...Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Introduction: Artificial Intelligence The growing field of artificial intelligence is one that continues to show potential in many areas of expertise such as legal work and medicine. Artificial intelligence (AI) as explained by Semmler and Rose is “the process of simulating human intelligence through machine processes” (Semmler). There are many kinds of AI that do different things, but the main attribute of all AI is the ability to learn from specific data and use what they learn to perform a task. Some simple AI can improve the chance to find diseases in blood by keeping good records, while others can do the work of first-year associates at a law firm (Nunez). There are now countless AIs and with them starting to become widespread the ethics of having powerful AI is now being studied. The study of AI is widespread and unregulated in many countries which has created an opportunity for questionable AI to appear. This has caused an issue of ethics to appear and be studied. Researchers of AI such as Sean Semmler and Zeeve Rose look into the effect AI has...
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...Criterion SM Online Essay Evaluation: An Application for Automated Evaluation of Student Essays Jill Burstein Educational Testing Service Rosedale Road, 18E Princeton, NJ 08541 jburstein@ets.org Martin Chodorow Department of Psychology Hunter College 695 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021 martin.chodorow@hunter.cuny.edu Claudia Leacock Educational Testing Service Rosedale Road, 18E Princeton, NJ 08541 cleacock@ets.org Abstract This paper describes a deployed educational technology application: the CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service, a web-based system that provides automated scoring and evaluation of student essays. Criterion has two complementary applications: E-rater®, an automated essay scoring system and Critique Writing Analysis Tools, a suite of programs that detect errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics, that identify discourse elements in the essay, and that recognize elements of undesirable style. These evaluation capabilities provide students with feedback that is specific to their writing in order to help them improve their writing skills. Both applications employ natural language processing and machine learning techniques. All of these capabilities outperform baseline algorithms, and some of the tools agree with human judges as often as two judges agree with each other. 2. Application Description Criterion contains two complementary applications that are based on natural language processing (NLP) methods. The scoring application, e-rater®, extracts...
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...Artificial Intelligence Essay In this essay I will attempt to describe briefly what artificial intelligence is, its drawbacks, and to what level computers have advanced in order to be able to achieve the goals of AI. In doing so, I will go on and discuss the following points: • Computers can only do what they are told by a programmer • Computers cannot think • Intelligence cannot be understood. There are many definitions of artificial intelligence (AI), but they all conclude in some form to say that it is the study of mental capabilities through the use of computer models. It can also be said that AI allows computers to carry out tasks that have been considered to require intelligence and are usually carried out by experts. The main advantages of AI are therefore that it can aid experts in decision making and comment on any statements made, helps answer the questions of trainees requiring the knowledge of experts in their field, and obviously, learn from its mistakes to acquire new facts. When defining artificial intelligence, it is useful to understand fully what both words mean. Something artificial is said to be unreal, unnatural and inorganic meaning it being synthetic. Intelligence is the skill of understanding and the ability to perceive and conceive meaning Therefore artificial intelligence is a way of providing man made computers with the ability to learn, perceive and think for themselves. This is just the theory, because in practice...
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...Human and Machine Intelligence Essay Joe Schmo Human and Machine Intelligence Essay Are machines able to think, feel, comprehend, and act intelligently similar to that of their human counterparts? The debate continues and with the advancement of technology anything is possible. This paper will take a look at artificial intelligence and clearly state goals and limitations related to it. This paper will also compare and contrast the relation between the functioning brains and will evaluate if computers are capable of thought and how the right and left hemispheres of the human brain correspond to that of a microchip. Finally, this paper will discuss our feelings on free will in intelligent beings. According to "The Free Dictionary" (2012), "Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or other machine to perform actions thought to require intelligence. Among these actions are logical deduction and inference, creativity, the ability to make decisions based on past experience or insufficient or conflicting information, and the ability to understand spoken language ” (Artificial Intelligence). Technology has advanced tremendously since the creation of artificial intelligence in the 1950’s. A major goal moving ahead for scientists is to create machines that have the capacity to think and act like humans. Scientists then hope that if they are able to create human-like machines they will eventually be able to surpass...
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...Human and Machine Intelligence Essay I have been tasked with examining the root similarities and differences between human and machine intelligence. This is no small feat considering the copious amounts of scientific and philosophical information attributed to each, including fact, speculation, conviction, or otherwise. Defining intelligence alone has been historically subjected to great debate; add to that the hypotheticals of artificial intelligence and a whole new scale of complications become apparent. Through the course of this essay Team C will analyze and discuss a handful of key variables pertaining to biological (human or human-like) and mechanical intelligences, including their presumed natures and components, etc., and in the case of machines current achievements, ambitions, and the direction of development. With greater understanding of the elements of each, Team C can begin to compare and contrast the two with as much precision as possible, given the level of uncertainty. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a difficult goal to reach for scientists. Major milestones have been crossed on the road to true AI. According to Anthony Tongen, “In 1999, a group of scientists from Emory University and Georgia Tech made a calculator (called the “leechulator”) with neurons taken from leeches” (Tongen, 2003). This adaptation of biological components and mechanical material strikes major ground in the collective effort to reach true melding of flesh and machine. By 2010 Swedish...
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...In this essay he will be explaining the different roles metaphors play in helping people understand the concept of artificial intelligence. He will also give his opinion on if the brain is a so-called meat machine, and giving different examples of metaphors that prefer to the function of the human brain. I also will be explaining how Victor Frankl would answer the question, “What does it mean to be human?” The author will give his definition of what it means to be a human, while describing what metaphors Victor Frankl used to communicate his ideas. He will also be discussing the different difficulties of addressing certain characteristics and whether the characteristics are limited to humans. When it comes to metaphors and the roles they play in helping people understand artificial intelligence, they are significant to people who need a demonstration or idea of what’s going on. Artificial intelligence is basically computer created to perform human like activities, so describing a situation such as cars, machine made will make the definition of it more understandable to some. After reading and defining different terms to help me understand the situation, I have come to the conclusion that the brain is a meat-machine because it controls the body and it daily functions. That is similar to a machine because it is set to perform daily tasks to perform a certain goal. Different metaphors that have been used are the spider-web which is delicate and connects many things, it responds...
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...Man forges his own purpose from the desires of his imagination and the rare strength of his will to create. His implements have been modified as time has gone on, but his longing, his passion to create; to change his world has not. The paper will address Artificial Intelligence from several aspects. The history, the key players, everyday uses, technologies and the future will be conversed. Definition Artificial intelligence is defined as the study of intelligent behavior and the attempt to find ways in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of artifact. Simply is the act of putting human intelligence into a machine. AI is a major section of computer science dealing with the reformation of intelligent behavior in computers: the capability of a machine to emulate intelligent human behavior. It can be correlated to the parallel task of using computers to understand human intelligence; however AI does not have to limit itself to methods that are physically visible. History The pursuit for artificial intelligence is not a new venture for science it’s been around before Christ. Even in Egyptian times looked to talking statues for mystical advice the quest for the thinking machine was there. Artificial intelligence (AI) are both a term and a science was coined 120 years later, after the operational digital computer had made...
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...thought would only exist in cartoons. We have robot pets that have been mass produced, robots that can play table tennis, onboard GPS navigation devices for our cars and we even have cars that can convert to boats but as we have seen in the past, great inventions can be used in a destructive way or have ill-effects. This essay will describe some problems associated with AI and robots and describe some ethical issues associated with the use of this technology. The origin of artificial intelligence and robots can be found way back in Greek times because although they didn`t have the resources to develop the machines we see today they already had ideas of objects that could act like humans and be autonomous. In their literature there are traces of intelligent artifacts and traces of how mechanical devices were created to act with a limited degree of intelligence. Since AI is rooted in logic it can be said that Aristotle was the first to contribute to AI because he created syllogistic logic which is the first type of system that was designed to help with reasoning. But the first actual AI program was done by John McCarthy who in fact coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”. He and his students created the first computer programs that were able to solve logic problems. Today AI can be seen in everything from cell phones to video games but questions still remain about where the line will be drawn or if we have overstepped our boundaries with our creations. There are a lot of benefits to...
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...and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few weeks later, clicking the “send” button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let you rewrite the test to try to improve your grade. EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks. The new service will bring the educational consortium into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answers has not yet received widespread endorsement by educators and has many critics. Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful pedagogical tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or...
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...Artificial Intelligence Vs Humanity: Why we should think about the threat of Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is definitely a touchy subject for the human race. The very mention of the term conjures up images of apocalyptic societies where intelligent super-computers have either enslaved the human race or eradicated the inferior species altogether. For some, the connotation of "artificial intelligence" attacks the very core of the human spirit, the pride of our race. The very thought of an "intelligent" computer that is on par, or more likely superior, to our own brain sends chills down the spine. Are these concerns realistic? Or are they unfounded worries of people who don't understand the issue? Some proponents of artificial intelligence insist that such concerns are the result of semantic misunderstanding. By definition, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent ("Artificial Intelligence”, Herzfeld Noreen). The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality (Nonlinear Science and Complexity, M. Marques). Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and countless other feats never before possible...
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...Essay A driverless car, also known as a self-driving car is an autonomous car which can perform the actions of the human being, as if a man were driving a traditional car. We can say that the car is independent of the human as the car only needs to be programmed with the destination. The mechanical part of the vehicle is held by the car its own. Moreover, to function, the car has some specific technology, for example laser, radar, GPS and computer vision. An example of an approved case of self-driving cars can be Google’s. In 2011 the state of Nevada was the first jurisdiction in the United States to pass a law concerning the operation of driverless cars. This law was turned into effect by March 2012 and the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles gave the first license for a self-driven car in May 2012. This license was given to Google’s car which was in this case a Toyota Prius. Google got involved with this issue as it is trying to develop technology for driverless vehicles. In addition, the project is currently being led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the co-inventor of Google Street View. To develop this system, Google also had to hire 15 engineers. This topic about self-driving cars involves also other issues such as hardware and software, social and ethical issues and the social impact. As regards hardware and software involved, it integrates Google Maps with various hardware sensors and artificial...
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...Sign In | Sign Up StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes Essays Book Notes AP Notes Citation Generator More Case Analysis Of Ann Taylor Survival In Specialty Retail Essays and Term Papers Search Advanced Search Documents 1 - 20 of 1000 Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: an Action Guide Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide Submitted in partial fulfillment of B.S. in Business Administration Century University, New Mexico Grade = 95% {A} Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide, by Robert Murdick, R. Carl Moor and Richar Premium 4514 Words 19 Pages Burger King and Its Advertising Campaigns Burger King and Its Advertising Campaigns Burger King is a reliable burger company which has had its ups and downs. In 1974, it came out with a slogan of "Have it your way" and at this time it also had a 4 % market share. Burger King's idea was to have the customer have their burger done their w Premium 1694 Words 7 Pages Foreign Aid Foreign Aid There are two words that many politicians like to shy away , and those two words are, "foreign aid." Taking a firm stand on either side of this topic is usually side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually based on a case by case analysis. This extremely controv Premium 1773 Words 8 Pages Rainforest Cafe, Inc: Outline to Rainforest Cafe Research Report...
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...The Rise of Robotics in the Workforce Carlos Andres Aznaran ITT Technical institute, San Bernardino Mrs. Boyer February 6, 2015 The Rise of Robotics in the Workforce Since the days of Isaac Asimov, there has been a lingering question that many find foolish, while others find more realistic than we know. Will robots take over the world? Since the invention of the personal computer, we have taken tremendous strides in technology. There are new technologies now in the workforce. It seems more plausible that soon our jobs can be a thing of the past. This essay will talk about: how artificial intelligence is used to perform basic computations, how robots are working side by side with humans, and the impact robots have on low wage jobs. The roots of artificial intelligence (AI) can be traced to the days of Aristotle. He described a method of mechanical logic known as syllogism. Syllogism is a logical argument that uses deductive reasoning to come at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are assumed to be true (Noving, 2012). Scientists have been working on developing AI since the 1960s. The main issue that was raised was that there was no formulaic way of describing a computer as “intelligent”. There are many computers and programs that are smarter than most humans, but if their functions are to multiply large numbers, or keep track of thousands of bank account balances, then they are not referred to as intelligent. They are only referred to as correct (Noving...
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...Artificial intelligence and first contact with an alien species are two popular science fiction topics. They are popular because they deal with something humanity might very well experience in the future. That raises an important philosophical question; How will humanity react when faced with a completely alien intelligence either man-made or extra-terrestrial? Iris Murdoch essay, “The Idea of Perfection” explains how humanity interacts with the unknown, or the sublime, by masking the sublime with knowledge and experiences already obtained previously instead of approaching it as completely unknown. This theory is presented in the film “Ex Machina” and Mary Doria Russell’s novel “The Sparrow”. In both of these works the characters meet mysterious and completely foreign life forms which forces them to adapt by...
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...Essay 1: “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” summary and response Summary: In the article of “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”, Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way our mind works and has some negative effects on our lives. In the article of “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”, Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way our mind works and has some negative effects on our lives. The article begins with that the Internet is the excellent resource where we can find whatever we want for everything, and we are becoming more and more dependent on it in the field of writing, reading and so on. Afterwards, Carr claims that it has a large distraction on our mind, and we even cannot concentrate on a long reading material. As he said, technology is becoming more important than people. In the end, he also tells us that Google is trying to invent an artificial brain to replace our "slow" brains that we already have. In the article of “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”, Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet is changing the way our mind works and has some negative effects on our lives. He views the idea that the Internet is an obstacle for individuals to think deeply, and it is rebuilding our mind and memory. As Carr said, nowadays, it is so difficult for him to focus on a long paper; instead, he always spends a lot of time on the Internet. In the past, the writers like him should stay in the library to study for several days, but now, because of the Internet, it just...
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