burmania) This experiment was performed in order to examine ways in which a potato catalase enzyme reacts to various assays with differing variables. To do so a baseline assay (undiluted extract and room temperature H2O2) was used within the experiment with only one other variable changed in the other assays. These variables included a boiled, frozen and then thawed, and frozen potato extract and dH2O instead of the potato extract. It was noted that the temperature and or way the potato extract was prepared effects how the enzyme with the potato will react. Therefore the results of each assay varied, suggesting there is more than one way that a catalyzed reaction can occur. Introduction: (Burmania) The main purpose for this experiment was to explore how an enzyme catalase caused a reaction to catalyze through doing various assays using potato extracts. Enzymes are catalysts that are crucial in helping to speed up reactions, and catalase is a common enzyme found in almost every living organism that is exposed to oxygen. For this experiment, potatoes were used because they were previously known to have significant catalase activity. The potato catalase was mixed with hydrogen peroxide because the catalase helps to breakdown the hydrogen peroxide which helps determine...
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...Introduction: I carried out an experiment to determine how the concentration of an enzyme will cause a change in the initial rate of reaction. I worked with three other people and split different tasks between ourselves. This experiment required a lot of safety measures to be taken. Safety: Goggles were needed for the experiment to avoid contact with eyes as we were using hydrogen peroxide which is corrosive, and hot water. Lab. Coats were a necessity in order to avoid the risk of getting the corrosive and possibly irritating substance on our clothes, which may seep through to the skin and cause an allergic reaction or burning. Extra safety required when using the “cork borer” as it is a sharp object which may pierce through the skin in the process of cutting a cylinder of the potato. Hypothesis: My hypothesis was that as the concentration of the enzyme increases so will the rate of reaction as there is more molecules available allowing more collisions to occur in a shorter period of time. The rate of the reaction will be measure by the amount of oxygen produced when the enzyme reacts with the solution. Apparatus - Potato (enzyme) - Hydrogen peroxide solution - Buffer solution - boiling tube - Bung and Delivery tube - Measuring cylinder - Thermometer - Cork Borer - scalpel - white tile - Water baths - Stopwatch - 10cm3 syringe barrel - Ruler - Clamp Stand Method: Step 1: Join the boiling tube to the 10cm3 syringe barrel via delivery tube. Step 2: Use...
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...Biology HL 20/9/2013 How Substrate Concentration affects a Catalase Enzyme Reaction RQ How does changing the substrate concentration affect the rate of a catalase reaction in an enzyme? Hydrogen peroxide was used as the substrate and the rate was measured by oxygen production. Hypothesis If the substrate concentration is increased then the rate of a catalase reaction will also increase until it reaches the optimal concentration or saturation point and will remain constant. This is because there will be more substrate molecules in a higher concentration therefore a higher frequency of collisions. This increases enzyme activity and more product will be formed. However at a certain concentration the enzymes will become saturated (all active sites are full), so an increase in substrate molecules will stop affecting the rate. Variables Independent Variable - Hydrogen peroxide concentration Dependent Variable – rate of catalase reaction by measuring the volume of oxygen produced after five minutes Controlled Variables – performed at room temperature (21 Celsius), catalase used (potato), weight of potato (1g) in each trial, time given for reaction to take place (5 minutes), method & apparatus Apparatus 1. Safety goggles & apron 2. Measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 (+/- 0.5cm3) 3. Large plastic tub 4. Access to sink/water 5. Clamp stand, boss and clamp 6. Rubber bung and delivery tube 7. 9 large test tubes 8. Stopwatch (+/- 0.01s) 9. Hydrogen Peroxide, range of concentration:...
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...Effects of Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration , and Substrate Concentration on Catecholase Introduction Enzymes are biological proteins that speed up the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. They work in the human body by lowering activation energy making certain that reactions will initiate. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, factors that influence the activity of an enzyme are called modulators. If modulators activate enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly increase, but if the modulator inactivates enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly decreased (Silverthorn, 2004). The potentially disastrous influence of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on enzymes and other proteins is one reason why these modulators are very strictly regulated by the body (Silverthorn, 2004). Temperature, a measure of the intensity of heat, is an important factor in the activity of enzymes. The velocity of an enzymatic reaction is influenced by temperature. This is because substrates collide with active sites frequently in the presence of rapidly moving molecules. In addition, although these molecules do move rapidly the speed of the reaction drops sharply. In short, thermal agitation causes protein molecules (enzymes) to denature ( breakdown of protein structures). All enzymes have an optimal temperature at which reaction rates go fastest without denaturing the enzyme (Campbell and Reece, 2002) pH...
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...Biology Lab Fall 2014 Determining the properties of an enzyme Abstract: To determine the properties of an enzyme, a peroxidase, turnip extract is used in this experiment Enzymes are large proteins that are responsible for the speed at which chemical reactions they are involved in taking place. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, the amount of energy necessary to trigger a reaction .Using Peroxidase ,Turnip extract which is expermitnatal easy to prepare and examime that is This experiment determines the effects that concentration temperature, ph, boiling have on an enzymes ability to perform its work. It is hypothesized that none of these variables will have any effect on the activity of the enzyme. Introduction : This expermient with present various temperates and ph levels to be teste in order to determine the properties of an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst, that changes the rate of a reaction with no help of energy. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction the amount of energy necessary to trigger a reaction. Most enzymes are proteins that have a unique shapes which are determined by their amino acid sequences.The shape of the enzyme called the active site determines its catalytic effects. The active site of each type of a unique shape that allows the enzyme to bind with only certain kinds of enzymes called the substrate. Smaller molecules are called...
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...Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will catalyze...
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...Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in all living organisms. Enzymes allow living organisms to carry out complex chemical activities at low temperatures, but can’t cause a reaction that hasn’t occurred in their absence. Also, enzymes are thought to speed up reactions by bringing reacting molecules together to increase the chances that a reaction will occur (Worthington Biomedical Corporation, 2015). Each enzyme has a specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab...
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...Invidunt evertitur moderatius has in, vel possit democritum ut. Summo mundi dicant in mei, ad pri soluta nostrum neglegentur. Dicant posidonium te mel. Et qui iriure bonorum. Mel et velit putant blandit, mei ne enim falli. Ut perfecto consectetuer usu, ne nam amet laoreet fastidii, per id diam ubique. Cum eu saepe senserit, eu cetero admodum referrentur mea. Novum semper gloriatur duo ei. Fuisset salutandi mel ad. No percipitur definitiones ius, ad molestie facilisi pro. Ad enim moderatius conclusionemque per. Id his exerci nostrum praesent. Zril numquam tractatos vim ea, omnium delicata est te. Cum te quod nostrum, debitis voluptua singulis ea vix. Illum repudiare iracundia at pro, ne augue prodesset mel. Ad omnis illum pri, ad laoreet oporteat definitionem quo. Ea vix option nominati senserit. Eu simul molestiae splendide cum, et congue aperiam dissentias vix. Nam cu debitis posidonium constituam. Ne eum phaedrum periculis dissentias, idque sanctus vel an. Sed summo doming prompta eu, ne harum dolores pertinax eum. Eu diceret singulis vituperatoribus mel. Eam perpetua volutpat ex, scripta probatus no duo. Reprimique efficiantur pro te, ut nam simul eruditi. Eripuit propriae placerat nam in, tantas splendide consectetuer cu has, sed audire appetere vivendum in. Vitae impetus ius te, usu no nullam alterum apeirian. Quaeque accusata intellegat mei cu, ex labores eleifend per. Id quod prima debet ius, sea ei agam albucius. Delenit sapientem te per. No cum duis qualisque...
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... Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, plants, and certain bacteria. In contrast, respiration takes glucose (sugar), along with other organic compounds oxidizing them to develop carbon dioxide. Respiration is the metabolic reaction in organic cells, biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate/ATP. Each cycle depends on the other, in order for the ‘complete cycle’ to transpire. When it comes to receiving energy from the foods we eat, photosynthesis stores the energy and respiration releases it. Both cycles are important to ensure continuous life on earth. Photosynthesis and respiration are connected between plants and animals based on the reactants and products of both pathways by the usage of autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph are organisms the have the ability to manufacture their own food (“Autotroph vs. Heterotroph” n.d.). Heterotroph organisms are essential in respiration and are not an element in photosynthesis. When it comes to the autotroph, this is done by the using the available substances, in their environment, with light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). Energy is transferred from sunlight to ATP/adenosine phosphate by energy being extracted from the ATP molecule. While in the cell, a reaction removes one of the phosphate Running Head:...
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...Temperature can affect a lot of different factors hence its effect on enzyme activity is very complex. It affects the speeds of molecules, the activation energy of the catalytic reaction and the thermal stability of the enzyme and substrate. At low temperatures (say at around 0 centigrade) the rate of enzyme reaction is very slow. The molecules have low kinetic energy and collisions between them are less frequent and even if they do collide the molecules do not posses the minimum activation energy required for the reaction to occur. It can be said that the enzymes are deactivated at low temperatures. An increase in temperature increases the enzyme activity since the molecules now possess greater kinetic energy. The rate of enzyme activity is highest between 0-40 centigrade and this increase is almost linear. After 40 the rate of reaction starts to decrease. This is because the increase in temperature after 40 does not increase the kinetic energy of the enzyme but instead disrupts the forces maintaining the shape of the molecule. The enzyme molecules are gradually denatured causing the shape of the active site to change. Temperatures above 65 centigrade completely denature the enzymes. There are some enzymes known as ‘extremophiles’ found in thermophillic organisms. They retain activity at 80 centigrade. Test each separate temperature more than twice: This is to prove that each temperature is affecting the enzymes the same way each time and that the previous result was not...
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...The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an important process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using oxygen. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both needed for each other to be able to perform their primary functions. One without the other would not work properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources; water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus completing the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons...
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...from seven to fourteen, fourteen being most basic. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, most biological solutions range from a pH of six to eight. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, there are exceptions, for example the acidic digestive juice of the human stomach has a pH of around two. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). Therefore, like the proteins structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). The molecule that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate and the molecule produced by the reaction is called the product. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). One molecule of an enzyme could transform many substrates to products in seconds without it being affected, the process called the catalytic cycle. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR,...
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