...Social Stigmas Andre Dunham Strayer University What are Stigmas? Stigma is defined as: 1. a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on one’s reputation (www.dictionary.com). I’ve chosen the Article Social Stigmas by Heidi Goar to help understand what Social Stagmas are and, how to identify the different types of Social Stigmas that are out there. The information obtained in the Article for the most part is a review of existing research. The author used studies from other Scientist such as Erving Goffman (1922-1982) and Emile Durkhein to support her claims. What I’ve learned about Social Stigmas is that you don’t want to be placed in one. Once you are placed in one, the stigmatized person could be labeled as inferior and could suffer a loss in status in the community. One could have a stigma placed on them because of something they have done, such as the criminally deviant. Stigmas can also be placed on someone who has certain health conditions, such as Leprosy or AIDS. I also learned from Erving Goffmans’ Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity that there are two types of stigmatized members: discreditable and discredited. A discreditable person has yet to be found out. A discredited person has either already revealed his/her position, been exposed, or cannot conceal the stigma. Goffman also says that there are Six Dimensions of Stigma that match the discreditable and discredited stigma. They are listed below: 1. Concealable...
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...institutions that deal with people with social and personal problems always act in the interests of those they serve? Discuss through the ideas of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault. Introduction This essay will concentrate on the works of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault. Erving Goffman is seen as the sociologist of the micro level and Foucault at the macro level. What this essay will aim to do is to distinguish the works of both these sociologists and identify the concepts that both try to portray. When speaking in relation to the works of Erving Goffman, one must speak about his studies of the self and the identity that one creates in society. He speaks of how people are actors and that performances are what the people see and thus creating the self identity of one self. Performance is the key area which Goffman speaks about in his writings. From here, the essay will establish how institutions have an effect on certain societies and what happens to identity once someone enters into an institution and the meaning of total institution and will incorporate the work of Foucault. Michel Foucault looks at the long term history of madness, asylums and prisons. The essay will elaborate on Foucault by discussing what he says in relation to where and why such institutions came about, thus the effects that they have on an individual. Erving Goffman Identity “I shall consider the way in which the individual in ordinary works situations presents himself and his activity to others, the...
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...Erving Goffman is known for his contributions to the field of sociology. Goffman studied social interactions through microsociology and created a framework for studying social interaction in everyday life. In Goffman’s study of mental institutions, a participant observational study, he constructed the framework for defining social situations as total institutions. In his essay, “Characteristics of Total Institutions,” Goffman discusses the totalistic features as well as the mortification processes that effect members of the institution. While this concept has been used by many researchers and writers, it lacks scientific methods and measurements of data collection and may contain biases. However, this does not discredit Goffman’s model but...
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...January 15, 2006, he informs his audience about the term “covering”. This term was taken from Erving Goffman’s book “Stigma” which is about how people handle their differences and disabilities (34). Yoshino writes educated claims from his experiences as a Japanese homosexual. He introduces his audience to two different terms, passing and covering. Passing applies to an individual who hides the visibility of a characteristic, while covering is toning down the intensity of the characteristic (34). Yoshino approaches these concepts relating to his own identity. In the first paragraph of the essay he says the world is saying “Be gay… Be openly gay, if you want. But don’t flaunt.” This is where covering played into his life. He, and other homosexuals, are expected to tone down their homosexuality in order to fit into the mainstream. This concept applied to many others with “outsider identities” (32). People held themselves back from truly opening up about their personal lives in order to fit in. Being a scholar at Yale University, Yoshino decided to spend his time doing research pertaining one’s identity, called “mesearch,” and focus on the overwhelming pressure to conform that was being felt by many (34). He says that when he first came out he felt the need to follow straight norms, but didn’t know what word to use to describe this demand. That was when he came across Goffman’s piece. Goffman used F.D.R. as an example for covering because he would position himself behind a desk during...
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...the following essay is “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” , and I have selected in particular the chapter speaking about “Communication Out of Character”. This is the first book to highlight the face-to-face interaction as a subject studied by a sociologist.Erving Goffman believes that when a person comes into direct contact with another individual , specifically a face-to-face one , they will try to impress one another and maintain that immage as log as it’s neccesary , thus underlining the idea that every individual is represented by a character who plays his own role on stage. My chosen chapter “Communication Out of Character” ecompasses the whole spectrum of communication such as : verbal and non verbal communication (gestures,facial expressions,microexpressions as well as the tone of voice).As the title suggest , it speaks about individuals communicating out of their role/status and is supported by numerous examples which highlight many inappropriate types of communication for individuals.Also this chapter is divided into four subchapters : “Treatment of the Absent”, “Staging Talk”, “Team Collusion”, “Realigning Actions”. Even from the beginning of the chapter , Erving Goffman states that when two parties meet , each composing member from both groups will try to persuade one another into believing that they are what they pretend to be.Their subdue the intimate behavior and try to maintain the level of formality or informality established for that...
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...Breaching Experiment: The Human Response to the Invasion of Personal Space. Most people do not like having their personal space invaded and everyone reacts to this in their own personal matter, depending on that person's preference and the approach of invasion as well. As a usual, we keep distance between other people about arm’s length; we call it personal space. In most cases, this personal space is set for the comfort ability of one another. However, in my experiment, I decided to breach this norm, and took some situations into action. I invaded personal spaces of friend and strangers and observed the reactions of these people. The feedback I received from the invasion of my friend's personal space differed from the response of invading a stranger's. While we were at the café with my best female friend, I stayed very close to her all the time. As we sat down at the table, I sat near her, where was enough space only for one person, instead of sitting on the opposite side. She hadn’t say anything about my invasion, but I noticed that she was wandering if something wrong with me. Though, when I intruded stranger’s personal space, their reaction toward it was different. While I was in subway, I spotted a man who was sitting on the empty bench and reading a newspaper. When I sat down right beside him, as close as I could, the man stopped reading and looked at me, as if he was expecting me to say something, but I just smiled to him. The man ease up a little and continued his...
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...become. If we lose the opportunity to interact with others, it gives us little room to construct or maintain a social identity. What a person may imagine as their own reality, can be quickly altered and replaced with new sets of rules, beliefs and even a new sense of self. Erving Goffman, a Canadian-American sociologist, describes an establishment that is capable of causing such drastic changes as a “total institution”. An example of such institution is seen in Frederick Wiseman’s documentary called, “Titicut Follies,” about a state hospital for the criminally insane in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Through out the film, there were many instances that agreed with Goffman’s theory of what constitutes a total institution. What exactly is a total institution? According to Goffman, this term refers to a place in which people are detached from the rest of society and taken under almost complete control from the staff in charge. It is a place where people who have comparable social situations, like those in the documentary who commit crimes, but are also mentally unstable, reside. They live a confined life, where no boundaries are set for the three spheres of life which include, work, play, and sleep. (Goffman 1961) In a sense, this process tends to dehumanize the individual and strip them away from all the characteristics that made them who they were. With a blank slate, the institution is able to re-socialize the person into what they seem fitting. Life is experienced and controlled...
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...Abstract This paper is a personal response to Erving Goffman’s article, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. It contains the various ideas and interpretations on Goffman’s as well as my own ideas of a personal front or an act that everyone in society displays for multiple reasons such as being socially acceptable or for more personal reasons such as fear. It also discusses the background of why people in society portray different versions of themselves depending on their surroundings or audience in reference to Goffman’s ideas. Keywords: front, personal front, audience, society We are all actors. We are not all famous and we don’t receive million dollar checks but we are all actors. Our character depends on who our observers are; these observers vary between close friends and family or strangers that we want to impress. The type of character we are depends on our constantly changing audience and we put on a front so that people will believe in our “fake selves”. The way that we “set our stage” is the first part of our act but once the observers leave, we go back to our normal selves, unseen by others. We can tell a personality by their room. We tend to focus on having the trendy possessions that make us socially acceptable because it gives us the feeling of stability. Erving Goffman used the example of a higher civil servant in Britain, stating that the people of higher status are part of luxurious clubs but these people are not always wealthy, they are equal...
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...Deliverable # 2 Ervin Goffman “Characteristics of Total Institutions” Vs. “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” By: Eric Sawyer Option #1 We live in a world with many different types of institutions. Some might care for mental problems, not being able to care for yourself or being at age when you cannot. There are also institutions that are organized to protect the community to so called intentional dangers. Some of the concepts we have discussed in class go hand and hand with the social context of Goffman’s total institutions. I will discuss the concepts of how institutions might hurt or help and the different concepts we have discussed in class relating to Coffman’s “Characteristics of Total Institutions”. Something that I analyzed in “One Flew Over The Cuckoo Nest” is the false diagnosis of insanity. Mcmurphy’s sanity is symbolized through free spirit, positive laughter and just an over all around positive out look on life. In Coffman’s “Total Institutions”, it goes into “Adaption Alignments” and how this is a mortifying process of how inmates must adapt to the conditions that an institution might have such as privileges and consequences. Mcmurphy falls under the rebellious line, the characteristics that fall under this is how the inmate intentionally challenges institution by refusing to cooperate with staff in almost any way. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo Nest, Mcmurphy demonstrates this in many ways, in the part were he broke two young ladies in the institution, or...
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...In this reading by sociologist Erving Goffman, Presentation of self in everyday life, written in 1959 Goffman uses a comparison between theater and society to clearly convey the importance of human interactions. He uses imagery to clearly display the similarities between "actors" on a stage playing a role and how this compares to the interactions we face on a day-to-day basis. The first term Goffman uses in helping us understand the importance of face-to face interaction is definition of the situation. He defines this as "enabling others to know in advance what he will expect of them and what they may expect of him" (Goffman, 1959). He states that people gather information about other to help them to know what to say and or do to get a reaction...
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...Dramaturgy→ Sociologist Erving Goffman developed the concept of dramaturgy, the idea that life is like a never-ending play in which people are actors. Goffman believed that when we are born, we are thrust onto a stage called everyday life, and that our socialization consists of learning how to play our assigned roles from other people. We enact our roles in the company of others, who are in turn enacting their roles in interaction with us. He believed that whatever we do, we are playing out some role on the stage of life. Goffman distinguished between front stages and back stages. During our everyday life, we spend most of our lives on the front stage, where we get to deliver our lines and perform. A wedding is a front stage. A classroom lectern is a front stage. A dinner table can be a front stage. Almost any place where we act in front of others is a front stage. Sometimes we are allowed to retreat to the back stages of life. In these private areas, we don’t have to act. We can be our real selves. We can also practice and prepare for our return to the front stage. Impression Management Goffman coined the term impression management to refer to our desire to manipulate others’ impressions of us on the front stage. According to Goffman, we use various mechanisms, called sign vehicles, to present ourselves to others. The most commonly employed sign vehicles are the following: Social setting Appearance Manner of interacting Social Setting The social setting is...
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...Street Strategy Chapter 5 begins by explaining that children enter the street labor force beyond the simple idea of their family needing money. It then goes on to explain that the need isn’t why all children remain as street workers. They do it because they have the social skills needed to be successful and thrive as a child laborer and it helps them in their physical survival. We are then told the life story of Isabella. She grew up in Puerto Barrios which is located on the Southeast coast of Guatemala with two parents who ended up splitting up and she moved with her mom to the Western Highlands. There she worked with her grandmother weaving hats for a relative’s tourist shop and because she was gifted at this she was made to spend 12 to 13 hours a day on it as well as care for her younger sister. She was never paid by her grandmother and was abused so she ended up turning to her mother for help but because of the guy that was currently with her mother she couldn’t move in with her. Her mother found her a job as a servant where she worked from dusk till dawn with little pay and was occasionally hit. She ran away back to her grandmother’s and was soon kicked out for smothering chickens, accidently, while keeping them as pets. Turning to her mother for help again she was advised to leave Quiche and went looking for work in the nation’s capital. She was eleven when she got a job with her friend as a domestic servant and worked there for six months before leaving due to low pay...
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...In The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Goffman states that when an individual interacts with people, the individual will try to control the impression that others make of them, by altering their setting, appearance and manner. At the same time, the person an individual is interacting with is trying to construct information about the individual. A person’s motive is to “control the definitions of the scene for the audience, so that they will respond accordingly”. I found this concept to be an important aspect of socialization in everyday life. I thought Goffman's concept of dramaturgy was compelling taking all elements of a theatre performance into consideration, Such as social setting, appearance and manner to convey information about...
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...Erving Goffman was one of the first sociologists to write about disease stigma. Goffman thought that people were stigmatized by others on the basis of being different, and this “deviance” results in “spoiled identity.” (Bios Sociologicus:) Singling people out as different devalues their social position. This idea of stigma focused on the social/psychological processes of being stigmatized and the consequences of stigma. Using a variety of qualitative methods, Goffman developed classifications of the different elements of social interaction. (Goffman E. 1971) Goffman made contributions to the related fields of the sociology of mental illness and the sociology of stigma. Goffman defined a stigma as a ‘deeply discrediting’ attribute in the context of a set of relationships. He distinguished three types: abominations of the body, blemishes of character and tribal stigmata. (Bios Sociologicus:) Goffman knew that the handling of possibly damaging information was critical for three aspects of our identity: “the ‘personal’, the ‘social’ and the ‘ego”. (Tarwireyi F.) Our personal identity is what makes each of us unique and it consists of fingerprints of our life histories. Our identity is what others understand about us. Our ego identity refers to what we think about ourselves. In one part of Stigma Goffman suggested that we are all, to some degree, stigmatized. (Bios Sociologicus:) There is a huge amount of inequalities in health that we see within and between countries...
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...Thursday, January 14, 2010 Erving Goffman DRAMATURGY Read: Appelrouth & Edles 478-518 Goffman’s books include: Asylums, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Encounters, Behavior in Public Places, Stigma, Interaction Ritual, Strategic Interaction, Frame Analysis, and Gender Advertisements. Article: “The Interaction Order.” Goffman was considered a symbolic interactionist (for good reason), although Goffman himself found the label wanting. Denying an allegiance to that tradition or even to the more general label of “theorist,” he was more prone to refer to himself as simply an “empiricist” or a “social psychologist.” In some respects, Goffman’s self-description may be the more accurate, for his work drew from a number of distinct approaches that he fashioned together in forming his own novel account of everyday life. Goffman wrote with the flair of a literary stylist, his was not the dry prose all too common among scientist. Instead of adopting the standard practice of situating ones analyses within a particular intellectual lineage or reigning contemporary debates, Goffman was busy inventing his own terminology, as he set out to “raise questions that no one else had ever asked and to look at data that no one had ever examined before.” Goffman was at the forefront of important movements within sociology, for instance, doing ethnomethodology before the ethnomethodologist and exploring the central role of language in social life (the “linguistic turn”) well...
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