Chapter 7
Memory
* Mazing feats of memory * Kim peek, the real “rain man” * Rajan and pi * But memory is also surprisingly malleable
Paradox of memory * Memory illusion * Our brains will often go beyond the available information to make sense of the world * Generally adaptive, but makes us prone to errors
Three system of memory * Sensory memory * Very quick (see, smell touch) * Short-term memory * Turns it into something more meaning * Long-term memory * Something that we remember for a long time
Sensory memory * Iconic * Visions very brief last about one second * Picture things * Echoic * 5 to ten seconds allows to hear what the teacher is saying and writing down and taking notes
Short term memory * Working memory * Actually processing and thinking about the information * Lose information in two processes * Decay * Interference * Most responsible for forgetting * Types of interference * Retroactive interference * New messes up old * Proactive interference * Earlier learning gets in the way of new learning * Magic number 7 * We only are able to process 7 bits on information at a time + or – 2 * Chunking * Organize bits information into groups so we can memorize things
Rehearsal
* Maintenance rehearsal * Repeating it over and over * Very prone to being lost by interruption * Elaborate rehearsal * Form meaningful links between different things in your short term memory * More effective than maintenance rehearsal * 3 levels * Visual (lasts the shortest) * Sound related (phonological) * And semantics (meaning) * Rat – teddy bear * Levels-of-processing model
Long-term memory * Virtually unlimited * With as much practice
Primacy and recency effects * Primary effect – earliest * Recency effect – most recently
Types of long-term memory * Explicit memory * Semantic memory * Is the knowledge of facts * Activates the left frontal cortex * Episodic memory * Events in our lives * Activates the right frontal cortex * Implicit memory * Recalling information that you don’t remember deliberately * Procedural memory * Includes motor skills and habits * Priming * Recognizing a stimulus if we have already been exposed to it
Three processes of memory * Encoding * Storage * Retrieval
Mnemonics
* Mnemonics * Order of operations
Storage
* Organize knowledge * Concepts , ideas * Keeping information in our memory * How we store them depends on us
Retrieval
* Recall * Recall information for myself * Recognition * Easier to recognize than to recall * Relearning
Context-dependent learning
State dependent learning * The mood your in leads in you to remembering it happy leads to happy – sad leads to sad-