Free Essay

Eo Assignment Write Up

In: Computers and Technology

Submitted By go4mugam01
Words 697
Pages 3
Optical Modulators.
In solid state modulators 3 types are there. They are Bulk, Integrated Optical and All-Fiber Modulators. 1. Bulk
In these modulators the signal propagates through a uniform block of material. They lack wave guiding.
They require high electrical drive power and external optics to couple in of optical fibers. They require high electrical drive power and external optics to couple out of optical fibers.

2. Integrated Optical
How IO materials are formed? : By fabricating waveguides directly into modular material. For this modulators Low external power is needed. No external optics needed.

3. All-fiber
The optical signal never leaves the fiber. In All-Fiber Modulators low external power is necessary.
There is no need of external optics or precision alignment. Modulation capabilities of the glass are very poor.

Electro-optic Effect
Electro optic effect is the base for most of the optical modulators. In linear electro- optic Effect,
The refractive indices of crystals are linked to external electric field. In this Modulator the light propagating in an anisotropic medium can be decomposed into its normal modes, or Eigen waves.

It can be determined by the index ellipsoid

In certain crystals the application of an external electric field will redistribute the charges in the molecules. It results in a size change and orientation change of the index ellipsoid. This is the electro-optic effect. This effect relates the dimensions of the index ellipsoid to an applied electric field.

The electro optic tensor explains the electro-effect mathematically. Electro-optic effect is best described via a induced deformation of the index ellipsoid. In a Cartesian co-ordinate system It is defined by

An electric field can now change the co-efficient as per the equation
Where is a electro optic tensor. ,and are the x, y, z components of the applied electric field

The electric field changes the size, shape and orientation of the index ellipsoid. In most of the electro optic devices Lithium Niobate(LiNbO3 ) is used. In Lithium Niobate when the electric field is not there, it is a birefringent.

Its index ellipsoid is given by

When the light is travelling in x direction, then the allowed states of linear polarization are in parallel direction to the other two axis. When the light is travelling in z direction the same thing will happen. When the field is in the Z direction. For 3m crystal symmetry class its electro-optic tensor is given by

In z direction is applied to Lithium Niobate. The equation for the index ellipsoid becomes
.

Then if we write the new index ellipsoid as

Bulk Modulators

Bulk modulators are used mostly in optical system. They are electro-optic and accousto-optic devices.
In this modulator by varying the refractive index of the crystal optical phase modulation is achieved.
By applying voltage between the electrodes phase modulation is achieved.

The index variation is achieved by applying an electric field across the crystal. The change in the the electro-optic refractive index is directly proportional to the applied voltage.

L/d is called as geometric factor. The equivalent electronic circuit for the electro optic modulator system is given below. In this model, the modulator is modelled as a capacitor.

Electro-Optic Intensity Modulation

One suitable example for this Intensity modulator is LiNbO3. In this a phase modulator is inserted between cross polarizers. Polarization is varied by changing the phase modulator voltage V(t).
In this the polarization of the beam incident on the polarizer is varied. This leads to intensity modulation. In this setup the input polarizer is oriented 45 deg with respect to modulator axis. The output polarizer is oriented 90 deg with respect to input polarizer.

Bulk Acousto-optic Frequency Shifting

These devices are made up of LiNbO3. This modulator can be used for controlling the power, frequency or spatial direction of a laser beam. This is based on the acoustic optic effect. Refractive index is modified by the oscillating mechanical pressure of a sound wave. Acoustic Optic modulator also called Bragg Cell.

Integrated optical modulators

These devices utilize the fast electro-optical response of photonic crystals. High Modulation frequencies and low modulation voltages are the characteristics of these modulators.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Racism

...SUBJECT: Discrimination and Power CONDITION: Classroom environment STANDARD: 1. Define Discrimination. 2. Explain the Characteristic of Discrimination. 3. Explain Related Causes of Discrimination Behaviors. 4. Define Racism and Sexism. 5. Define Prejudice. 6. Explain power, and its Relationship to Discrimination. TYPE OF INSTRUCTION: Small Group Discussion TIME OF INSTRUCTION: 1.5 Hours NOTE: Near the end of this block is Practical Exercise #1. The purpose of this exercise is to allow soldiers the chance to think about and make decisions about what constitutes examples of prejudice, racism, sexism and discrimination by selecting various behaviors and categorizing them. You should have enough copies of the exercise for each student. If you wish - depending upon group size - you may want to break them into groups and allow the groups to work together. The Star Power Exercise is also recommended to reinforce this block of instruction. You should plan on allowing three hours for this exercise. If you do not possess the Star Power exercise, then you should find another exercise that will demonstrate the concept of power to your students. You may find a suitable video or film at your local TASC that would demonstrate the principles of power or the abuse of power that would serve well. However, Star Power is strongly recommended as the best means to reinforce this block of instruction to the group. LEAD-IN: Hopefully, blatant...

Words: 4506 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Consumption in a Cutural Context

...current culturally accepted forms of consumption behavior became established over time. “For centuries it was common to give Christmas gifts to friends and relatives at Christmas. However hanging out stockings to be filled with presents was first recorded in parts of England in the early 19th century. It became common in the late 19th century” (Lambert). “The sending of cards at Christmas time evolved from the practice of giving small, inexpensive favors to wish distant family, friends, and acquaintances well over the holidays. Over time, this custom gave way (largely due to marketing influences from greeting card companies) to the more widespread use of holiday cards to acknowledge both business and personal relationships” (Project Assignment). Compared to any other holiday, Christmas has the greatest potential for consumption of products. In America, Christmas is the most celebrated holiday. It is customary to give presents to...

Words: 4272 - Pages: 18

Free Essay

Lesson Plan

...A Semi-detailed Lesson Plan in English SENTENCE PATTERN I. Objectives Through the game “What are the parts, that’s the Pattern” class interaction and activities, the students should be able: a. identify the differences between the 5 basic sentence pattern; b. name the parts of the S-TV-DO-OC pattern; c. share their own examples of sentences having S-TV-IO-DO; d. evaluate their classmates’ constructed sentences; and e. write sentences using the S-TV-DO-OC pattern. II. Learning Procedure 1. Subject Matter: S-TV-DO-OC Sentence Pattern 2. Key Concepts: a. Subject – is the doer of the action. b. Transitive verb – a verb that passes an action from the doer tot he receiver. c. Direct object – it is the receiver a transitive verb and answers the question “what”. d. Objective complement – it is a noun or pronoun which renames or identifies the subject or an adjective which completes the verb and modifies the subject. 3. Reference: Ribo, L. M. et.al.(2000) English Arts III pp. 15-19 4. Materials * pocket chart * manila paper * cartolina * envelopes * pieces of papers where the questions are encoded 5. Skills * evaluating * writing * constructing of sentences * drawing * listening 6. Values * Listening is a way of gathering information. III. III. Learning Procedures IV. A. Motivation: V...

Words: 1587 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

R600 20

...Army Regulation 600–20 Personnel–General Army Command Policy Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 6 November 2014 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 600–20 Army Command Policy This administrative revision, dated 6 November 2014-o Updates Equal Opportunity Policy (paras 6-2c(8)(c) and 6-2c(8)(f)). This administrative revision, dated 30 October 2014o Updates summary of change bullet (para 2-8b). o Makes administrative changes (throughout). This rapid action revision, dated 22 October 2014-o Updates purpose (para 1-1). o Updates responsibilities for the ready and resilient campaign (paras 1-4a-d). o Directs readers to the Army Publishing Directorate’s “notes” page on AR 60020 for additional guidance on the Army Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention Program (para 1-4e(6)). o Clarifies the groups of personnel who must be informed of the Army’s accommodation of religious practices policies (para 1-4f). o Adds the categories “senior field grade officers,” “senior field grade warrant officers,” ”field grade warrant officers,” “company grade warrant officers,” “enlisted noncommissioned officers,” and “junior enlisted Soldiers” (table 1-1). o Adds policy that the senior commander is normally, but not always, the senior general officer at an installation (para 2-5b(4)(a)). o Adds policy for command responsibility for the Total Army Sponsorship Program (paras 2-5b(4)(a)16 and 2-5b(4)(c)8)...

Words: 87879 - Pages: 352

Free Essay

Apple

...2012 雨林英姿 严家程 Splendour of Rainforests Ngiam Kiah Seng 目录 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 重要提示 公司简介 母行简介 主要财务信息 董事长致辞 Important Notice About United Overseas Bank (China) Limited About United Overseas Bank Limited Financial Highlights Chairman’s Statement Corporate Information Supervisor Board of Directors Organisation Chart 2012 in Review Corporate Governance Risk Management Important Highlights Our Network Audited Financial Statements 11 公司信息 12 监事 13 董事会 20 组织架构图 22 管理层报告 29 公司治理 39 风险管理 50 重要事项 51 营业网点 52 审计报告 《雨林英姿》严家程 水墨画 2010 Äê´ó»ªÒøÐÈ«¹úæ-±ü°×½ð¡£ËΨµÉè¼ÆÁé¸ÕýÔÓÚ ÑÏ Ïµ¡£ÓêÁÖÐÄÊ÷¾óÕ×Å-ò»¢Éúü¦¬âë´ªÒøس¤ÆÚ·¹ÇòÎñ½ÂÔ±¶º ÑÏ ¼Ó ÏÈ Æ µÄ Éú µÄ ÊÓ Õâ ¾õ ·ù ÒÕ »Êõ ×÷ ·¢ ÊÇ Ä¿ Ç° ´ó »ª Òø Ð Õä ²Ø µÄ ÖÚ Õ¹ ¡£ ÖÁ ½ñ ÒÑ Óµ ÓÐ ²Ø Æ· ³¬ ¹ý ¶à ÒÕ Êõ ×÷ Æ· Ö® Ò» ¡£ ×Ô ÉÏ ÊÀ ¼Í Æß Ê® Äê ´ú Æ𠣬 ´ó »ª Òø Рʼ ÖÕ Ö Á¦ ÓÚ Í¨ ¹ý ÊÕ ²Ø À´ 1700 ¼þ £¬ Æä ÖÐ µÄ ´ó ²¿ ·Ö ÔÚ ÊÀ ½ç ¸÷ µØ µÄ ´ó »ª Òø Ð ·Ö Ð ¼° °ì Ê ´¦ ½ø Ð Õ¹ ʾ ¡£ Ö§ ³Ö РÏÈ Éú ÔË Óà Òõ Ñô ±Ê ´¥ µÄ ¼ ÇÉ£¬ ÇÉ Ãî µØ ÒÔ È ´ø Óê ÁÖ Îª Òâ Ïó Õ¹ ÏÖ ÁË Ð ¼Ó Æ ½ð ÈÚ Ìå ϵ µÄ ÎÈ ¶¨ Óë ¹ú ¼Ò ·¢ Õ¹ Ö® ¼ä Ïà ¸¨ Ïà ³É µÄ Áª splendour of Rainforests by ngiam Kiah seng Ink and Colour on Paper Ngiam Kiah Seng received the Platinum Award in the 2010 UOB Painting Of The Year Competition for this painting. It is the design inspiration behind this year’s Annual Report. Ngiam used a yin-yang...

Words: 57503 - Pages: 231

Premium Essay

Training

...Chapter 7 Prevention of Sexual Harassment 7–1. Overview The prevention of sexual harassment is a commander’s responsibility. The EOA plays a pivotal role by assisting the commander with policy awareness, training, command climate assessments, complaints processing and overall advisory assistance concerning the prevention of sexual harassment. 7–2. Chain of command responsibilities Commanders and supervisors will— a. Ensure that assigned personnel (to include RC personnel under their jurisdiction) are familiar with the Army policy on sexual harassment. b. Publish and post written command policy statements for the prevention of sexual harassment. All statements will be consistent with Army policy. They will include the local command’s commitment to the Army’s policy against sexual harassment and will reaffirm that sexual harassment will not be tolerated. The statement will explain how and where to file complaints and will state that all complainants will be protected from acts or threats of reprisal. Each ACOM/ASCC/DRU, installation, separate unit, agency, and activity down to company, troop or battery level will publish a sexual harassment command policy statement. Units should coordinate these policy statements with the servicing staff judge advocate or legal advisor before publishing them. c. Continually assess and be aware of the climate of command regarding sexual harassment. Identify problems or potential problems. Take prompt, decisive action to investigate...

Words: 36437 - Pages: 146

Free Essay

Economy

...ACE2006 Agricultural Economics Guidelines for poster assessment You must decide on a research hypothesis and then extract the data you need to test that hypothesis from the Farm Business Service (FBS) dataset. This dataset contains a large number of variables, including measurements of farm income, farm size, total costs, fixed and variable costs, total revenue, revenue from farming, subsidies, farm diversification and agri-environment payments. It also contains details of farm location, enterprise revenue and variable costs (and gross margins), farm type. It is up to you to decide what data you need to test your research hypothesis. For example, you might wish to examine the economies/diseconomies of scale theory, or you may wish to show how farm business income varies with region and within region by farm type (or size). You may wish to determine which farm types earn what % of total revenue from agri-environment payments or from diversification payments. You could examine the labour used on different farms, and correlate this with a measure of farm income. There are endless possibilities. You are asked to decide on a research hypothesis yourself and to work alone this is individual work so DO NOT work in groups. The poster that you will present your research hypothesis and data analysis is described below, this exercise is assessed and is worth 20% of the module mark. This document contains guidelines for extracting data, and the pro-forma which you...

Words: 6430 - Pages: 26

Free Essay

Mboya

...CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M The University of Dodoma, Tanzania Teaching Compendium on General Chemistry (CH 111) by Dr. AnandaMurthyM.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural &Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma. UDOM- Study Material 2013-14 Page 1 CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M Preface The importance of learning chemistry cannot be overemphasized. In this regard, all branches of chemistry contribute to the overall role that chemistry plays in daily life. The course content of CH 111 is designed to bridge the gap between the high school and the undergraduate chemistry, with respect to some fundamental topics in chemistry for first year chemistry students. This compendium will be helpful to the students, due to its relevance to the course content and will promote better understanding of the subject matter. It is intended to enable students to achieve the learning objectives and learning outcomes of CH 111 by being a quick reference to learners. The author of the compendium has presented the contents in a simplified manner by using various illustrations, including structures, tables, figures, and other relevant information to help the learner understand easily. This compendium will, to greater extent, help in understanding the basic concepts in chemistry. Dr. J.J. Makangara Senior Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Former Dean, School of Physical Sciences, College...

Words: 24350 - Pages: 98

Free Essay

Student

...SUBJECT: Prevention of Sexual Harassment CONDITION: Classroom environment STANDARD: 1. Define Sexual Harassment. 2. Define the Army’s Policy on Sexual Harassment. 3. Explain the Categories of Sexual Harassment. 4. Explain the Elements of Sexual Harassment. 5. Define Sexual Harassment Behaviors. 6. Explain the Sexual Harassment Checklist. 7. Explain the Techniques to Deal with Sexual Harassment. 8. Explain the Administrative Actions. TYPE OF INSTRUCTION: Instruction and Small Group Discussion TIME OF INSTRUCTION: 4 Hours NOTE: You must ensure you have a video player and monitor to show the video on the prevention of sexual harassment (Pin Number 170876, ICN: TVT-20-1996) produced by the Department of the Army in 1996. This tape is available from your EOA or TASC. It is recommended this video be shown at the beginning of the block of instruction, but stop it before showing the vignettes. By showing the first portion of the video at the beginning, the students will already be familiar with many of the concepts and terms you are going to be instructing. This should make the learning process easier for them during your instruction. After the block of instruction, and the practice exercise is completed, then show the vignettes. The responses from the group while stopping after each vignette for discussion will ensure learning occurred, and serve to clarify what constitutes sexual harassment in the student’s minds. The...

Words: 10476 - Pages: 42

Premium Essay

A&D High Tech

...supply chain systems in less than eighteen months. He was especially proud since many observers had doubted that the project could be completed on time. As part of the strategic initiatives set forth by its CEO and founder, Ted Walter, A&D was to be second to none in utilizing technology to increase operational efficiency and reduce costs. The supply chain project therefore received notable attention in the boardroom and with its competitors. Time and again, Johnson was asked to tackle difficult assignments that were critical to the company’s growth and profits. He had already been mentioned as the successor to the vice president of e-business, Chuck Gagler, pending his retirement. (See Exhibit 1 for the A&D High Tech organizational chart.) In early May 2003 Johnson received an urgent message from the company’s CIO, Matt Webb. Webb asked Johnson to join him for a meeting with A&D’s senior managers to discuss taking over the company’s online store project. Johnson realized that up to that point the company’s top brass had virtually ignored the Internet and its sales potential. But that situation was about to change. As Webb explained, A&D’s vice president of sales, Jeff White, had advised CEO Ted Walter that A&D was losing its competitive advantage by not selling online. As a result, Walter had made the online store project the company’s highest priority. Walter wanted to know whether the project could be completed in time...

Words: 5988 - Pages: 24

Free Essay

Camera

...O ’ R E I L L Y D I G I T A L S T U D I O Professional Tips & Workflow Strategies for Using Photoshop to Enhance Your Digital Photography Skills Digital Photography Expert Techniques Ken Milburn rs CS ve op Co osh ot Ph Bringing Out the Best Picture So you’ve taken the shot. Is that it? Certainly not. In the world of digital photography, you can use a wide variety of techniques to “bring out” the best picture possible from the shot you’ve taken. You might be wondering, “How is that possible?” Well, in order to explain that, we should provide some background on how cameras differ from our own brains. The human brain can process more color range at any given instant than a computer monitor or a digital print can display. Our eyes don’t actually see more range than film or digital sensors; rather, our brain instructs our eyes to composite different areas of the image into a single whole. The brain does this “multiple-exposure” blending so quickly that we think we are looking at only one image. The camera, on the other hand, doesn’t have our brain inside. It records only one instant in time, which is why we are often so disappointed when we look at a base picture. (“That’s not how I remember the color and the details!”) And it gets worse: cameras are notorious for losing all the little details in the highlights and shadows of a shot. Thankfully, we can use the camera and the computer to minimize these deficiencies, and bring out a wider range of brightness and...

Words: 12670 - Pages: 51

Premium Essay

Intrenship Report on Recruitment & Selection System of United Commercial Bank Ltd

...1. Introduction: The recruitment and selection processes of an organization are two of its most important HR planning activities. The basic purpose of recruiting is to ensure a sufficient pool of applicants from which the most qualified individuals may be selected. Effective recruiting is important because sufficient number of qualified applicants is needed to ensure that selection can be successfully accomplished. 1.1 Origin of the Report: This report is a requirement of the internship program which is an important part of the MBA degree requirement. As the supervisor has advised me to develop a thorough understanding of the recruitment and selection processes of Prime Bank Limited (PBL), this report will be prepared on those aspects of the HR practices of PBL. 1.2 Objectives of the Study: The objectives of this study will be: * To evaluate the current recruitment and selection policy and process of Prime Bank Limited. *  To find out the weaknesses of the current policy. *  To suggest improvements to the policy. 1.3 Methodology: In the preparation of this report, data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. In-depth interviews of some of the employees of the HR Division of Prime Bank Limited have been conducted to gather necessary information. Also, the Recruitment and Selection Policy of PBL has been consulted in preparing this report. Moreover, text books, the internet, the annual report of Prime Bank Limited etc. have been used to collect...

Words: 12177 - Pages: 49

Premium Essay

Case Analysis

...USN/USMC Commander’s Quick Reference Handbook for Legal Issues 2008 i Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE 2008 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 00-00-2008 to 00-00-2008 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER USN/USMC Commander’s Quick Reference Handbook for Legal Issues 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Justice School ,Newport ,RI 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)...

Words: 39456 - Pages: 158

Premium Essay

Ricardo Semler Teaching Notes

...Ricardo Semler: A Revolutionary Model of Leadership TEACHING NOTE 04/2014-5982 This teaching note was written by William W. Maddux, Associate Professor of Organisational Behaviour at INSEAD, and Roderick I. Swaab, Assistant Professor of Organisational Behaviour at INSEAD, in conjunction with Betania Tanure, Professor of Organisational Behaviour at PUC / BTA, and case writer Elin Williams, as an aid to instructors in the classroom use of the case “Ricardo Semler: A Revolutionary Model of Leadership”. Financial support from INSEAD Alumni Fund is gratefully acknowledged. Instructors can register and login at cases.insead.edu to access instructor-only material supporting INSEAD case studies (e.g., videos, handouts, spreadsheets, links). Copyright © 2014 INSEAD COPIES MAY NOT BE MADE WITHOUT PERMISSION. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE COPIED, STORED, TRANSMITTED, REPRODUCED OR DISTRIBUTED IN ANY FORM OR MEDIUM WHATSOEVER WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER. This complimentary copy is for the authors’ use only. Copying or posting online is a copyright infringement. The Story The case follows the story of Brazilian business leader Ricardo Semler, who took the family marine-pump business to multi-national, multi-sector success. However, this is no typical business success story. First, Semler dramatically changed his own leadership style by relinquishing control and working less hard. Next, he set about transforming Semco, the company founded by...

Words: 4234 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Factors Affecting Hrm in Global Markets

...Chapter 13 Managing Human Resources in an International Business Chapter Outline The Internationalization of Business How Intercountry Differences Affect HRM Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Explain how to improve international assignments through employee selection. Answer the question, “What sort of special training do overseas candidates need?” Discuss the major considerations in formulating a compensation plan for overseas employees. Describe the main considerations in repatriating employees from abroad. Improving International Assignments Through Selection Training and Maintaining International Employees International Labour Relations Safety Abroad Repatriation: Problems and Solutions Managing Human Resources in an International Business 2 The Internationalization of Business International HRM Association www.ihrim.org More and more Canadian-based companies are conducting their business in other countries. Huge global companies like Noranda, Labatt’s, and Molson’s have long had extensive overseas operations. Global changes such as the rapid development of demand in the Pacific Rim and other areas of the world means that business success depends on the ability to market and manage overseas. Of course, to foreign companies like Toyota, Canada is “overseas,” and thousands of foreign firms already have thriving operations in Canada. Increasingly, companies must be managed...

Words: 11261 - Pages: 46