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Le F.M.I. , rôle, fonctionnement et politique
Publié le 29/09/2007 à 12:00 par economiedroit

Fonds monétaire international Logo du FMILe Fonds monétaire international (FMI) est une institution internationale regroupant 185 pays, dont le rôle est de « promouvoir la coopération monétaire internationale, de garantir la stabilité financière, de faciliter les échanges internationaux, de contribuer à un niveau élevé d’emploi et à la stabilité économique et de faire reculer la pauvreté. »[1]. Le FMI assure donc la stabilité du système monétaire international et la gestion des crises monétaires et financières. Pour cela, il fournit des crédits aux pays qui connaissent des difficultés financières telles qu'elles mettent en péril l'organisation gouvernementale du pays, la stabilité de son système financier (banques,…), ou les flux d'échanges de commerce international avec les autres pays. Lors d'une crise financière, pour éviter qu’un pays ne fasse « faillite » (c’est-à-dire que ce pays ne puisse plus payer ses dépenses primordiales, comme le paiement des fournisseurs ou des salaire des fonctionnaires), le FMI lui prête de l’argent le temps que la confiance des agents économiques revienne. Le FMI conditionne l’obtention de prêts à la mise en place de certaines réformes économiques. L’institution a été créée en 1944 et devait à l’origine garantir la stabilité du système monétaire international, dont l’écroulement au moment de la Grande dépression des années 1930 avait eu des effets catastrophiques sur l’économie mondiale. Après 1976 et la disparition d’un système de change fixe, le FMI a hérité d’un nouveau rôle face aux problèmes d’endettement des pays en développement et à certaines crises financières. Depuis 1976, le rôle du FMI consiste en premier lieu à soutenir les pays connaissant des difficultés financières. Lorsqu’un pays est confronté à une crise financière, le FMI lui octroie des prêts afin de garantir sa solvabilité et d’empêcher l’éclatement d’une crise financière semblable à celle qui frappa les États-Unis en 1929. L'article I des statuts du FMI en fixe les buts : « Encourager la coopération monétaire internationale; faciliter l'expansion et l'accroissement harmonieux du commerce mondial; promouvoir la stabilité des changes; aider à établir un système multilatéral de paiements; mettre temporairement, moyennant des garanties adéquates, ses ressources générales à la disposition des États membres qui font face à des difficultés de balance des paiements. Plus généralement, et conformément à ses autres buts, le FMI a pour responsabilité d'assurer la

stabilité du système financier international. » Le FMI est en ce sens, le responsable de dernier ressort de la liquidité du système financier international, pour éviter le blocage des échanges et la contagion à tout le système (risque systémique) de problèmes momentanés de solvabilité d'un pays ou d'une banque centrale donné. C'est une sorte de « banque centrale des banques centrales et trésors publics ». Dans le cadre des prêts qu’il accorde, le FMI se doit de garantir auprès de ses contributeurs la bonne utilisation des fonds alloués à tel ou tel pays. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de retarder la crise par l’octroi d’une aide monétaire temporaire, mais de profiter du répit accordé par le prêt pour corriger les causes structurelles des difficultés économiques. Ainsi le FMI exige des emprunteurs qu’ils mettent en place les politiques économiques qu’il préconise : les « politiques d'ajustement structurel ». Finalement les trois grandes missions du FMI sont : d’accorder des prêts aux pays en difficulté financière de conseiller les États membres quant à leur politique économique d’apporter une assistance technique et des offres de formation aux États membres dans le besoin. I Le rôle du FMI Depuis 1976, le rôle du FMI consiste en premier lieu à soutenir les pays connaissant des difficultés financières. Lorsqu’un pays est confronté à une crise financière, le FMI lui octroie des prêts afin de garantir sa solvabilité et d’empêcher l’éclatement d’une crise financière semblable à celle qui frappa les États-Unis en 1929. L'article I des statuts du FMI en fixe les buts : « Encourager la coopération monétaire internationale; faciliter l'expansion et l'accroissement harmonieux du commerce mondial; promouvoir la stabilité des changes; aider à établir un système multilatéral de paiements; mettre temporairement, moyennant des garanties adéquates, ses ressources générales à la disposition des États membres qui font face à des difficultés de balance des paiements. Plus généralement, et conformément à ses autres buts, le FMI a pour responsabilité d'assurer la stabilité du système financier international. » Le FMI est en ce sens, le responsable de dernier ressort de la liquidité du système financier international, pour éviter le blocage des échanges et la contagion à tout le système (risque systémique) de problèmes momentanés de solvabilité d'un pays ou d'une banque centrale donné. C'est une sorte de « banque centrale des banques centrales et trésors publics ». Dans le cadre des prêts qu’il accorde, le FMI se doit de garantir auprès de ses contributeurs la bonne utilisation des fonds alloués à tel ou tel pays. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de retarder la crise par l’octroi d’une aide monétaire temporaire, mais de profiter du répit accordé par le prêt pour corriger les causes structurelles des difficultés économiques. Ainsi le FMI exige des emprunteurs qu’ils mettent en place les politiques économiques qu’il préconise : les « politiques d'ajustement structurel ». Finalement les trois grandes missions du FMI sont : d’accorder des prêts aux pays en difficulté financière de conseiller les États membres quant à leur politique économique d’apporter une assistance technique et des offres de formation aux États membres dans le besoin.

II Son fonctionnement Le FMI est gouverné par ses 185 pays membres, chacun ayant une voix pondérée par sa participation financière à l’organisation (sa « quote-part »). Il prend de nombreuses décisions en concertation avec la Banque mondiale au sein du « Comité de développement ». Sa gestion courante est confiée à un conseil d’administration composé du président de l’organisation et de 24 administrateurs représentant chacun une nation. 8 d’entre elles ont un représentant permanent (États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, France, Allemagne, Japon, Chine, Russie et Arabie saoudite), les 16 autres sont élus par les pays membres. La plupart des décisions sont prises dans les faits à l’unanimité. Cependant, compte tenu des modalités de prise de décision au sein du FMI, qui supposent une majorité qualifiée correspondant à 85 % des droits de vote, les États-Unis, ou l’Union européenne dans son ensemble, disposent de fait d'un droit de veto sur les décisions du FMI puisqu'ils disposent chacun de plus de 15 % des droits de vote. Cependant, les pays de l’UE ne sont pas toujours coordonnés. Les ressources du FMI liées aux quotes-parts sont d’environ 210 milliards de DTS (soit 300 milliards de dollars américains), auxquels s’ajoute la possibilité pour le FMI de recourir à des emprunts envers les grandes puissances économiques (ces crédits sont de l’ordre de 50 milliards de dollars). Le FMI compte environ 2 700 employés.

III Sa politique Là où il intervient, le FMI, avec l’aide d’autres organisations internationales octroyant des prêts (comme la Banque mondiale), négocie donc des plans dits d’ « ajustement structurels ». Ils consistent généralement à améliorer les conditions de production et d’offre via la promotion des mécanismes du marché. Parmi les mesures concrètes souvent exigées on trouve, l’ouverture du pays aux capitaux étrangers et au commerce international, la libéralisation du marché du travail et la réduction du poids de l’État, c’est-à-dire la privatisation de nombreuses entreprises. L’économiste américain John Williamson a regroupé l’ensemble de ces idées sous le terme de « consensus de Washington », en soulignant qu’elles sont partagées par la plupart des grandes organisations internationales (Fond monétaire international, Banque mondiale, Organisation mondiale du commerce…) dont la plupart ont leur siège à Washington. Ces plans ne prévoient pas de baisses d'impôts, mais en général des baisses de dépenses conjuguées à des hausses d'impôts afin de rétablir l'équilibre budgétaire des états à problème. Par exemple, au Cameroun, le plan d'ajustement s'est traduit par des hausses de la fiscalité au point que le groupement patronal a du demander une "pause fiscale" de deux ans pour pouvoir faire face aux nouveaux impôts. Les interventions du FMI se sont multipliées dans les pays en développement à partir des années 1980 qui virent éclater la crise de la dette du Tiers Monde, notamment à partir de 1982 et la cessation de paiement du Mexique. Toutefois le FMI est aussi parfois intervenu dans des pays développés, comme en Corée du Sud à la fin des années 1990.

L'encouragement à la dérégulation du marché du travail [modifier] La déréglementation du marché du travail est une idée fréquemment mise en avant par le FMI pour soutenir la croissance économique. Le FMI utilise ainsi l'« indice de protection de l'emploi » (créé par l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE)), pays par pays, et encourage à sa diminution[2]. Par exemple, le FMI a étudié le cas de France[3],[4] et encourage le gouvernement à lutter contre les rigidités sur le marché du travail[5]. Il encourage le gouvernement à éviter de nouvelles revalorisations du SMIC, et à limiter les phénomènes de « passager clandestin » pour le versement des revenus d'inactivité.

Les critiques pensent que les conditions négociées avec le FMI, une entité supranationale, sous forme de plans d'ajustement structurel limitent la souveraineté des économies nationales en encadrant certains aspects de la politique de l'État. Ils critiquent aussi l'impact de ces plans sur l'économie. De leur point de vue, l'action sur les salaires diminue d'autant le pouvoir d'achat nominal, la privatisation des entreprises publiques réduit la capacité de l'État à intervenir. De plus l'augmentation des importations mettrait souvent à mal les économies locales des systèmes de production traditionnels. Selon eux, certains de ces plans, en entravant la réforme des terres agricoles tout en incitant à accroître le commerce des denrées agricoles, seraient parmi les causes des flux migratoires vers les villes, de l'extension des bidonvilles et de la pauvreté et de l'émigration vers les pays du Nord. Ces plans sont aussi tenus pour responsables de la stagnation économique qui a frappé certains des pays qui les ont appliqués. Par exemple, la suppression ou la diminution des aides publiques pour l'éducation aurait dans certains pays handicapé la formation et nuit à la croissance. De même, des suppressions de programmes de santé auraient laissé le SIDA dévaster des populations, ainsi que l'économie en décimant la main d'œuvre.

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...Basic techniques for generating ideas. Brainstorming. Brainstorming consists in writing series of words or sentences just as they flow from our mind, although they have no logical order or connections. Once the words are written down, we have to establish relationships among them. This is the embryo of the future text. Free writing. Free writing is a similar technique to the brainstorming. Consists in writing a text without previous decisions or ideas about how we want to write it. Just choosing a topic and writing about it, and then we can summarise the main ideas. Organisation of information. There are some basic rules for writing a well - structured text. The text should be organised in a clear way; it must not be a twisted or an incomprehensible lot of ideas. We have to try to write according to certain conventions about hoe the text is organised. We have to structure our text in paragraphs. Each paragraph must express one idea. Some rules referring to the paragraphs: A paragraph must be clearly separated from other paragraphs, either by an empty line or by indenting the first line, or both. There must be no blank spaces or half-empty lines inside the paragraph. A paragraph in academic prose does not begin with a dot, a line or a kind of mark, except in special circumstances. Each body paragraph must normally have a topic sentence, and more than one sentence. Types of paragraphs. The introductory paragraph. There must be at least one...

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