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EJEMPLO DE ENSAYO ARGUMENTATIVO.

TEMA: ORIGEN DEL UNIVERSO

1) INTRODUCCIÓN ( presentar el tema, diversas posiciones, indicar la tesis a defender)

El Universo apareció en un momento definido del pasado de toda la materia y energía existentes en la actualidad; se trata de un acontecimiento postulado por la teoría cosmológica generalmente aceptada. Los astrónomos están convencidos en su gran mayoría de que el Universo surgió en un instante definido, entre 12.000 y 20.000 millones de años antes del momento actual.

Si tuvo un inicio o creación, ¿será lógico pensar que ha de ser obra de un iniciador o creador? Así lo creen muchos., Smoot dijo: “Es como ver a Dios”. Ahora bien, aunque no disponían de las pruebas científicas aportadas en los últimos decenios, millones de personas cifraron su fe en las palabras de la Biblia: “En el principio Dios creó los cielos y la tierra” (Génesis 1:1). Pero no todo el mundo desea admitir esta sencilla declaración bíblica. “ A muchos científicos no les agradó la idea de que el universo hubiese tenido un principio, un momento de creación” , señalo el célebre físico Stephen Hawking. “No les gustaron las implicaciones extracientíficas de la teoría, escribió Michael J. Beche, de modo que se afanaron por encontrar alternativas. El universo tuvo un momento de creación en consecuencia tiene un creador.

2) CLARIFICACIÓN. ( Definición de términos clave del ensayo, esencia de lo que se quiere demostrar)

Relatividad, teoría desarrollada a principios del siglo XX, que originalmente pretendía explicar ciertas anomalías en el concepto de movimiento relativo, pero que en su evolución se ha convertido en una de las teorías básicas más importantes en las ciencias físicas (véase Física). Esta teoría, desarrollada fundamentalmente por Albert Einstein, fue la base para que los físicos demostraran la unidad esencial de la materia y la energía, el espacio y el tiempo, y la equivalencia entre las fuerzas de la gravitación y los efectos de la aceleración de un sistema.[1]

Agujero negro, hipotético cuerpo celeste con un campo gravitatorio tan fuerte que ni siquiera la radiación electromagnética puede escapar de su proximidad. El cuerpo está rodeado por una frontera esférica, llamada horizonte de sucesos, a través de la cual la luz puede entrar, pero no puede salir, por lo que parece ser completamente negro. Un campo de estas características puede corresponder a un cuerpo de alta densidad con una masa relativamente pequeña, como la del Sol o inferior, que está condensada en un volumen mucho menor, o a un cuerpo de baja densidad con una masa muy grande, como una colección de millones de estrellas en el centro de una galaxia.[2]

Dios, el ser en una religión. En concreto, en las confesiones monoteístas, se considera que un único Dios es creador u origen de todas las cosas que existen y se describe en términos de atributos perfectos, por ejemplo, su infinitud, inmutabilidad, eternidad, bondad, conocimiento (omnisciencia) y poder (omnipotencia). La mayoría de las religiones atribuyen a Dios ciertos rasgos de carácter que se comprenden gracias a un lenguaje metafórico o a una interpretación literal, como voluntad, amor, cólera y misericordia.[3]

La teoría del Big Bang o de la Gran Explosión
En 1948 el físico ruso nacionalizado estadounidense George Gamow modificó la teoría de Lemaître del núcleo primordial. Gamow planteó que el Universo se creó en una explosión gigantesca y que los diversos elementos que hoy se observan se produjeron durante los primeros minutos después de la Gran Explosión (Big Bang), cuando la temperatura extremadamente alta y la densidad del Universo fusionaron partículas subatómicas en los elementos químicos. Cálculos más recientes indican que el hidrógeno y el helio habrían sido los productos primarios de la Gran Explosión, y los elementos más pesados se produjeron más tarde, dentro de las estrellas (véase Nucleosíntesis). Sin embargo, la teoría de Gamow proporciona una base para la comprensión de los primeros estadios del Universo y su posterior evolución. A causa de su elevadísima densidad, la materia existente en los primeros momentos del Universo se expandió con rapidez. Al expandirse, el helio y el hidrógeno se enfriaron y se condensaron en estrellas y en galaxias. Esto explica la expansión del Universo y la base física de la ley de Hubble.

Según se expandía el Universo, la radiación residual de la Gran Explosión continuó enfriándose, hasta llegar a una temperatura de unos 3 K (-270 °C). Estos vestigios de radiación de fondo de microondas fueron detectados por los radioastrónomos en 1965, proporcionando así lo que la mayoría de los astrónomos consideran la confirmación de la teoría de la Gran Explosión.[4]

3) RAZONES ( presentar teorías, ejemplos a favor de la tesis )

La ciencia ratifica la tesis: los primeros indicios de este hecho provinieron del descubrimiento por parte del astrónomo estadounidense Edwin Hubble, en la década de 1920, de que el Universo se está expandiendo y los cúmulos de galaxias se alejan entre sí. La teoría de la relatividad general propuesta por Albert Einstein también predice esta expansión. Si los componentes del Universo se están separando, esto significa que en el pasado estaban más cerca, y retrocediendo lo suficiente en el tiempo se llega a la conclusión de que todo salió de un único punto matemático (lo que se denomina una singularidad), en una bola de fuego conocida como Gran Explosión o Big Bang. El descubrimiento en la década de 1960 de la radiación de fondo cósmica, interpretada como un ‘eco’ del Big Bang, fue considerado una confirmación de esta idea y una prueba de que el Universo tuvo un origen.

No hay que imaginarse el Big Bang como la explosión de un trozo de materia situado en el vacío. En el Big Bang no sólo estaban concentradas la materia y la energía, sino también el espacio y el tiempo, por lo que no había ningún lugar ‘fuera’ de la bola de fuego primigenia, ni ningún momento ‘antes’ del Big Bang. Es el propio espacio lo que se expande a medida que el Universo envejece, alejando los objetos materiales unos de otros [5]

Hawking, Stephen William (1942- ), físico teórico británico, conocido por sus intentos de aunar la relatividad general con la teoría cuántica y por sus aportaciones íntegramente relacionadas con la cosmología. Nació en Londres y obtuvo el doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge, donde trabajó como profesor de matemáticas desde 1979. Gran parte de su trabajo hace referencia al concepto de agujero negro. Su investigación indica que la relatividad general, si es cierta, apoya la teoría de que la creación del Universo tuvo su origen a partir de una Gran Explosión o Big Bang, surgida de una singularidad o un punto de distorsión infinita del espacio y el tiempo. Más tarde depuró este concepto considerando todas estas teorías como intentos secundarios de describir una realidad, en la que conceptos como la singularidad no tienen sentido y donde el espacio y el tiempo forman una superficie cerrada sin fronteras[6]

¿Qué se infiere de que el universo haya tenido principio? Robert Jastrow dijo: “El instante en que se produjo la explosión cósmica, fue literalmente, el momento de la creación”. Penzias, uno de los descubridores de la radiación cósmica de fondo, señaló: “La astronomía nos conduce a un suceso único, a un universo creado de la nada”. Y George Smoot, director del equipo COBE, indicó: “Nuestros hallazgos atestiguan el nacimiento del universo”

4) OBJECIONES ( razones en contra de la tesis )

A muchos científicos les incomoda la idea de que el cosmos sea obra de un creador inteligente, por lo que arguyen que, de alguna manera, surgió por sí sólo, aunque nadie logre explicar cómo. Lo cierto es que, como indicó la revista Investigación y Ciencia en su número de marzo de 1999, “ la teoría de la gran explosión no describe el nacimiento del universo”. La revista añade. Para explicar la creación original del universo se necesita otra teoría que describa tiempos todavía anteriores”.

Ahora bien, ¿ le parece lógico al lector que, de algún modo, el cosmos se haya creado a sí mismo? El físico Charles H. Townes dijo al respecto: “Es cierto que los físicos esperan remontarse a la fase previa a la gran explosión e incluso explicar el origen del universo como un tipo de fluctuación, por ejemplo. Pero una fluctuación ¿de qué?. Y ¿qué la originó?. Por otro lado el universo dista de ser caótico, pues rebosa de armonía y belleza; como nuestro fascinante planeta, con su prodigiosa variedad de vida. Es patente que no pudo haber llegado a existir sin dirección ni control inteligentes.

5) CONCLUSIÓN ( resumen de la tesis, énfasis en las razones presentadas )

El universo tuvo un momento de creación en tal virtud tuvo un creador, no pudo haberse hecho así mismo, la existencia de armonía, belleza, leyes físicas, químicas, etc, que lo gobiernan implican la existencia de un hacedor.

La teoría de la gran explosión es contundente, demuestra científicamente que el universo tuvo un momento de creación, y que se encuentra en expansión constante, si invertimos este fenómeno, y lo imaginamos en sentido contrario, de tal suerte que la expansión se transforme en una condensación regresaremos al mismo instante del Big – Bang, o sea la obra de Dios.

-----------------------

[1]"Relatividad", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

[2]"Agujero negro", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

[3]"Dios", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

[4]"Cosmología", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

[5]"Universo, Origen del", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

[6]"Hawking, Stephen William", Enciclopedia Microsoft® Encarta® 98 © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

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