...Episodic memory in animals, Are they capable of mental time travel? Sarah-Jane Fahed American University Of Beirut Mental Time Travel in animals Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory, it’s the memory for personal events and is distinguished from semantic memory: memory for facts. What characterizes episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel also termed “Chronesthesia”: it is the capacity to mentally project oneself in the past to remember events that took place and projecting oneself to try and predict the future. It is commonly thought to be specific to humans but some studies have been done to research this specific type of memory and see if it can be attributed to animals. The study of episodic memory in non-humans led to many contradictory results and depends on how it is defined. The main focus of this paper is to study the different researches done on the Chronesthesia component of episodic memory in animals: mental time travel to the past and to the future and show their limitations. Tulving originally defined episodic memory in terms of the kind of information it appears to store: what where and when something happened (the www criterion) and later added the concept of autoneotic awareness to the definition (as cited in Suddendorf & Corballisb, 2007): the sensation that a memory was personally experienced In their book Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness Terrace...
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...this video, I will tell you something about one of our biggest enemies. We all hate it, we don’t want it, but it still exists, still appears beside us whether we like it or not. So, can you guess it? It’s stress. Now I know maybe some of you are laughing at me and thinking in mind that: oh, I know it clearly, I face it every day and what else do suppose me not to know? Something like that, right? Okay, but guarantee you, I just found out some other new good aspects of stress, u would like it. So just wait and see. Many people experience stress as they combine busy lives and the demands of study and or work while trying to also save time for friends and family. For some people, stress becomes almost a way of life. We all experience episodic stress – getting ready for a major exam, completing an important paper, perhaps getting ready for an important interview. However, a continuous “state” of stress should not become a way of life. We know that stress – over a prolonged period of time – can have increase certain health risks, to say nothing of the wear and tear that happens to relationships and general wellbeing. In today’s society, every day we may face some kind of stress and difficulties from work, school and family. Work-related stress has many causes, including long hours, heavy workload, job insecurity, the threat of job loss or redundancy, and conflicts with other workers or even your boss. If you are students, may be something like: oh, I can’t get it...
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...ect A The correct answer is: A. forgetting. 4 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. sensory memory. 5 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. directing the flow of information. 6 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. primacy. 7 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. Hebb. 8 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. the loss of the ability to form new memories. 9 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. episodic buffer. 10 i ncor r ect B The correct answer is: A. True. 11 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. unlimited. 12 i ncor r ect E The correct answer is: C. meaning. 13 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off. 14 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material. 15 cor r ect C The correct answer is: C. you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces. 16 i ncor r ect E The correct answer is: B. spacing effect. 17 i ncor r ect D The correct answer is: B. episodic memory. 18 i ncor r ect B The correct answer is: C. flashbulb memories are no more accurate than memories for more mundane life events. 19 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. support Bartlett’s idea of memory as a constructive process. 20 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. True. 21 i ncor r ect ...
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...AP Psychology Midterm Study Supplements Unit I: Psychology’s Perspectives & Treatments [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] | | | | |MECHANISM |DESCRIPTION |EXAMPLES | |1. denial |Failure to accept reality |Refusing to accept the death of a close | | | |friend or relative; refusing to accept that| | | |your relationship with a romantic friend is| | | |over | |2. displacement |The transfer of negative feelings about someone to |You are very angry with your mother and you| | |someone else |take out that anger in dealing with your | | | |sister or best friend | |3. projection |Putting (projecting) negative feelings on someone else |Blaming your teacher for failing a test | | ...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 2 Review Worksheet The Process of Memory In the spaces provided beneath the flowchart, list the term that corresponds with the definition in each box. [pic] 1. Store____________________ 2. Encoding_________________ 3. Short term memory________ 4. Consolidation______________ 5. Declarative Memory________ 6. Chunking_________________ 7. Segmentation________ 8. Rehearsal Computing IQ Essay Consider the following scenario: Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13. According to Sternberg, what is Kara’s IQ? Conduct research and interpret her score. Choose two theories of intelligence. Write a 150- to 200-word discussion on the components of each theory, and how they differ in relation to Spearman’s g factor. According to Sternberg, Kara’s IQ is 90 because at ages 10,11,12,13 the level of IQ is more than ages above 17 because of initiation to adulthood. Kara’s scores will be high because children with elevated levels of intelligence are more likely to learn in the school setting comparatively to their peers with lower scores. This gives evidence to the relationship between IQ scores and school performance. The triarchic theory of intelligence was created by Sternberg while he was piloting research on human intelligence. The triarchic theory is made up of three components. The first component addresses the relationship between intelligence and experience...
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...| MEMORY AND MEMORY RECALL | | | | 5/17/2012 | Abstract Recalling items from memory is not always an easy thing to do. Many times people will fail to write down a phone number or a shopping item because they are sure they will remember. Too often when needing to make that call the number cannot be recalled or they return home from the store and then realize they forgot the item they initially went to the store for in the first place. It has happened to us all. This paper will look at memory, reasons for memory loss, and offer ways to help consolidate and retrieve the information we receive. | Computers and humans both have memory that work in similar ways. Both require information to be input, stored, and retrieved. Computers use Rapid Access Memory, or RAM and Read Only Memory, or ROM. In 1968 Richard Arkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed the stage model of memory. This model has three different memory systems; sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory [ (Editorial Board, 2011) ]. Sensory memory is a very brief memory of something sensed through one of our five senses that if not passed on to short term memory and is forgotten quite quickly. Short term memory lasts a bit longer than sensory memory but doesn’t have the capacity of sensory memory [ (Course Materials, n.d.) ]. Finally, long term memory is the memory that last longer than sensory memory and short term memory. Episodic memory and semantic memory are two types of...
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...Unit 4 Ip Debrenia Massey AIU Online Abstract The functions of a human brain consist of memory in the way things are thought of and learned and in the process. In the paper I will Identify and describe as well as give examples of how the human brain memory works. Also in this paper I will explain other kinds of forgetting and discuss the strategies that can improve memory consolidation and retrieval. Memory, Thinking and Intelligence The human memory consists of three processes: encoding, storage, retrieval. The encoding is the first process in the human memory and it is where information is transformed to be stored into a memory. The storage is the second process in the human memory and it is where physiological change has to take place in order for the memory to be stored. And the last process in the human memory is the retrieval process which is where you can retrieve memories that you stored originally during the encoding process so that the information stored can return to the same point it was in the beginning. In 1968, Richard Atkins and Richard Schifrin developed the Stage Model of Memory; which describes the basic structure and function of memory (Introduction to Psychology, p. 123). This model is made of three memory systems: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory. The Sensory Memory is the beginning stage of the memory process. It uses the five memory sense touch, smell, taste, sound, and sight. These sense organs have a limited ability to...
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...Has God ever given me a mental image to figure out a piece of my life’s puzzle? Thinking deeper on the subject I can only wonder how many times this has actually happened and I didn’t realize it was God’s way of helping me get through something. Further reading on the retrieval of autobiographical memories I realized that this form of episodic memory pieced my life puzzle together better. I have always been able to remember special events in life with ease. I can at least pinpoint the time of year and what surrounded me during the event. I have always been able to do this. I continuously replay my life’s events in my head from as early as I can remember. It is possible reading from the text that I do this do dwell more on positive aspects of my life. I did in fact have a rough life and can see now why I would want to replay happier memories in my head and remember them forever. Prof Donovan stated near the end of her video “just wait for God’s timing and he will tell you where it goes”. She was talking about that puzzle piece that gets us through a difficult situation. Having an autobiographical memory is a true gift from God helped me get through losing my mother last year. I didn’t realize what he was preparing me for in the future but the simple task of replaying events in my head helped a lot. I was able to remember some great things about my mother and was able to make sure her true wishes were met. It helped me honor her for the great woman she was in life. I know...
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...patohyChapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Bodily Growth and Change Sleep Patterns and Problems ● Sleep terror: The abrupt awakening of a child or adult from deep sleep in a state of panic, usually about one hour after falling asleep. The person typically remembers nothing about the episode in the morning. Also known as a night terror. Enuresis: Repeated urination in clothing or in bed. ● Brain Development Motor Skills ● ● ● Gross motor skills: Physical skills that involve the large muscles. Fine motor skills: Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination. Systems of action: Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. Handedness ● Handedness: Preference for using a particular hand. Artistic Development ● ● ● ● Scribble: In the first stage of children’s artistic development, the vertical and zigzag lines drawn in patterns by young children. Shapes: Circles, squares, triangles, and other figures drawn by young children in the second stage of artistic development. Designs: The stage of artistic development in which children combine shapes into more complex designs. Pictorial: The stage of artistic development in which children draw actual depictions of objects, such as houses and trees. HEALTH AND SAFETY Nutrition: Preventing Obesity Malnutrition Deaths and Accidental...
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...contingent relationship between the CS and UCS. A woman is an auctioneer. Based on the anchoring heuristic, when she puts an item up for bid she is likely to get a higher price if she Choose one answer. a. suggests a low initial bid. b. suggests a moderate initial bid. c. suggests a high initial bid. d. does not suggest an initial bid A major value of speech errors is that they Choose one answer. a. provide evidence that memory is typically a reconstructive process. b. suggest that attention is a highly selective process. c. show the importance of the law of effect in controlling behavior. d. provide insight into both the processes and representations that underlie fluent speech production. Using positron emission tomography to study episodic memory, Endel Tulving and his colleagues have shown that: a. episodic memory is identical to declarative memory. b. the hippocampus is responsible for the repression of episodic memories. c. encoding and retrieval processes may be located in different areas of the brain. d. male and female brains are anatomically distinct. A boy is sent to his room and not allowed to watch television with the rest of the family until he can do so without jumping in the living room. When he returns to the living room, he sits down quietly. The boy's change in behaviour is an illustration of Choose one answer. a. positive reinforcement. ...
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...sense of time, Hoerl claims that people who lack an episodic memory cannot grasp a sense of time in a way that more “normal” individuals can. Craver, accepts that amnesiac individuals may lack an episodic memory, but sets out to systematically refute the notion of this type of memory as a requirement for being an agent. I believe that the definition for episodic memory is far less constraining than either of these two philosophers are willing to give. I suggest that on an individual level, time and memory are interdependent and only if memory is completely nonexistent, will a person be relieved of their identification as an agent. Given this, Craver’s defense of amnesiac persons hold true, and further, these people indeed do hold a sense of time. Craver takes several angles from which to refute the absence of agency in amnesiacs. First Craver takes Locke’s diachronic view of identity and discusses the requirements for what constitutes a memory. These are: a) The person has an apparent memory of an experience, b) The content of the apparent memory is identical (or very similar) to the past experience c) The person in fact had that experience. Craver uses a follow-up system in which C is altered to allow for the memories to be based on the emotion elicited from a past event to count as quasi-memories, however, I believe that memory does not need to be based even so far as this to count as an example of diachronic memory. Take for instance the case of Holly Ramona, a girl...
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...The Effects of Emotion, Imagery and Negative Feelings on Memory Retrieval My Memory Here I was, at the 2013 U.S. Synchronized Figure Skating Championships, standing in the well-known “kiss and cry” area with my team. We just skated our second program of the competition, the long program, and it felt absolutely incredible. I remember completing each element and taking a deep breath of relief each time knowing we made it through another section of our program without a fall. Our team’s goal this season was a pewter medal, 4th place, and we were moments away from achieving it. The short program, which we skated the night before, was also incredible and it gave us close to a four point lead ahead of the team behind us. All we needed to do was get our scores and celebrate. I remember the image of the stands where our organization’s younger team and our parents stood, cheering and going crazy and waiting for our scores as well. Brooke and Alexis had those silly Shamu whale costumes on in honor of our music to a song from one of the SeaWorld shows. They started doing that silly Shamu hand signal and the rest of our cheering section did it too. I held the hands of two of my teammates, one of them my sister, tighter than I’ve held anything in my life. We stood there, anxious, staring at the screen hanging above the crowd, waiting and waiting for the announcer to come on and our scores to appear. They showed recaps of some of our best moves we performed just a few minutes ago and...
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...Cover Sheet Title: The Process of Memory Reginald Singleton Student ID: 21978330 February 13, 2015 Essentials of Psychology SSC130 Essay 25072400 You’re at a large gathering where family, friends, and people you are not familiar with are present. Some of the people there you’ve met once or twice before, and as you engage in conversation with them they use your name several times. You on the other hand, can’t recall any of their names, and this causes you much embarrassment. Later you ask yourself, ‘why couldn’t I remember their names, it was less than 6 months ago when we all spent time together playing volleyball?’ The answer to that question might best be found by considering the process by which we encode, amass, and recover information. Based on the three-system approach to memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) as information passes through or enters the sensory stage, which is the first step, and repetition is not carried out, this information, such as a person’s name can be lost within a second or so. Therefore, when I relate an example of my personal experience of how I forgot the name of those who I had played a game of volleyball with, I could have helped my chances of remembering by perhaps using their names frequently as we played together. Doing so would have lead to the second stage where information moves into short-term memory. In this stage, information can be stored for about 15 to 25 seconds before forgetting. I could have increased...
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...Table of Contents Index Page number 1. Vygotski’s Sociocultural Theory 2 1.1 Course of Development 1.2 Course of Development Characterised by 1.3 Factors Affecting Development 2. Information-Processing Theory 3 2.1 Course of Development 2.2 Course of Development Characterised by 2.3 Factors Affecting Development 3. Memory Strategies 4 3.1 Attention 3.3.1 Selective attention 3.3.2 Sustained attention 3.3.3 Adaptive attention 4. Strategies for storing memory 4.1 Rehearsal, Organisation, Elaboration 4.2 Elaboration 5. Types of memory 6 5.1 Autobiography memory 5.2 Episodic memory 5.3 Semantic memory 5.4 Eyewitness memory 6. Metacognitive memory 7 6.1 Knowledge of Cognitive Capabilities 6.2 Knowledge of Strategies 7. Cognitive Self-Regulation 8 Bibliography 9 The Course of Development in Children 1) Vygotsky noted that learning takes place on a continuous basis as they learn from the more knowledgable adults of a culture within a society. Adults play a vital role in a childs development. 2) Children acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that in return, constitutes the culture. 3) Vygotsky’s theory that children undergo certain stagewise changes such as language and then be able to engage in meaning dialogue with people. Language is the cornerstone of communication. VYGOTSKI’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY 1) 2) The Course of Development are Characterised by: Vygotsky’s theory stated...
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...Before reading and watching the videos about memory, I would have confidently stated that most of my memories were quite accurate, maybe a nine on a scale of one to ten. I now understand that although I have some vivid memories of certain events in my life, they may not be reliable recollections of the actual experiences. An explanation for this is that memories are not perfect reproductions of events because our brains are not recording devices capturing information with precise accuracy. Instead, memories are reconstructive, where we put the pieces of information together and fill in the blanks of our perceptions in order to make sense of the world. In other words we only encode some of the details of an experience and may rely upon schemas to interpret the information stored so that we can comprehend the particular situation. Although helpful, schemas potentially oversimplify information that may lead to errors in memory when retrieved. Some of these retrieved recollections of past experiences may be falsely reconstructed memories. A real-life consequence as a result of falsely reconstructed memories could be the potential for an individual to confuse their imagination with reality. For instance, the person may experience source monitoring confusion, where they feel they are experiencing an episodic memory such as having had an argument with a friend, but not being too sure if the argument actually occurred or whether it was just a dream. The individual may not have...
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