...Dyslexia is a developmental reading disorder, that affects how well individuals can read and spell. (Huktquist 2006). These differences occur when individuals learn to read and process the written language (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013). Children and adults are mostly affected from this learning disability as it develops when growing up (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013). It has been estimated that 1 in 10 of the population potentially have dyslexia in the UK itself and varies across the world (Pennington 1990). Individuals are affected to different scales by dyslexia (Martin, Carlson and Buskist 2013) and it has been reviewed that irregular IQ scores are not linked to dyslexia in any form (Siegel 1989). A lot of research has been conducted in this field and researchers have looked into core problems of dyslexia. This essay is designed to explain and evaluate the magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia, and the theory will be used to propose an appropriate intervention to benefit dyslexic children in primary schools. The Magnocellular deficit theory identifies that dyslexic individuals have a measurable disorder of the fast processing pathways of the visual system (Greatrex and Drasdo 1995). These pathways process the visual...
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...Learning difficulties – Dyslexia On 7th November 1896, the first description of dyslexia was published in the British Medical Journal, described as ‘a case of congenital world blindness’ by a Sussex GP, Dr Pringle Morgan (Ott, 1997:6). Morgan’s study was surrounded around a child called Percy. ‘... In spite of [...] laborious and persistent training, he can only with difficulty spell out words of one syllable’. His head teacher claimed he could have been one of the smartest children within the school if the instruction was entirely oral not written (Squires & McKeown, 2006:1). The National institute of Child Health and Human development (NICHD), 2002, define dyslexia as ‘a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a cognitive deficit or imperfection in the phonological component of language ‘that [are] often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction’ (Nicolson & Fawcett, 2008:11). Secondary consequences may include problems in reading, comprehension and a reduced writing level which can impede the growth of vocabulary and background knowledge (Flora, 2009:4). There is no universal definition surrounding dyslexia, but it is now an officially recognised learning disability under the disability legislation: SENDA 2001(for schools)...
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...Child Study Cynthia Machol ED603 – Human Growth & Development University of New Haven March 28, 2011 Introduction As a future teacher it is important to be able to understand the physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that students are going through. Teachers must be versed in the basis of all areas of development. Teachers have a huge responsibility to give their students a positive, enlightening classroom in which they can blossom physically, cognitively, and emotionally. A teacher that understands their students’ physical development may find it easier to identify a possible cause to a problem a child is having in school. Understanding the stages of cognitive development is of the utmost importance. Knowing a child’s starting point is essential for a teacher so they can plan the right way to help move the child through their zone of proximal development. It is a teacher’s job to promote thinking abilities in their students. By asking higher order questions a teacher will help in their cognitive development. A child’s development of personality and self-esteem is important to not only their schooling, but in their whole life. A teacher can help their students establish this personality and give them multiple ways to develop their sense of self. My purpose in this child study is to be able to analyze an individual child’s physical, emotional, and cognitive development and determine how the changes she is going through will affect her learning and behavior. ...
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...Let go of your Crutches! A persuasive essay on personal responsibility GEN 200 January 23, 2012 Let go of your Crutches! A persuasive essay on personal responsibility The lack of personal responsibility in the United States is mounting in epic proportions continually putting a strain on our social and economic foundations. Some people search for any and every excuse to try and gloss over their poor decision making. Excuses such as poverty, education disadvantages, and deprived childhood rank as the top three. I will briefly discuss these topics and give examples of successful people who overcame these difficulties and much more to become great. Many people like to use the crutches of financial inequality, academic shortcomings, and absentee parents as excuses for their own personal bad decisions (or for criminal acts) to remain wards of the state. Instead of pulling themselves up “by their bootstraps”, they continue to receive government hand-outs, reside in government funded housing, and collect government subsidies. There are many examples of people who have overcome these and even greater hardships; here are three. Poverty: Oprah Winfrey was born to an un-wed teenage mother who was in such grave poverty, that she had to give her up to her grandmother to rear. Her grandmother was also impoverished and at a later date was returned to her mother. Oprah was somewhat of a rebel, going against the social and racial norms of her time,...
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...Learning disabilities constitutes over half of the special education services. The cause of learning disabilities deals with the dysfunction of the brain and how it processes information it may be related to medical or genetic. Having problems receiving and sending messages deals with communication disorder. Students with high achievement, intellectually has the capacity to retain, learn, and use an extreme amount of information is called gifted .In this paper I will discuss the characteristics, causes and definition of learning disabilities, communication disorders, and giftedness. Learning Disability 3 Learning Disability Learning disabilities or learning disorder affect how a person receives information, how they process it, and how they communicate. People with learning disabilities have problems processing sensory information. The art of learning is affected because a student cannot learn as quickly as his/her counterparts. Due to low achievement some student are misdiagnosed with having a learning disability. Students with learning disability show characteristics of deficits in written language, underachievement in math, poor social skills, attention deficits and hyperactivity, behavior problems, and low self-esteem. (Heward, 2009) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, defines a specific...
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...Technology and the Dyslexic Student Scott Stockinger Western Governors University When a child is dyslexic and is trying to learn it can be very difficult to impossible. The dyslexic student may not be able to read at his/her age appropriate level and writing can even be harder. In order to read a book for a book report the student may have to read the book at a very slow pace and then have to read it again to comprehend or someone has to read for them. The problem is not necessarily comprehension of the story just the reading level of the book, the reader may be grades below his/her true abilities. It can be very hard to learn on their own because someone needs to read to them or dictate their thoughts to paper if they are to write an age appropriate report. Since the student can comprehend at a higher level but work only at lower grade levels, this poses a problem for educators. How is a teacher supposed to teach the dyslexic student? Research indicates technology provides away for dyslexics to overcome their learning disabilities by giving them the tools they need to accomplish the job of learning, the independence to learn on their own, and give educators a better understanding that enables them to empower the dyslexic student. Technology has given a whole generation of dyslexic students the tools needed to accomplish the difficult task of learning while working with a whole grade level or more below their ability level in reading and writing. Voice recognition...
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...Harvard Referencing © Learning Services, Edge Hill University, 2010 Inclusive Provision It is Edge Hill’s aim to make our services and provision accessible to all users. If you need us to present our training/resources/information in a different format (e.g. electronic copy, large print), or need any other modifications, please contact Inclusive Services: University Library, 1st floor, or Student Information Centre (SIC) ground floor, Ormskirk Tel: 01695 584372 / 584190 E-mail: inclusiveservices@edgehill.ac.uk We will do our best to accommodate your requirements. 2 Contents Section 1: General Questions Harvard Referencing Citing Bibliography Reference list Bibliographic details More than one book by the same author in the bibliography More than one report from the same author, written in one year Appendix Plagiarism Avoiding plagiarism Quoting Referencing a long quote Quoting parts from a long paragraph Paraphrasing Ibid Op.cit. Et al. Edition Author who cites another author (secondary citation) Summarising several authors Bibliographic management tools Page 5 5 5-6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7-8 8 9 9-10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13-14 14 14 14-15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 3 Section 2: Hard copy texts: books, journals, reports, etc. Conventions for titles Book with one author Book with two authors Book with three or more authors Chapter in an edited book Fictitious author Book review Translated book Foreign language book Diary or book...
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...reading comprehension Education has long been recognised as an indispensable part of life, which serves as a platform to convey general knowledge, and develops critical skills for children to achieve their best potential. Given its value to today’s society, there has since been a leap forward in research to identify why the educational system still remains in a state of hiatus (Rumberger & Lim, 2008). The unfortunate reality of today’s economic climate for example, has been recognised to cause a divide in academic success between socio-economically disadvantaged children, from those with highly-educated affluent families (Noble, Norman & Farah, 2005). While there is some empirical evidence to support the above claims, current researchers such as Dubow et al. (2009) are now developing a more sophisticated understanding that the noteworthy disparities in academic performance, may be better explained by the influence of environmental-contextual factors (e.g. parental education, family interaction and household income). Moreover, since Cassen and Kingdon (2007) suggested that schools’ performance contributed to only 14% of the variation of low attainment, it becomes self-evident to examine the influence of family background, which has continually been suggested to be the central significant predictor of child’s cognitive abilities and their subsequent literacy development (Fuchs & Young, 2006). Consequently, the overarching aims of this essay will be to critically...
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...Argumentative essay: Online education A stronger thesis would be, “Online classes are a better choice than traditional classroom learning because they’re more flexible for students and teachers, they're less expensive and they let student’s works at their own pace.” Do you know online education? Online education is one of the ways to learn various subjects. We can take a lecture or hand in our assignments through the Internet. Therefore, people can learn what they want to learn whenever or wherever they want. In America, some colleges adopt this education. However, this new way to educate students is not prevailed in all countries because in some countries, they have enough educational system for students. Although some countries have enough colleges or educational system, the online education should be a part of educational system in all colleges for three reasons: cost, environmental and flexibility. First, online education can give a good influence in educational cost. To be sure, some people have enough money to go to college and online education is not necessary because there are many professors who teach various kinds of subjects and we can ask directly what we want to know without paying money. However, when we think about the poor people with some problems, we can understand the thought that online education should be a part of educational system. For example in Japan, according to the research by Tokyo University, about ten thousand students retired from their colleges...
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...| Curriculum Paper Report – Written Assessment # 2 | Academic Report | Contents: Introduction/Curriculum Focus pg 2 School & Class Context pg 2 Inclusive Teaching Principles pg 2-3 Curriculum features pg 3-5 Potential challenges of curriculum implementation pg 5 References pg 6 Word count: (excluding references) 1,630 Word Count: (Report and Curriculum Plan combined) 2,499 Curriculum Focus The curriculum plan that I have designed is aimed at a Year 8 English class. I have selected the novel ‘Holes’, by Louis Sachar, and have built a novel study around the text. The plan is a six week unit, and the intention is for students to engage with the text, while completing scaffolding tasks to build up to a written piece of assessable work. I have selected this particular novel for a couple of reasons. The language used is fairly simple, and this will assist with student understanding of the text. Also, as this novel has been turned into a film, students have the option of watching the film in their spare time (or as a part of their activity booklet), to assist in attaining meaning from the text. As the ‘choice of curriculum, instruction, and discipline styles can be the difference between success and failure…’ (Obiakor, 2002), I have attempted to include a level of flexibility within the curriculum so that the individual teacher can teach to their own strengths regarding instruction; however, I have...
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...FdA Fashion Marketing and Promotion Unit: Individual Major Project UNIT LEADER: Edwin Phiri TEACHING TEAM: Edwin Phiri, Wessie Ling, Nicole Dunlop, Chrissy McKean and Laura Avery CREDIT RATING: 40 STAGE: 2 LEVEL: 5 LOCATION IN COURSE: Term 3 CORE SPIRIT BRIEFING: Monday 16th April HH203 10.00-12.00 Group A 14.30am – 15.30am in JPS 512 (18/4/12 and 25/4/12 only) Movie Maker Group B 15.30am – 16.30am in JPS 512 (18/4/12 and 25/4/12 only) Movie Maker Group A 15.30am -16.30am in JPS 512 (17/4, 24/4, 1/5 and 15/5 only) Excel Group B 13.00am- 14.00pm in JPS 512 (17/4, 24/4, 1/5 and 15/5 only) Excel Group A and B 09.30-11.30 HH 203 Lecture Group A 12.00-14.30 (Seminars with relevant supervisor as scheduled) Group B 15.00-17.30 (Seminars with relevant supervisor as scheduled) Students to attend Individual and small group tutorials with relevant tutors as scheduled. LCF STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO USE ONLY THEIR COLLEGE / UNIVERSITY EMAIL ADDRESS. All correspondence to you will be through that medium Unit Handbook 2011 – 2012 INTRODUCTION This unit provides you with the opportunity to undertake a self-directed project that consolidates and extends your knowledge and skills. Your project will include planning, research, ideas development and recommendations and will include both practical and theoretical elements. This unit will allow you to develop entrepreneurship and creativity, whilst undertaking a project with a feasible...
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...Marking Grid This marking grid is to be used in conjunction with the marking criteria [reference June 2004]. Level: 1 Module No: B71S03 Module Title: Health Information and Technology Identification No: 21955 Assignment Title: Evaluating a Health Promotion Website |Structure | | | | | | | | |Literary style | | | | | | | | |Definition of topic / appropriate focus | | | | | | ...
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...Case Study Paper Albert Einstein once said of himself, “Words or Language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought.” (as cited in Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009, p. 263). Albert Einstein was born in Ulm Germany on March the 19th 1879 (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). When Einstein was 16 years old he sent a draft essay to his uncle on the subject of luminiferous aether. This began his scientific journey that would culminate in the quantification of the relationship between energy and matter: E=mc2. Nevertheless, before Einstein was made famous by his astrophysical postulations he navigated the not-so-easy waters of Germany primary and secondary school. He showed a slight delay in speech initially and was ranked poorly by many of his primary school teachers (Chapman, Meyer & Weaver, 2009). Einstein was not diagnosed with a learning disorder (LD) during his lifetime, so any such conjectures would constitute a purely retrospective diagnosis. To that end, it is imperative to examine the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of developmental learning disorders (DLD) in order to determine the validity of a retrospective diagnosis of DLD in the case of Albert Einstein. Biological Component DLD affects about 3% of children in the United States and entails a delay in language acquisition and assimilation below what is normal for a specific age (Clegg et. al., 2005). One biological explanation of DLD is that...
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...taking responsibility. I have successfully used a communication skill when I was working within a care home and a resident told me something in confidence but what she told me needed to be reported so I listened to everything she had to say, then I had to convince her that we needed to speak to someone and tell them what happened and then I informed the relevant people what had been said. 4. Identify at least one area where you feel you’d like to develop better study skills or more confidence (this could be an academic skill such as writing, numeracy or IT skills, or more a general skill such as organisation or time-management). I would like to develop my writing skills and my organisation skills as I have dyslexia and I find taking notes and writing and planning essays difficult. I also find organising revision, time to complete assignments and organising my notes...
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...Essay 1 Our nation pursues the ideal that what we look like or where we come from should not determine the benefits or burdens that we bear in our society. Unfortunately, for African Americans, one of the largest minority groups within the United States, this is not a reality. In fact, life has been altered from the moment their lives began as an individual of color. Today, many people tend to remember the victories of African Americans that include abolition of slavery, desegregation, the civil rights movement, and the right to vote before women. People tend to forget the centuries of ugly racism, oppression and violence. The times of slavery, Jim Crow laws, lynching and segregation along with the hardship of having no political voice. Many disregard that for every social policy throughout history with what appeared to be an open door, just became another obstacle for Blacks and step up for Whites. Social policies and government programs have neglected and shortchanged African Americans for decades. Today, African Americans continue to face economic, social and health disparities within society when compared to its white counterparts. African Americans are struggling with unemployment and poverty. According to Fletcher (2013) in 2012, the black unemployment rate was 14.0 percent, 2.1 times the white unemployment rate (6.6 percent). This rate is higher than the average national unemployment rate of 13.1 percent. For those African Americans who are employed, many are unable...
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